中国育成首个白菜型油菜新品种

一种适合高海拔地区种植的白菜型油菜杂交种近日在陕西选育成功。由西北农林科技大学董振生主持选育的白菜型油菜三系杂交新品种“白杂1号”,近日通过陕西省农作物品种委员会的审定。这是中国第一个白菜型油菜三系杂交新品种。选育杂交油菜新品种一直是国内外油菜育种领域研究的重点和方向,而利用杂种优势的途径有许多,其中利用细胞质雄性不育三系是最重要的途径之一。中国科学家已先后育成适合低海拔地区种植的甘蓝型和芥菜型油菜杂交种,而在选育适合高海拔地区种植的白菜型油菜杂交种育种方面一直未有突破。西北农林科技大学科研人员利用…     

油菜杂种优势利用的现状与展望(综述)

根据国内外油菜杂种优势研究的历史,作者将其划分为探索、准备和应用三个阶段.对当前国内外利用油菜杂种优势的主要途径,如细胞质雄性不育杂种,细胞核雄性不育杂种,自交不亲和系杂种以及生态型雄性不育等,进行了系统的阐述.基于对历史与现状的分析,提出了今后油菜杂种优势利用的发展趋势,即把优质育种、杂优育种和抗病虫育种紧密结合起来;以利用细胞质雄性不育三系为重点,多种利用途径相结合;同时预计生物技术在油菜杂种优势研究上将有较快的发展和更广泛的应用.     

甘蓝型油菜雄性不育可育两用系选育成功

近年来,育种家们把克服优质所带来的油菜产量降低的希望主要寄托在杂种优势的利用上。目前,油菜杂种优势利用的主要途径是细胞质雄性不育和细胞核雄性不育。核不育两系因大田制种要拔掉50%的可育株,使其利用受到一定的限制。 我校从1982年开始了油菜细胞质雄性不育“三系”的研究与利用,杂交品系华杂2号已开始在生产上试种示范。但是,油菜细胞质雄性不育“三系”的育种程序复杂,育种周期较长,雄性不育系的繁殖成本较高,同时,象nap、波里玛和陕2A细胞质雄性不育存在着育性不稳定现象,即雄性不育在不同的条件下育性会发生变化(杨光圣、     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育三系杂交种制种技术

近十几年来，甘蓝型油菜杂交种的选育研究进展迅速，目前已培育出了许多细胞质雄性不育杂交种和细胞核雄性不育杂交种（包括显性核不育和隐性核不育），这些杂交种的应用，取得了巨大的经济效益。细胞质雄性不育被认为是目前油菜杂种优势利用中应用最广泛、成效最显著的途径。细胞质雄性不育杂种具有杂种优势强，杂种制种技术简便，可以省去人工去雄、进行育性标记、拔出可育株的麻烦，生产成本低，制种质量高等优点。但是由于细胞质雄性不育杂交种亲本的一些固有特点，加上制种人员对制种技术规程掌握、重视不够，往往造成种子质量差，影响杂交种的纯度和增产潜力的发挥。现介绍甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育杂交种制种主要技术要点。     

甘蓝型油菜授粉控制系统研究现状与前景

对国内外传统和新型授粉控制系统的特点及发展潜力进行全面评述,为油菜杂种优势利用提供参考。中国杂交油菜生产的授粉控制系统具有多元化的特色,包括自交不亲和、细胞质雄性不育、细胞核雄性不育、化学杀雄和双重雄性不育等途径。由于目前油菜生产水平提高,许多遗传改良的新种质要尽快投入应用,加之国外改良Ogu CMS和基因工程雄性不育研究的快速发展,虽然通过组合我国现有的不同授粉控制系统可以增强稳定性,对于促进杂交种生产具有一定潜力,但开发我国具有自主知识产权的新型高效授粉控制系统,是目前亟待解决的首要问题。     

油菜细胞核雄性不育基因研究进展

目前,油菜细胞核雄性不育基因的研究主要包括对不同油菜雄性不育材料遗传性状的观察、分子标记、基因定位、基因克隆、转基因和生产应用等方面。许多研究确定了部分雄性不育材料的基因型,获得与雄性基因连锁的分子标记,克隆了与雄性不育基因相连锁的DNA片段,为加快油菜细胞核雄性不育品种的选育发挥了重要作用。文章对与油菜细胞核雄性不育有关的显性基因、隐性基因和互作基因的研究与利用进行概括,为进一步探讨油菜细胞核雄性不育的分子机理、杂种优势的利用、分子育种的实践提供依据。     

大豆雄性不育及杂种优势利用研究进展

杂种优势利用是实现作物产量突破的重要途径,大豆是严格的自花授粉作物,大豆雄性不育最早在20世纪20年代被发现,许多研究者开展了深入探索,但成果并不显著.在2002年之前,大豆是唯一没有利用杂种优势的主要农作物.大豆雄性不育表现有结构不育、部分雄性不育、联会突变导致雄性雌性均不育、细胞核基因控制的雄性不育雌性可育、质核互作雄性不育、光(温)敏雄性不育等.在先后发现的大豆雄性不育材料中,多数属于细胞核基因控制的雄性不育性,少数为细胞质雄性不育性.中国大豆细胞质核互作雄性不育系的选育在国际上是领先的,吉林省农业科学院、安徽省农业科学院、山西省农业科学院、南京农业大学等多家单位均实现了三系配套.并找到了具有强优势的组合.吉林省农业科学院已成功选育出世界上第一个大豆杂交种"杂交豆1号",安徽省农业科学院成功选育出世界上第一个杂交夏大豆品种"杂优豆1号".作者对大豆雄性不育的研究进展、杂种优势利用的现状进行了分析,并指出了当前大豆杂种优势利用在高产优质杂交组合的选配、不育性的遗传和稳定性、杂交大豆制种技术,以及杂交大豆花器构造的改进和杂交种配套栽培技术等方面还存在着许多问题.     

白菜型油菜异源细胞质雄性不育的选育研究

利用甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育系，与白菜型油菜优良自交系进行种间杂交，轮回杂交，回交及多代选育，育成了白菜型油菜异源细胞质雄性不育系１８００Ａ，２８１８－２等。经观察，育性基本稳定。通过两年的测交，已找到了７个不同来源的恢复源，初步实现了细胞质雄性不育的三系配套。     

超级麦育种的重要途径——杂交小麦的优势利用

超级麦育种对小麦的产量、品质及抗性都提出了更高的要求,而小麦杂种优势的表现则是实现这些目标的一个重要途径。本文从杂种优势利用的角度,探讨细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)、化学杂交剂(CHA)、小麦光温敏雄性不育系等主要途径的特点及利用研究现状,并就小麦杂种优势的利用前景进行了展望,为实现超级小麦育种提供参考。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育机制研究现状

雄性不育是作物育种中利用杂种优势的主要途径,玉米是世界上最早利用雄性不育系生产杂交种的作物之一,利用雄性不育系生产玉米杂交种,可以节省劳动力投入,降低种子成本,减少去雄不彻底造成的混杂,提高种子纯度,充分发挥杂种优势的增产潜力。综述了玉米细胞质雄性不育的分类,败育的细胞学特征,败育机理,以及育性恢复研究进展。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。