不同株型玉米籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的研究

【目的】研究不同株型玉米籽粒和穗位叶代谢底物、淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化动态,同时探讨各种酶活性与淀粉含量的关系。【方法】以“先玉335”(紧凑型玉米品种)和“农大518”(平展型玉米品种)为试验材料,于授粉后10 d每隔5 d取植株的穗位叶及相应果穗中部籽粒,分别测定穗位叶蔗糖含量、磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性,以及籽粒2种焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性及直链和支链淀粉含量。【结果】2个玉米品种的穗位叶SS活性在整个灌浆期呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,授粉后35～40 d,“先玉335”的SS活性显著高于“农大518”;“先玉335”的SPS活性则在授粉后25~35 d显著高于“农大518”。在整个灌浆期,2个玉米品种籽粒ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase、SSS和GBSS活性的变化均呈单峰曲线,其中“先玉335”籽粒ADPGPPase和UDPGPPase活性峰值出现的时间均比“农大518”晚5 d左右;在整个灌浆期,2个玉米品种籽粒SSS活性和直链淀粉含量无显著差异;在授粉后35～40 d,“先玉335”籽粒ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase、GBSS活性和支链淀粉含量显著高于“农大518”。相关分析表明,玉米穗位叶SS活性与籽粒ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase活性呈显著正相关;穗位叶SPS活性与籽粒SSS活性、直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关;籽粒GBSS活性与SSS和UDPGPPase活性、直链淀粉含量及穗位叶SS、SPS活性均呈显著正相关。【结论】“先玉335”源的光合产物比“农大518”能够更有效地向库端运输和分配;籽粒淀粉含量是各种酶综合作用的结果。     

玉米籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性分析

 【目的】分析玉米籽粒发育过程中灌浆速率、蔗糖代谢、淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化，了解玉米籽粒淀粉积累的控制机理。【方法】以高淀粉玉米（费玉3号）和普通玉米（豫玉22）为材料，进行大田试验，采用比色法测定蔗糖含量，采用双波长法测定淀粉及其组分含量的变化动态，参照Douglas等的方法测定蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性，参照Nakamura等的方法测定腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）和去分支酶（DBE）的活性。【结果】灌浆速率、蔗糖含量、淀粉积累速率及SS、GBSS、SBE活性的高低均存在明显的基因型差异，授粉后10 d后，费玉3号上述指标均高于豫玉22。相关性分析表明，灌浆中后期SS活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率均呈（极）显著正相关；ADPGPPase、DBE活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率的相关性未达到显著水平；GBSS活性与直链淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关，与籽粒灌浆速率相关性不显著；SBE活性与支链淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关。【结论】ADPGPPase和DBE不是影响玉米籽粒中淀粉积累的关键酶；SS是淀粉积累的限速因子；GBSS对直链淀粉积累起重要的调节作用；SBE对支链淀粉积累起关键作用。     

氮肥基追比对弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

 为研究弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制，以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料，对不同氮肥基追比对其籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响及相关生理基础研究表明，氮肥基追比7∶1∶2处理与5∶1∶4处理相比，花后7～28 d籽粒直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率低，成熟籽粒直链淀粉含量低，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量高，剑叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量低，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性低，籽粒蔗糖含量高，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性低，淀粉积累量低。相关分析表明，籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS与直、支链及总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关，说明这几种酶对促进籽粒淀粉的积累起重要作用。     

花后干旱和渍水下氮素供应对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响

 防雨池栽条件下，设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理，每个水分处理下再设置2个施氮水平，研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响。研究结果表明，与对照相比，花后干旱和渍水均降低旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性，但水分逆境下增施氮肥可以提高旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、GS和GPT活性。灌浆期籽粒-蔗糖合成酶（SS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、GS和GPT活性均呈下降趋势，水分逆境下小麦籽粒SS和GS活性降低，干旱提高GPT活性，而渍水使其降低。土壤水分适宜或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SS活性，而渍水下增施氮肥降低SS活性。干旱和渍水下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SSS、GBSS、GS和GPT活性。干旱处理提高直链淀粉积累速率和蛋白质含量，而渍水使其降低。土壤干旱和渍水下增施氮肥降低直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率，提高了蛋白质含量，且适宜水分或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高蛋白质积累量，而渍水下增施氮肥不利于蛋白质积累。     

