有机肥替代部分化肥对甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯产量、土壤矿质氮水平及氮肥效率的影响

【目的】为提高肥料的利用率,减少过量施用化肥的负面作用.【方法】通过田间试验研究了不同有机肥替代部分化肥对马铃薯块茎产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤矿质氮含量的影响.【结果】有机肥替代部分化肥的各处理产量均高于100%化肥的处理(T2),以200kg/667m2普通有机肥替代10%化肥处理(T3)的增产幅度最大,为12.6%;单施有机肥在短期内不能提高马铃薯块茎产量.有机肥替代部分化肥可提高N肥利用效率,以200kg/667m2普通有机肥替代20%化肥处理(T5)最高,比T2提高了24.8%.与不施肥的对照(T1)和单施有机肥的处理(T9和T10)相比,施用化肥能明显提高0~40cm土层硝态氮的含量.不同处理未对土壤铵态氮含量造成显著影响.0~40cm土层矿质氮变化量与化肥施肥比例呈显著正相关.【结论】有机肥替代部分化肥能够保持(提高)产量,其中以200kg/667m2有机肥替代10%~30%化肥为宜.     

灌水对棉田土壤矿质氮运移的影响

以阿拉尔垦区棉田为试验地点,采用8100、6600、5100、3600m3·hm-24个灌水水平,对5次灌水后100cm土层NO3--N、NH4+-N含量进行了分析.结果表明:在4～9月整个种植周期内,0～60cm土层的养分浓度均呈下降趋势,60～100cm土层养分的浓度则缓慢上升,灌水量越大,深层养分的浓度越高;当土壤NO3--N累积量较大时,不同灌水处理间土壤NO3--N含量的变化非常显著;灌水对土壤铵态氮运移影响远小于对硝态氮的影响.     

控释肥减量施用对马铃薯产量、品质及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了包膜尿素减量化施用对马铃薯产量、品质及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥处理相比,施用控释肥可以提高马铃薯的一级品率,并且能较好地保证马铃薯产量,马铃薯产量增加8.00%～25.59%,以100%控释肥增产效果最好。马铃薯品质方面,减氮控释肥处理能提高马铃薯品质。施用控释肥可以提高氮肥利用率10.53%～22.69%,其中,以减氮40%控释肥的氮肥利用率最高。在马铃薯土壤硝态氮含量方面,施用控释肥能降低硝态氮在各个土层的累积,其中减氮30%～40%控释肥处理土壤硝态氮的累积量最低。     

农业废弃物还田对土壤不同形态氮含量及氮肥利用率的影响

采用田间试验的方法,对不同农业废弃物还田及不同还田量在0～100 cm土层全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量及产量和氮肥利用率的变化特征进行研究。结果表明:不同有机物还田对土壤全氮含量均表现为耕层土壤最高,随土层加深全氮含量逐渐减少,其中鸡粪还田对土壤全氮的含量影响最大,这表明农业废弃物与无机氮的配施在一定适宜的比例条件下,可以较为明显地提高土壤中全氮的含量。在施入等氮的条件下,土壤中铵态氮含量的变化较小,且各个时期土壤中铵态氮含量无明显变化;施肥对土壤中硝态氮含量影响较大,与化肥的施入量呈正相关,各个处理总体表现:单施化肥>25%有机肥+75%氮肥>50%有机肥+50%氮肥>75%有机肥+25%氮肥>不施肥处理,且对耕层土壤中硝态氮的含量影响较显著,对深层土壤硝态氮含量影响较小。各有机肥处理中以25%鸡粪+75%氮肥玉米产量最大,为9 331.1 kg/hm²,氮肥利用率也达最高,为49.75%。综上,25%鸡粪+75%氮肥处理为最优。     

