利用昆虫病原真菌防治贮粮害虫展望

Only two fungus species,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae,have been given serious attention as possible microbial controls for stored-product pests.Their host ranges are broad, but their potency for the various target insects varies greatly,and some of the most important pests such as the red flour beetle are very tolerant of fungi.Accordingly, strategies are needed to improve the fungal performance.One such strategy is combination with other environmentally benign treatments such as controlled desiccant dusts and controlled atmospheres. Ironically the relatively dryness of stored-product environments favors fungal efficacy.Desiccation stress renders some insects more vulnerable to fungi.The longevity of fungus spores is also best under dry conditions.The prospects of fungi for control of stored-product pests can be improved by taking advantage of these phenomena and judicious selection of use venues and application strategies.     

Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesian Oil Palm Industry

Biological control is usually the first choice of control and prevention method for integrated pest management （IPM） strategies and has now been widely implemented by Indonesian oil palm plantations. Entomopathogenic fungus, i.e., Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps militaris and Beauveria bassiana have been demonstrated to control renowned pests of oil palm. Metarhizium has been used to control Oryctes larvae and the mortality has ranged from 91.67% to 100% in laboratory and 7.4% to 88.75% in the field. Metarhizium has been applied in combination with a termite baiting system （TBS） to control termites in the field for preventive and curative action as well. In many oil palm plantations in Indonesia, Cordyceps has been used to reduce the field moth population ofSetothosea asigna. Application of Cordyceps within the oil palm circle was able to infect S. asigna pupae up to 80%. Meanwhile, Beauveria in an effervescent formulation was demonstrated to have better efficacy on Darna trima larvae. A significant finding on the biological control of basal stem rot disease （Ganoderma） was the isolation of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp.. The efficacy was conducted with promising result and techniques on the application of Triehoderma have been developed, i.e., hole-in-hole system, surgery and a mounding method. However, as the roots developed, Trichoderma was no longer able to protect the palm from Ganoderma. In spite of that, the use of Trichoderma still prolonged the life ofoil palms by up to 2-3 years. Another fungi belonging to vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza （VAM） has been developed to control Ganoderma. The efficacy in the nursery showed promising results and the Ganoderma incidence remained low compared to the untreated control. Large scale field trials are ongoing. Challenges on the implementation of biological control in oil palm plantations are because of application and availability of biopesticides/natural enemies. Therefore, advances in research on the formulation of biological control agents are still needed.     

昆虫病原真菌在当前和未来的温室生态系统中的作用

There are several biopesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi available in the market for use against insect pests in greenhouse ecosystems.Although most are compatible for use with predators and parasitoids in greenhouse ecosystems,much more research is needed to determine the intraguild interactions for each combination of host, pathogen, predator, and parasitoid.Our research has demonstrated that, although direct effects on the predators could be demonstrated in laboratory bioassays, different results were found under greenhouse conditions, indicating that results obtained in the laboratory may be a poor predictor of what occurs in the greenhouse.In both cases, additive effects were obtained under greenhouse conditions,demonstrating compatibility. In addition, there is increasing evidence that entomopathogenic fungi have significant potential for dual management of invertebrate pests and plant pathogens.Our studies demonstrated that 3 species of Lecanicillium had significant effects on both aphids and cucumber powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea;that the fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus was compatible with a mirid predator,Disyphus hesperus,when used concurrently against greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum;and that Lecaniciullium longisporum was compatible with a predatory midge,Aphidoletes aphidimyza when used concurrently against green peach aphids.     