小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性及其与淀粉积累的关系

对小麦籽粒中淀粉及其组分积累动态、相关酶活性变化的研究结果表明：2个供试品种淀粉及其组分积累量随灌浆的进行均呈不断上升的趋势，积累速率变化均呈单峰曲线，直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率峰值均出现在花后21～28d。2个品种小麦花后籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖(ADPG)焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、游离态淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性均呈单峰曲线变化，花后28d前呈上升趋势，28d达到峰值后开始下降。AGPP活性与SSS、GBSS活性呈极显著正相关。AGPP、SSS、GBSS活性与直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率均呈极显著正相关。淀粉分支酶活性变化呈三次曲线的关系，前期活性较高，支链淀粉合成能力强，后期逐渐下降。     

不旱作与节水灌溉对小麦籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性变化的影响

 【目的】通过对灌溉与旱作条件下不同品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的研究，阐明不同灌溉制度下小麦淀粉积累的酶学机制。【方法】在灌溉和旱作两种栽培条件下，研究了两个小麦品种蔗糖代谢、籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化特征。【结果】旱作栽培有利于增加小麦灌浆前中期淀粉积累速率、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）的活性，表明旱作栽培能提高小麦籽粒灌浆前期生理活性、促进籽粒淀粉的合成与积累。通过比较淀粉积累速率与蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化趋势可以看出，淀粉积累速率与蔗糖合成酶（SS）、AGPase、SSS和GBSS的变化趋势一致，表明这些酶在淀粉合成中起重要作用，而源器官制造的光合产物的减少并不是抑制籽粒淀粉积累的因素。【结论】旱作栽培能提高小麦灌浆前、中期的淀粉积累速率和淀粉合成酶活性，在籽粒灌浆后期则显著降低淀粉积累速率及其酶活性，表明旱作栽培能使库活性增强，促进籽粒淀粉的合成与积累。     

高直链淀粉玉米和糯玉米籽粒发育过程中与淀粉合成相关酶活性的比较

为深入了解高直链淀粉玉米籽粒发育时期直链淀粉积累的理化机制,选取1个糯玉米自交系为对照,分析和比较糯玉米和3个高直链淀粉玉米自交系在籽粒发育时期淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,籽粒发育过程中蔗糖合成酶(SS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸(ADPGPPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)、淀粉去分支酶(DBE)在糯玉米和高直链淀粉玉米中均呈单峰变化趋势,但是不同酶达到峰值的时间不同。SS和ADPGPPase为淀粉合成提供合成底物;高直链淀粉玉米中直链淀粉大量积累可能是SSS、GBSS、SBE这3种酶综合作用的结果,而DBE在淀粉合成过程中的作用可能是对支链淀粉精细结构的修饰,对淀粉积累没有简单直接的关联。     

不同专用类型小麦品种籽粒淀粉积累特性的研究

对不同专用类型小麦品种籽粒淀粉积累动态、淀粉合成酶活性进行研究,结果表明:不同专用类型小麦籽粒中直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累量和积累速率以及四种淀粉合成酶(腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE))活性大小顺序均表现为中优9507>扬麦16>扬麦15>Wx13,其中糯小麦Wx13直链淀粉积累量、积累速率以及GBSS酶活性显著低于非糯小麦。     

旱作与节水灌溉对小麦籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性变化的影响

【目的】通过对灌溉与旱作条件下不同品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的研究，阐明不同灌溉制度下小麦淀粉积累的酶学机制。【方法】在灌溉和旱作两种栽培条件下，研究了两个小麦品种蔗糖代谢、籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化特征。【结果】旱作栽培有利于增加小麦灌浆前中期淀粉积累速率、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）的活性，表明旱作栽培能提高小麦籽粒灌浆前期生理活性、促进籽粒淀粉的合成与积累。通过比较淀粉积累速率与蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化趋势可以看出，淀粉积累速率与蔗糖合成酶（SS）、AGPase、SSS和GBSS的变化趋势一致，表明这些酶在淀粉合成中起重要作用，而源器官制造的光合产物的减少并不是抑制籽粒淀粉积累的因素。【结论】旱作栽培能提高小麦灌浆前、中期的淀粉积累速率和淀粉合成酶活性，在籽粒灌浆后期则显著降低淀粉积累速率及其酶活性，表明旱作栽培能使库活性增强，促进籽粒淀粉的合成与积累。     

小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性及其与淀粉积累的关系

对小麦籽粒中淀粉及其组分积累动态、相关酶活性变化的研究结果表明2个供试品种淀粉及其组分积累量随灌浆的进行均呈不断上升的趋势,积累速率变化均呈单峰曲线,直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率峰值均出现在花后21～28 d.2个品种小麦花后籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖(ADPG)焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、游离态淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性均呈单峰曲线变化,花后28 d前呈上升趋势,28 d达到峰值后开始下降.AGPP活性与SSS、GBSS活性呈极显著正相关.AGPP、SSS、GBSS活性与直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率均呈极显著正相关.淀粉分支酶活性变化呈三次曲线的关系,前期活性较高,支链淀粉合成能力强,后期逐渐下降.     