氮素对糯玉米产量及土壤环境的影响

本文研究了不同氮肥用量对糯玉米产量、氮肥利用率、铵态氮和硝态氮累积及其土壤剖面分布的影响。结果表明,适量施氮可增加产量,过量施氮不仅没有增产、甚至造成减产,氮肥利用率降低,糯玉米的氮肥效应方程,Y=879.26+28.50X-1.66X2。施氮量可显著影响土壤中硝态氮的累积和分布,但对铵态氮的影响较小。当施氮(N)量达到18kg/667m2水平时,土壤硝态氮累积量远高于其他施氮水平,增加了土壤硝态氮的残留,同时,因降雨或灌溉的作用而向下层土壤移动,造成硝态氮的淋失,对环境造成潜在威胁。     

氮肥施用量对新疆棉花产量及植株和土壤中硝态氮含量的影响

2000~2004年,在新疆的新和县和尉犁县,采用田间随机区组试验研究了不同土壤、栽培和灌溉条件下,氮肥施用量对不同棉花品种产量、植株中NO3-N含量及棉田土壤中NO3-N含量与分布的影响。结果表明,施用不同量氮肥可使棉花增产2%~73.8%,在新和县的栽培和土壤条件下,氮肥对棉花产量的影响不显著(F2000=0.72);在尉犁县的栽培和土壤条件下,无论采用常规灌溉还是滴灌方式,氮肥对棉花产量的影响均达到了显著水平(F2001=8.20**,F2002=2.91*,F2003=10.75**,F2004=17.97**);不同土壤、栽培和灌溉条件下,不同棉花品种的氮肥推荐用量各不相同,但报酬递减的趋势基本一致,棉花产量与氮肥施用量之间可以用二次曲线进行拟合,施氮量过高棉花产量反而有下降的趋势;棉花盛蕾期与初花期植株中NO3-N含量与施氮量及棉花产量表现出很好的相关性,因此可以将其作为棉花氮素营养快速诊断的参考指标;虽然不同灌溉方式对土壤中NO3-N残留的影响有所不同,但高氮肥施用量会使棉田土壤中聚集较高含量的NO3-N,增大了氮素淋失的风险,并成为潜在的环境污染源。     

土壤矿质氮分析方法的影响因素研究

为探明土壤矿质氮分析方法的影响因素,应用采自果园、菜园、麦田、麦田休闲地和草地的5种土样,研究了土样预处理方式、KCl浸提液的保存方式对用连续流动分析仪测定土壤矿质氮具体测定方法的影响。结果表明,土样预处理方式和浸提液保存方式都不同程度地影响土壤中矿质氮的测定结果。方差分析结果进一步表明各种影响因子对土壤硝态氮含量测定值的影响较铵态氮大。采用鲜土直接测定、KCl浸提液不保存直接用连续流动分析仪测定能更准确地反映出土壤矿质氮的实际含量。     

不同氮肥运筹对棉花产量及土壤养分的影响

为降低棉花的施肥成本,为减量优化施肥提高棉花收益和降低养分损失风险提供理论依据,通过不同氮肥运筹研究减量施肥对棉花产量、不同生育期土壤硝态氮含量及收获后和种植前土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明,CRF处理在减氮33.3%的情况下,棉花产量比农民习惯施肥（FP）处理略有下降,OPT和OF-CF处理减氮23.8%,与FP相比均提高了棉花产量;在棉花不同生育期,减量施肥处理的土壤硝态氮淋溶损失风险较低;棉花收获后各减量施肥处理的大部分养分含量指标高于种植前,CRF处理的养分积累程度较低,养分损失的风险最低。综合考虑产量及环境效应,在本试验条件下,CRF处理在减氮33.3%的情况下,棉花产量较高,同时不会造成养分较多积累,养分损失风险低;其次是OPT和OF-CF处理,肥料用量仍有进一步降低的潜力。     

氮肥施用量对夏玉米土壤NO-3-N含量的影响

采用定点监测方法,研究了不同氮肥施用量对夏玉米土壤NO-3-N含量的影响.结果表明:夏玉米增施氮肥,可导致土壤NO-3-N含量增加,且0～20 cm土层的NO-3-N含量增加最明显;各土层的土壤NO-3-N含量基本随氮肥施用量的增加而升高,但随着土层深度的增加,NO-3-N含量变化趋于平稳.河北平原夏玉米田正常施用氮肥,尚不会产生NO-3-N对土壤和地下水污染.     