Ecologically Based Strategies for Pest Control in Grassland Ecosystems

The researches were carried out in 2007, 2008 and 2009 at Cluj-Napoca （Romania）, in laboratory and field conditions （grassland ecosystems）, in four experiments. Our purpose was to study and use some ecological pest control methods based on indirect and direct strategies： （1） the harmful fauna monitoring in grassland ecosystems and useful fauna identification （by visual control, manually collecting, striking method on a tarpaulin）; （2） the use of some physico-mechanical and biotechnical methods （use of barriers-vessels, repellents, attractant traps-alimentary, visual） to control the pests. The researches concerning the indirect strategies, carried out from Mars 2007 to September 2009. There were identified 28 pest species and 29 useful ones. The direct strategies to control the pests consisted of 3 experiments. The use of colored traps with water （August 2008） on a meadow with ryegrass and clover, in 6 variants （white, silver, orange, green, blue and red） ＋ control （yellow）, recorded a very good efficacy at all variants excepting the red trap （variant 6）. The use of repellents （August 2008）, absinth decoction （against aphids and ants）, bracken extract （against aphids and snails）, common tansy decoction （against ants and soil pests） and kaolinite （against a large amount of pests）, recorded good results removing the pests. The attractant traps with alimentary baits （beer）, meant the use of 10 vessels on a 1000 m2 area, which captured 200 slugs （August 2009）. All three methods recorded a good efficacy against the pests.     

Evolution of varieties and development of production technology in Egypt wheat: A review

Wheat was the first crop grown in Egypt, and it remains highly important. Egypt is the largest wheat importer in the world and consumes an extensive amount of bread. It is imperative for wheat scientists to decrease the large gap between production and consumption. Wheat yields in Egypt increased 5.8-fold(6.7 billion kg) between 1961 and 2017 due to variety improvement and the use of better planting methods such as the raised bed method, ideal sowing date, surge flow irrigation and farm irrigation systems, laser levelling, fertilizers, and intercropping with raised beds. In this paper, the development of wheat production techniques and variety evolution over more than five decades in Egypt have been analyzed. In particular, we have focused on the technologies, cultural practices and causes for per unit area yield increase. The main purpose was to study the issues that have arisen during wheat production and to make recommendations for smart agricultural practices. In 1981, the yield was 3 300 kg ha–1 and through the improvement of varieties, expansion of agricultural land and the adoption of modern agricultural techniques yield reached 6 500 kg ha–1 by 2017. The production growth rate was 4.1% annually, and the total grain yield increased 4.3-fold, from 1.9 billion kg in 1981 to about 8.1 billion kg in 2017. The use of new improved varieties, new cultivation techniques, and modern irrigation techniques contributed to 97.0% of the increase in yield per unit area and 1.5% of the increase in yield was due to planting area expansion. Therefore, the increase in total yield mainly depended on the increase in yield per unit area. Wheat production in Egypt has been improved through the development of breeding and cultivation techniques. The use of these new techniques, the popularization of new high-quality seed varieties, and the use of the raised bed method instead of the old method of planting in basins have made the largest contributions to increased yield. In the future, wheat yield could be further increased by using the tridimensional uniform sowing mode and the development of wheat varieties that are resistant to rusts, deficit irrigation, and abiotic stress, that are highly adaptable to mechanized operation and have high yields. Based on our analysis, we propose the main technical requirements and measures to increase wheat yield in Egypt in the near future.     

Combined application of Trichoderma harzianum SH2303 and difenoconazole-propiconazolein controlling Southern corn leaf blight disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus in maize

Southern corn leaf blight(SCLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus is one of the major threats to corn production worldwide. The synergistic application of low toxic chemical fungicide and biocontrol agents could improve biocontrol stability and efficiency against plant diseases, which ultimately reduce use of chemical fungicide. Trichoderma spp., well-known biocontrol fungi have been used to control some foliar diseases. However, few works have been reported on synergistic application of chemical fungicide and Trichoderma against foliar diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the control effect on the synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum SH2303 and difenoconazole-propiconazole(DP) against SCLB. Results showed that the synergistic application of DP and SH2303 reduced the leaf spot area compared to the control. The efficacy of synergistic application of DP+SH2303 against SCLB could last for 15–20 d in pot trial under the greenhouse condition. Under the natural field condition, maize treated with DP+DP and DP+SH2303 showed 60% control, which was higher than that of SH2303+DP(45%) and SH2303+SH2303(35%). All these treatments induced the synthesis of defense-related enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL), catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD)) and the defence-related gene expression of SA pathway(PR1). Taken together the in-vitro leaf test and field trial, the control of SCLB by synergistic application of DP+SH2303 was similar to that of DP+DP. Among synergistic application, the sequential application of DP+SH2303 showed better control than the sequential application of SH2303+DP. It was concluded that the synergistic application of chemical fungicide(DP) and biocontrol agent(T. harzianum SH2303) could be used to reduce the chemical fungicide and to reduce the SCLB diseases in maize, which provided alternative approach to realize an eco-friendly controlling of the foliar disease.     