Activities of the Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis and Starch Accumulation in the Grains of Wheat Cultivars, GC8901 and SN1391

Two wheat cultivars, GC8901 (hard winter wheat) and SN1391 (soft winter wheat), were used for investigating the changes of enzyme activities for sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis and the accumulation character of starch composition.The result showed that activities of sucrose (SS), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), adenosine diphosphorate glucose pyrophrylase (AGPase) and soluble starch syntheses (SSS) of 1391, which have more starch, were significant higher than those of 8901, that with low starch content. But the changing of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity was consistent with the amylose content, which indicated that amylose contents in grain were determined by GBSS activity,especially the activity at later grain filling stages. Simulating with Richards equation showed that it was initiating time and accumulation rate, but not accumulation duration that determined the content of starch composition. Furthermore, changing of sucrose transport capacity was consistent with SSS and GBSS activities, starch accumulation rate was accordant to AGPase and SS/SPS ration, not SS, SPS, SSS or GBSS activities. The results suggested that there was no inevitable relation of starch accumulating rate and starch composition contents with the activity of single enzyme such as SS, SPS,SSS or GBSS, but closely related to AGPase activity and SS/SPS ratio, and it was SPS and AGPase that play a vital role in the biosynthetic pathway. Later polymerization reactions catalyzed by SSS and GBSS don't seem to control the rate of starch accumulation, but do affect starch structure.     

Starch Accumulation and Enzyme Activities Associated with Starch Synthesis in Maize Kernels

The filling rate and the starch accumulation in developing maize kernel were analyzed. The changes of enzyme activities associated with sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis were investigated. The purpose is to discuss the enzymatic mechanisms responsible for starch synthesis. Two types of maize cultivars （Zea mays）, high starch maize （Feiyu 3） and normal maize （Yuyu 22）, were grown in a corn field. The factors involved in starch synthesis were performed during the growth period. The kernel filling rate, the sucrose content, the starch accumulating rates and the activities of SS （sucrose synthase）, GBSS （granule-bound starch synthase）, SBE （starch branching enzyme） of Feiyu 3, which has high starch content, were significantly higher than those of Yuyu 22, which has low starch content, after 10 DAP （days after pollination）. Correlation analysis indicated that ADPGPPase （ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase） and DBE （starch debranching enzyme） were not correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate, but the SS activity at the middle and late period were highly significantly correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate. The GBSS activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylose accumulating rate, but not correlated with the kernel filling rate. The SBE activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylopectin accumulating rate and the kernel filling rate. It was not ADPGPPase and DBE, but SS was the rate-limiting factor of starch biosynthesis in developing maize kernels. GBSS had an important effect on amylose accumulation, and SBE had a significant effect on amylopectin accumulation.     

Effect of Temperature on Rice Starch Biosynthesis Metabolism at Grain-Filling Stage of Early Indica Rice

The sucrose content, starch content and the ratio of amylose to total starch and the activitiesof six key enzymes, sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthesis enzyme (SSS), ADPG pyrophosphorylase(ADPG-Ppase), granule-boundstarch synthase ( GBSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and debranchingenzyme (DBE), which involved in starch synthesis metabolism of developing rice grains and effect of tempe-rature on their activities were analyzed by using two early indica varieties Zhefu49 and Jiazao935 in phyto-trons, the daily average temperature was 22 and 32℃ , respectively. Results showed that the sucrose con-tent, the starch content, and the activities of enzymes such as SS, ADPG-Ppase, SSS, SBE, and DBEwere generally higher under the high temperature treatment (32℃)at the beginning stage as compared withthat under low temperature treatment (22℃). However, at the middle and late stages, there were greatdifferences in the change trend of some enzyme activities, and the association with the sucrose content andstarch content was very complicated. It could be found that the activities of SS and SSS under high temper-ature were always lower than that under Iow temperature, which was closely related to the variation of thesucrose content and starch-accumulating rate. Moreover, compared with ADPG-Ppase, the SS and SSS ac-tivities were more sensitive to temperature, indicating that SS and SSS were controlled by enzyme throughaffecting starch accumulating rate. Difference of the amylose/total starch ratio in developing grains between32 and 22℃ was significant and the lower amylose/total starch ratio was always lower in 32℃ , which wasclosely related to the lower activity level of GBSS. Therefore, it could be concluded that effect of tempera-ture on amylose/total starch was more attributable to GBSS rather than to SS, SSS, ADPG-Ppase, SBEand DBE.     