尿素配施硝化/脲酶抑制剂对春季和秋季马铃薯产量及土壤矿质氮的影响

采用盆栽试验,在施入总氮一致条件下,硝化/脲酶抑制剂与不同施肥方式配施对春、秋季马铃薯生长及土壤矿质氮的影响,为制定科学的马铃薯农田氮素管理措施及节肥增效策略提供依据。结果表明,(1)追施氮肥及配施硝化/脲酶抑制剂能显著降低土壤脲酶活性、土壤表观硝化率和提高马铃薯生育中后期土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数,其中在一次追肥处理下, DCD及NBPT处理的春、秋季马铃薯块茎形成期土壤铵态氮质量分数比对照分别提高124.3%、198.1%和31.0%、260.0%;硝态氮质量分数分别提高18.4%、31.6%和33.9%、31.6%。(2)追施氮肥及配施硝化/脲酶抑制剂能提高春、秋季马铃薯生育后期干物质量及产量,但春马铃薯增产效果大于秋马铃薯,一次追肥处理增产效果最好。其中与CK相比,一次追肥与DCD和NBPT配施处理的春马铃薯产量显著提高53.3%和112.0%,秋马铃薯未达到显著差异。因此,一次追肥配施氮肥效率最高,且春马铃薯应配施脲酶抑制剂NBPT,秋马铃薯应配施硝化抑制剂DCD。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

马铃薯-燕麦间作对马铃薯氮含量和土壤氮素的影响

为提高氮肥的利用,通过随机区组试验探讨马铃薯单作、3种马铃薯-燕麦间作模式对马铃薯氮含量和土壤氮素的影响,筛选出最优的间作模式。供试材料为青薯9号,以马铃薯单作为对照(IP),设置3种间作模式,比较马铃薯燕麦间作行数比2:2、4:2、4:8(分别标记为P₂O₂、P₄O₂和P₄O₈)对马铃薯植株氮含量、土壤全氮、碱解氮和无机氮含量分布的影响。结果表明,从开花期到成熟期,马铃薯叶、茎的氮含量呈下降趋势,块茎氮含量呈上升趋势;间作处理植株氮含量显著高于单作处理,其中,以间作P₂O₂最佳。3种间作处理在开花期0~20 cm土层的土壤全氮含量均高于单作处理,其中,以间作P₄O₈最佳,达到0.69 g·kg^-1;成熟期相比于花期提高24.6%。开花期间作P₄O₈ 0~20 cm土层的土壤碱解氮含量高于其他3种处理,相比间作P₂O₂提高19.2%,间作P₂O₂成熟期比花期提高41.7%。开花期,单作马铃薯 0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量高于其他间作处理,达到0.82 mg·kg^-1,成熟期相比花期降低了26.8%,但仍高于其他间作处理。开花期,单作马铃薯 0~20 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量也高于其他间作处理,达到0.35 mg·kg^-1,成熟期相比花期降低了2.9%,但仍高于其他间作处理。间作P₄O₈和P₂O₂可以显著提高植株氮、土壤全氮和碱解氮的含量,单作马铃薯土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量比间作高。这表明,间作条件下矿质态氮在土壤中的残留量少,减少了氮素损失的几率。     