在美国使用无纺布菌条防治光肩星天牛的前景

An invasive long-horned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis,was first reported in the northeastern and midwestern United States and eastern Canada between 1996 and 2004 and has been given the common name Asian longhorned beetle (ALB). This beetle has also been found in several countries in Europe.ALB is difficult to control because larvae are found within the wood of living trees and the long-lived adults often occur high in tree canopies.This species is native to China and Korea and,because it has been a major tree killer in China,government agencies in the U.S.and Canada are working to eradicate ALB from North America.Our laboratory has been developing a microbial control approach targeting ALB adults,based on the Japanese product Biolisa Kamikiri which is used to control cerambycids in orchards.Entomopathogenic fungi are grown within non-woven fiber bands (= fungal bands) and placed around tree trunks and branches where ALB adults become inoculated when walking across bands. We have conducted bioassays with Beauveria brongniartii,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against ALB larvae and adults to identify effective isolates and now focus our efforts on M.anisopliae F52 (ARSEF 7711). Caged field trials conducted in China to compare fungal sprays with fungal bands (2000, 2001) demonstrated decreased ALB longevity and fitness for both application methods but longer activity of fungi in cages treated with fungal bands compared with sprays.Uncaged field trials (2001, 2002) yielded faster ALB adult mortality in fungal-treated plots and decreased fitness. Studies in New York City testing the longevity of activity of fungal bands in the field have documented that bands retain＞1×107 conidia·cm-2 (the threshold for activity of Biolisa Kamikiri) for over 3 months.In contrast, studies with unformulated conidia sprayed onto tree trunks in New York documented conidial survival of only a few days.Sublethal effects of exposure of adult female ALB to fungal bands have been investigated further in the laboratory.After either newly eclosed or reproductively active females are exposed to fungal bands,few viable larvae are produced before death of the females.When females are exposed to fungal bands and then caged with males,males become infected.     

Two-way predation between immature stages of the hoverfly Eupeodes corollae and the invasive fall armyworm(Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith)

Since its 2018 invasion of eastern Asia, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has become a key pest in local maize production. Though pesticides have been widely used to mitigate the initial S. frugiperda attack, biological control is receiving ample attention as a desirable, environmentally-sound alternative to chemical control. Hoverflies(Diptera: Syrphidae) are abundant natural enemies in Chinese maize fields and have been observed to consume S. frugiperda larvae. In this study, we use laboratory assays to study the two-way interaction between immature stages of S. frugiperda and the endemic syrphid Eupeodes corollae. To mimic natural conditions, assays were performed in the presence of fresh maize leaves. Those 2 nd or 3 rd instar larvae of E. corollae preyed on 1 st and 2 nd instar S. frugiperda larvae with a Holling type III response, consuming a respective theoretical maximum of 43.48 and 83.33 larvae over a 24-h period. Conversely, once S. frugiperda larvae reached 3 rd instar, they exhibited aggressive behavior and equally preyed on syrphid larvae with a Holling type III response. Those 5 th and 6 th instar larvae of S. frugiperda consumed a respective 16.39–19.23, 6.02–19.61 and 6.76–8.26 of 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd instar E. corollae larvae per day. Though our results await field-level validation, S. frugiperda agonistic(i.e., defensive) and consumptive behavior towards resident natural enemies such as E. corollae possibly degrades biotic resistance and raises its invasion potential. Our findings shine new light on the interaction between lepidopteran herbivores and their natural enemies, and can help advance the development of conservation biological control and other integrated pest management(IPM) strategies against S. frugiperda in China and abroad.     