密穗与疏穗型小麦强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累及库强度的比较

 【目的】研究小麦强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累与库容量、库活性间的关系及不同穗型间的差异。【方法】以密穗型小麦品种鲁麦21、济麦20和疏穗型小麦品种山农1391、山农12为材料,对籽粒发育过程中强、弱势粒淀粉积累、胚乳细胞数目及相关酶活性变化进行比较。【结果】两种类型小麦强势粒直、支链淀粉积累量均高于弱势粒,密穗型小麦籽粒直、支链淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度高于疏穗型小麦。Logistic方程拟合籽粒淀粉积累进程表明,强势粒淀粉积累量较弱势粒高的原因是其积累启动时间较早和淀粉积累速率较高;密穗型小麦强、弱势粒淀粉积累速率的差异幅度较大,是造成其籽粒最终淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度大于疏穗型的原因之一。小麦强势粒胚乳细胞数目显著高于弱势粒,与疏穗型小麦相比,密穗型小麦强、弱势粒胚乳细胞数目的差异幅度较大。4个小麦品种弱势粒蔗糖含量在灌浆期均高于强势粒,说明籽粒蔗糖含量即淀粉合成底物的供给并不是造成强、弱势粒淀粉积累存在差异的限制因子。小麦强势粒蔗糖合酶（SS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合酶（SSS）和颗粒结合态淀粉合酶（GBSS）活性均高于弱势粒,密穗型小麦强、弱势粒上述酶活性差异幅度均较疏穗型大。【结论】小麦库容量（胚乳细胞数目）和库活性（淀粉合成相关酶活性）是制约强、弱势粒淀粉积累的主要因素。密穗型小麦强、弱势粒间的胚乳细胞数目和淀粉合成相关酶活性差异较大,这可能是造成密穗型小麦籽粒淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度大于疏穗型的原因。     

施钾时期对甘薯济徐23块根淀粉积累 与品质的影响及酶学生理机制

【目的】阐明施钾时期对甘薯“济徐23”块根淀粉积累和粒度分布特征的影响及其酶学生理机制。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以淀粉型品种“济徐23”为材料,设置不施钾肥（T1）、基施钾肥（T2）、封垄期追施钾肥（T3）和茎叶生长高峰期追施钾肥（T4）4个处理,于2008—2009年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法留样,测定块根中淀粉、直链和支链淀粉含量,同时测定块根淀粉粒体积分布的中位粒径和大（>19.76 μm）、中（3.359-19.76 μm）、小（<3.359 μm）型淀粉粒所占的体积百分比以及淀粉合成相关酶（SS、ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase、GBSS和SSS）活性,分析不同时期施用钾肥对甘薯各生育时期块根内淀粉及组分含量、淀粉粒度分布特征及淀粉合成相关酶活性的影响。【结果】与对照（T1）相比,施用钾肥提高了块根干物质积累量和淀粉产量,3个施钾处理淀粉产量的增幅分别为24.90%、16.57%和9.24%,随施用时间的推迟淀粉产量增幅降低。封垄期和茎叶生长高峰期追施钾肥显著降低直链淀粉含量而提高支链淀粉含量。基施钾肥提高了大型淀粉粒的体积百分比,茎叶生长高峰期追施则提高中、小型淀粉粒的体积百分比,增幅均达到显著水平。不同时期施钾均可提高块根中SS、ADPGPPase和UDPGPPase的活性,提高淀粉合成前体物质的供应能力,施用钾肥对SS和ADPGPPase活性的作用时间最长为130 d,基施钾肥主要作用时期为块根膨大的前、中期,追施钾肥的主要作用时期为块根膨大的中、后期,施钾越早对UDPGPPase活性的作用时间越长;追施钾肥提高了块根膨大后期SSS活性、而降低了块根膨大后期GBSS活性。总淀粉含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈极显著正相关,直链淀粉含量与GBSS和SS活性呈极显著正相关,支链淀粉含量与ADPGPPase和SSS活性呈显著正相关关系。【结论】基施或封垄期追施钾肥显著提高块根干物质积累量和淀粉产量,追施钾肥显著提高支链淀粉含量、降低直链淀粉含量,基施钾肥处理的大型淀粉粒体积百分数高,高峰期施用钾肥处理的中、小型淀粉粒体积百分数高。施钾时期显著影响直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和淀粉产量,这与块根中SS、ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase、GBSS和SSS活性的变化密切相关。