施氮水平对不同淀粉型马铃薯块茎产量和淀粉品质的影响

为研究施氮水平对不同淀粉型马铃薯块茎产量、淀粉产量和品质的影响,选用生育期相近的高淀粉品种‘克新22号’和低淀粉品种‘克新19号’为试验材料,施氮量设0、75、150、225和300kg/hm~2共5种处理,在收获后,分别测定马铃薯的块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量和淀粉直支比,探讨施氮水平对这些性状的影响规律。施氮量在0～300kg/hm~2时,‘克新22号’品种的块茎产量随着施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,其中,施氮量在225kg/hm~2时,块茎产量最高;而‘克新19号’品种的块茎产量则呈持续增加的趋势。2个品种块茎干重中直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量均随着施氮量的增加而呈降低变化;而块茎鲜重中直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量随着施氮量的增加则呈先增后降的单峰曲线变化;施氮量在75kg/hm~2时,块茎鲜重中直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量达到最高。2个品种的淀粉直支比均随着施氮量的增加呈降低的变化趋势。‘克新22号’品种的块茎直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉产量随着施氮量的增加均呈先增加后降低的单峰曲线变化;施氮量在150kg/hm~2时获得较高的直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉产量。‘克新19号’品种的块茎直链淀粉产量随着施氮量的增加一直呈持续增加的变化,而块茎的支链淀粉及总淀粉产量则呈先增加后降低的单峰曲线变化;施氮量225kg/hm~2时获得较高的支链淀粉和总淀粉产量。     

甘薯施用氮肥效果试验

研究不同氮肥用量对甘薯产量的影响,试验结果表明,以每667 m2施用N 9 kg处理产量最高,达4 095 kg,较对照增产55.65%,达极显著水平;该处理氮肥利用率为26.17%,氮肥偏生产力为209.23,产投比2.34,每667 m2增加纯收入972元。     

半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖模式和施氮对小麦产量和氮效率的效应

在年降水量 4 15 mm的黄土高原中部黄绵土和年降水量 6 32 mm的黄土高原南部红油土上 ,分别以春小麦和冬小麦为供试作物进行大田试验 ,研究了地膜覆盖 (春小麦设不覆膜、播后覆膜 30 d、覆膜 6 0 d和全程覆膜 ;冬小麦设不覆膜、播后覆膜 75 d、覆膜 15 0 d和全程覆膜等 4个水平 )和施氮 (春小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮75 kg,冬小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮 2 2 5 kg2个水平 )对小麦产量和氮效率的影响。试验结果表明 ,覆膜对春小麦产量和吸氮量的效应因底墒、施氮、覆膜进程和生育期降雨量而异。在湿润年份 (1999年 ) ,无论施氮与否 ,在低底墒时 ,各种覆膜处理的籽粒、茎叶和干物质产量较不覆膜处理虽有增加 ,但二者之间的差异并不显著 ;在高底墒时 ,不管是籽粒 ,还是干物质 ,以覆膜 6 0 d最大 ,以不覆膜最低 ,但不覆膜与覆膜 30 d、覆膜 6 0 d和全程覆膜间差异并不显著。氮肥肥效也因底墒和覆膜进程而异 :低底墒不覆膜和覆膜 30 d的氮肥增产效果最显著 ,但随着覆膜进程的进一步延长 ,氮肥效果下降 ;高底墒时以覆膜 30 d氮肥增产效果最高 ,不覆膜最低。在极端干旱年份 (2 0 0 0年 ) ,地膜覆盖显著影响地上部分生物量 :在低底墒不施氮条件下 ,以覆膜 30 d效果最明显 ,覆膜 6 0 d和全程覆膜效果依次递减 ,不覆?     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions

Four rice cultivars were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield and characteristics of nitrogen uptake under two soil conditions (sandy and clay soil) in soil culture pool. The results were as follows. First, yield of rice in sandy and clay soil was increased by nitrogen application, and that in clay soil was higher than that in sandy soil, but the effect of nitrogen on yield increment was greater in sandy soil than in clay soil. Second, nitrogen utilization of rice was different under different soil conditions. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and physiological Nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were higher in sandy soil than in clay soil. Apparent Nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE), partial factor productivity for applied Nitrogen (PFP), and soil Nitrogen dependent rate (SNDR) were higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. Agronomic Nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was varied in different cultivars under different soil conditions. Third, N harvest index, agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency, partial factor productivity for applied N, and soil N dependent rate were decreased significantly with the increment of the amount of nitrogen applied under two soil conditions. In sandy soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing nitrogen application and reached the highest value at high nitrogen level. However, in clay soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing of nitrogen application at first, and reached the highest value at medium nitrogen level, then decreased dramatically at high nitrogen level. Fourth, N uptake rate for rice straw and for rice grain and total N uptake rate for rice were higher in sandy clay soil than in sandy soil, but the difference between them was relatively small. Fifth, under different soil conditions, there were significant genotypic differences in the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and characteristics of nitrogen uptake. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2005, 31(11): 1422–1428 [译自: 作物学报]     