美国西部重要害虫摩门螽斯病原真菌的研究

The Mormon cricket (MC),Anabrus simplex (Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae),has a long and negative history with agriculture in the western states of the USA where MC often migrates in large groups and causes significant damage to forage plants and cultivated crops.In this review, virulence to MC of isolates of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae varieties acridum and anisopliae were compared in an effort to identify isolates with promise for use as MC biological control agents.All of the isolates tested induced 100% or nearly 100% mortality by six days post application of the fungal conidia.Searches for new Metarhizium isolates with high heat and UV-B tolerance included isolation fungi from field-caught MC and grasshopper after they died in the laboratory and culturing fungi from soil samples collected from numerous western USA sites.The survey was preceded by development of a dodine based selective medium that,at 0.002% active ingredient,permitted growth of M.anisopliae var.acridum,but inhibited most contaminating fungi.The M.anisopliae var.acridum isolates examined to date have much higher tolerance to heat and UV-B irradiation than M.anisopliae var.anisopliae isolates,and this may be critical to successful field applications.The variety acridum has not yet been found in the USA,so our search for such isolates continues.Several new M.anisopliae var.anisopliae and Beauveria spp.were found,and the Metarhizium isolates are being characterized as to stress tolerance and virulence to insects.Characterization includes comparisons of new and pre-existing Metarhizium isolates by amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis.Finally, experiments on MC developmental biology were conducted to gather data needed to develop a degree day model and to establish laboratory colonies of MC.     

Recognizing production options for pearl millet in Pakistan under changing climate scenarios

Climate change is making the lands a harsher environment all over the world including Pakistan. It is expected to oppose us with three main challenges:increase in temperature up to 2–5°C(heat stress),increasing water stress and severe malnourishment due to climate change. It has been foreseen that there will be a 10% increase of dryland areas with climate change in the world,with more variability and incidences of short periods of extreme events(drought and heat stress). Pearl millet is a hardy,climate smart grain crop,idyllic for environments prone to drought and heat stresses. The crop continues to produce highly nutritious grain sustainably,thereby encouraging the fight against poverty and food insecurity due to its resilience. The crop is more responsive to good production options(planting time,planting density,inter/intra row spacing,nitrogen application and irrigation). It has high crop growth rate,large leaf area index and high radiation use efficiency that confers its high potential yield. In most of the cases,pearl millet is remained our agricultural answer to the climate calamity that we are facing,because it is selected as water saving,drought tolerant and climate change complaint crop. In view of circumstances,pearl millet cultivation must be retrieved by recognizing production options in context to changing climate scenarios of Pakistan using crop modeling techniques.     

延长食用菌生产设施使用寿命的几种方法

食用菌生产设施管理技术的好坏直接影响着食用菌生产效益与设施的使用寿命。一般生产设施使用3～5年后就会发生菌棒污染率居高不下、虫害严重的现象,甚至出现全部污染或难以控制的大规模虫害,最后导致食用菌生产绝收,菇农不得不放弃此处,另寻新处或改种其他作物。生产上常采用更换客土、石灰粉加旋耕、日光晒棚及物理化学相结合等防控方法,这些技术地运用可有效地减少病虫危害,提高生产效益,延长生产设施的使用寿命。     

虫生真菌防治农作物害虫的研究进展

长期实践证明:化学防治农作物害虫会带来药物残留且会对环境造成不同程度的污染,而生物防治效果更为环保、安全。虫生真菌作为生物防治的重要手段可以在保护原有生态环境的基础上采用一定生物手段合理防控害虫,不仅能促进农业生产的可持续发展,同时保障了我国食品绿色、安全,近年来在防治农作物害虫上发挥了出色的作用。本文分别介绍虫生真菌代表种:白僵菌、绿僵菌、拟青霉、轮枝菌等菌落特征及防治对象,从致病机理和毒力进行综合阐述,并围绕了真菌制剂产品特点、产品创制以及开放利用,系统总结虫生真菌在我国农业生产中的应用进展,旨在为我国的生态安全以及虫生真菌的开发及应用提供参考。     