化肥减氮及有机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤养分含量的影响

本文旨在研究等磷、钾量条件下,化肥减氮及有机肥不同用量配施对水稻产量及土壤养分的影响,试验共设6个处理,分别为T1∶80%N+20%有机肥;T2∶80%N+40%有机肥;T3∶70%N+60%有机肥;T4∶70%N+80%有机肥;T5∶60%化肥+100%有机肥;CK：100%N+0,对水稻生育期株高、群体动态、产量、构产因子以及秋季土壤养分含量进行分析,结果表明：1化肥减氮20%时,不会对水稻造成明显减产,且当有机肥配施量为500kg·mu-2时,水稻籽粒产量最高,为775.19kg·mu-2,比CK增产17.20%;2有机肥的施用能提高水稻基本苗,对水稻穗长有显著提高效果,对空秕率影响较大,对枝梗数影响最小;3化肥减氮+有机肥配施可以提高土壤肥力,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量。     

新型硫酸铵肥料对土壤团聚体碳、氮含量及玉米产量的影响

为探究不同类型缓/控释硫铵肥料对土壤团聚体碳、氮贡献率及作物生长的影响,于2020年开始田间试验,采用完全随机区组试验设计,共设置5个处理：常规尿素(AU),普通硫酸铵(AS),缓/控释硫酸铵Ⅰ型(ASN、硫酸铵+硝化抑制剂),缓/控释硫酸铵Ⅱ型(ASG、油脂包膜硫酸铵),缓/控释硫酸铵Ⅲ型(ASD、油脂-腐植酸包膜硫酸铵)。采用湿筛法对土壤进行粒径分级,分析土壤粒径组成、稳定性状况、各粒径团聚体及粉黏粒有机碳、全氮含量,并测定玉米产量。结果表明：1)ASG处理>0.250～2.000 mm粒径团聚体质量分数最高,比AU处理提高68.00%,且>0.250 mm粒径团聚体ASG处理占比最高,AU处理占比最低;2)ASG处理平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、>0.250 mm水稳性团聚体占比(R_0.25)均高于其他施肥处理,相比AU、AS处理,ASG处理的MWD、GMD和R_0.25分别升高36.18%、7.62%,70.35%、26.54%和50.74%、13.37%;3)ASG、ASD处理<0.053 m...     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米氮利用及土壤硝态氮的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对夏玉米氮利用、产量和土壤硝态氮的影响,于2007年在河南省滑县进行了田间小区定位试验.结果表明,与单施纯氮90,180,270和360 kg·hm-2相比,秸秆还田配施同量氮肥,氮收获指数(NHI)分别提高了4.4%,5.6%,3.7%和1.9%;子粒粗蛋白质含量分别提高了0.6,0.6,0.6和0.7 g·kg-1;子粒产量分别增产了5.8%,9.5%,10.1%和9.0%;夏玉米收获后0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮残留量为23.8～121.4 kg·hm-2.初步研究表明,秸秆还田提高了夏玉米氮素利用效率,改善了子粒品质,减少了0～200 cm土层土壤剖面硝态氮残留量.豫北秸秆还田配施纯氮以90～180 kg·hm-2为宜.     

施肥条件下白云石粉对菜地土壤氮素转化的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究施肥条件下添加白云石粉对菜地土壤氮素形态转化的影响,结果表明：土壤铵态氮含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,而硝态氮含量呈逐步增加的趋势;随着白云石粉用量的增加,土壤铵态氮含量减少而硝态氮含量增加.