虫生真菌在农林害虫生物防治中的应用

简要回顾了虫生真菌的研究历史和现状，列举了虫生真菌所属的32个属，并对研究和应用较多的白僵菌属BeattveYia和绿僵菌属Metarhizium等9种虫生真菌的特性进行了较详细的分析：雕蚀菌属Coelomornyces适合于防治蚊Culicidae幼虫；白僵菌属是目前世界上应用最成功的虫生真菌，它可用来防治玉米螟Pyrausta nubilalis和松毛虫属Dendrolimus等多种农林害虫；绿僵菌在防治土居害虫方面如金龟子属Anisoplia幼虫有着独特的效果等。分析了虫生真菌的侵入机制，最后讨论了应用虫生真菌防治农林害虫的优势和不足。优势主要是昆虫病原真菌能侵染害虫的各个发育阶段和能引起疾病的流行等，而不足则是虫生真菌的施用效果受环境中的温湿度影响较大，且防治效果较慢等。表1参24     

高黎贡山绿色生态防控鳞翅目害虫效果研究

结合高黎贡山绿色生态优质烟叶生产示范区建设,通过推广绿色生态防控技术,验证烟叶蛾虫食诱剂对烟草鳞翅目害虫的田间诱杀效果。结果表明,烟叶蛾虫食诱剂对烟草地老虎、甜菜夜蛾、烟青虫、棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾等害虫有很好的诱杀效果,且烟叶蛾虫食诱剂使用简便,快捷高效,大大降低了化学农药的投放量,且烟叶未直接吸收农药,对于降低农药环境污染、提高烤烟质量安全、保护农田生态环境等具有非常积极的作用,具有大面积推广应用前景。     

昆虫病原真菌在农林害虫生物防治中的应用

长期以来,昆虫病原真菌作为一类重要的生防资源,在农林害虫种群自然调节中发挥了重要作用。综述了昆虫病原真菌资源的利用情况、对害虫的侵染致病机理及主要属种在农林害虫生防中的应用现状,分析了昆虫病原真菌防治中的限制因素,并指出了今后昆虫病原真菌研究利用中应加强的方面。     

食用菌主要病虫害综合防治技术

在食用菌的生产与栽培过程中,防治食用菌病虫害应遵循"预防为主,综合防治"的植保工作方针,利用农、化、理、生等进行综合技术防治,以促进食用菌健壮生长,高产优质。     

绿芦笋无公害病虫防治技术规范

根据农业部制订的绿色食品生产对产地环境、技术条件、农药使用准则、肥料使用准则等有关规定,并结合优质绿芦笋生产要求,制定绿芦笋病虫害无公害技术的范围、定义、基本要求及病虫害相关栽培控制和药剂防治技术,为绿芦笋病虫害防治规范化、标准化和无害化提供科学依据.     

我国小麦病虫草害防治农药减施增效技术研究进展

为保障小麦高产丰收和种子、环境安全,在小麦病虫草害的化学防治过程中采取相关技术措施以达到化学农药减施目的很有必要.在小麦的安全生产中,抗病品种应用、药剂种子处理、发挥天敌对麦蚜的控害作用以及使用农药增效助剂等减药措施及绿色防控技术的应用最为关键.本文对这些技术措施在小麦病虫草害防治及小麦高产丰收中发挥的减药增效作用进行...     

江苏省水稻大面积高产原因及关键技术探析

通过参与实施张洪程教授主持的国家粮食丰产科技工程“江苏单季稻丰产高效技术集成与示范”项目,对江苏高产水稻进行了深入全面考察,认为,江苏水稻大面积产量重复超10500kg/hm2,从技术路线、栽培理论、关键技术到品种推广的指导思想等方面有很多经验值得借鉴:偏迟熟水稻北移,充分利用光温生态生产潜力,是大面积产量进一步提高的前提;高产群体质量的优化调控,是高产的技术理论基础;“壮秧、扩行、减苗、调肥、控水”是其高产的关键技术。据此引发思考并对安徽及同类地区水稻生产的发展提出建议。