残膜捡拾清理压缩机具的设计与试验

【目的】有效解决残膜回收作业中,集条残膜因大风天气产生的二次污染,以及人工作业劳动强度大的问题,设计了一种适用于机械化集条残膜捡拾清理压缩作业机.【方法】首先阐述了该机的结构特点、工作原理以及关键部件设计过程,然后通过正交试验法对影响残膜回收率的各因素进行正交优化试验,并选出最优组合.【结果】试验显示,当机具前进速度为6km/h,捡拾杆齿转速为120r/min,脱膜叶片宽度为200mm时,残膜回收率最高,能达到91.1%.影响残膜回收率的主次因素依次为捡拾滚筒转速、脱膜皮带宽度、机具前进速度.【结论】该机具作业性能稳定可靠,残膜回收率达到设计要求.     

棉秆粉碎与搂膜联合作业机关键部件设计与试验

【目的】针对新疆地区现有残膜回收机具残膜捡拾率低,立杆搂膜机具地膜自卸率低等问题,为有效解决新疆地区棉田残膜污染问题,研制了棉秆粉碎与搂膜联合作业机.【方法】首先对整机结构、工作原理、关键部件设计进行了说明,然后对试验因素运用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验方法,以刀轴转速、弹齿组数、机具前进速度进行试验与响应曲面分析,建立了响应面三维模型,并得出最优试验组合.【结果】当刀轴转速2 200 r/min、弹齿组数为12组、机具前进速度为4 km/h,残膜回收率为91.1%,棉秆粉碎合格率为91.5%;增加地膜自卸机构,卸膜率为96.7%.【结论】机具作业性能可靠,各项指标满足设计标准.     

玉米高地隙自走式喷杆喷雾机的试验研究

【目的】探求一种新型玉米高地隙自走式喷杆喷雾机的施药效果.【方法】以药液附着率为指标,以机具前进速度,动力输出轴转速和种植模式为因素,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,并对各因素的参数进行了优化研究.【结果】药液附着率受机具前进速度影响最大,受动力输出轴转速和种植模式影响较小.各因素对药液附着率影响程度为:机具前进速度>动力输出轴转速>种植模式.【结论】在机具前进速度1km/h,动力输出轴转速1 000r/min,种植模式为(500+500)mm的条件下,机具作业时药液附着率达到68.3%.     

双腔排种滚筒的设计与试验

【目的】为解决番茄种子颗粒小、质量轻、不规整,难以实现精量排种问题,设计了一种负压取种正压投种和清孔的双腔排种滚筒.【方法】对双腔排种滚筒进行原理分析和结构设计,以单粒率、多粒率、漏播率为排种性能评价指标,通过对滚筒负压气室流场分析和投种对比试验证明单端负压进气的双腔排种滚筒排种性能最佳,并采用三因素三水平正交试验方法,研究了负压值、滚筒转速和正压值对排种器排种性能的影响.【结果】影响排种器排种性能因素的主次顺序为负压值、滚筒转速、正压值,当负压值为2kPa,滚筒转速为10r/min,正压值800Pa时,单粒率为89.75%、多粒率为5.32%、漏播率为4.08%.【结论】经样机试验验证,该排种滚筒满足番茄育苗精量播种的种植要求.     

4SZ-3.0型收膜整地联合作业机的设计与试验

针对残膜对耕地造成严重的污染和危害问题,研究开发了一种适用于机械化回收残膜的收膜整地联合作业机,阐述了该机的结构特点及工作原理,并对影响残膜回收率和作业小时生产率的各因素进行了正交优化试验.结果表明:残膜回收率受捡膜滚筒转速影响最大,受机具前进速度和残膜输送叶轮转速影响较小;机具作业小时生产率受机具前进速度影响最大,受残膜输送叶轮转速和捡膜滚筒转速影响较小.当机具前进速度6km/h,捡膜滚筒转速110 r/min,残膜输送叶轮转速200 r/min时,当年残膜回收率为88％,作业小时生产率达到1.2 hm2/h.     

离心式变量撒肥机的设计与试验

【目的】针对有机肥播撒问题,研究设计了一种离心式变量撒肥机,阐述了该机的结构及工作原理.【方法】对影响撒肥效果的各因素进行了正交试验研究.【结果】当机具前进速度为5.5km/h,链板转速为5r/s,撒肥圆盘转速为540r/min时,得到均匀性变异系数为10.2%,作业幅宽为19.3m,施肥量为1 268.97kg/667m2.【结论】前进速度、圆盘转速及链板转速对有机肥抛撒的均匀性变异系数、幅宽和撒肥量均有影响,撒肥圆盘的转速对作业质量影响极显著,其次为链板转速,最后为机组前进速度.     

水稻内充气力式精量穴播排种器排种性能试验

【目的】为了适应杂交稻精量穴直播的种植要求,设计了一种水稻内充气力式精量穴播排种器,阐述了排种器的工作原理.【方法】理论分析了排种器排种滚筒转速和负压气室真空度两个主要工作参数.以‘冈优898’杂交稻种为排种对象,对影响排种器排种性能的两个工作参数分别进行了单因素试验和双因素试验.【结果】单因素试验表明:随着排种滚筒转速的增大,排种器的空穴率、漏播率和重播率增大,穴粒数合格率减小;随着负压气室真空度的增大,排种器的漏播率减小,重播率增大,空穴率先减小后稳定于零,穴粒数合格率先增大后减小.双因素试验表明:排种器较优的工作参数组合范围为排种滚筒转速8～15 r/min、负压气室真空度1.0～1.3 kPa,在该参数区间内,排种器穴粒数合格率均不低于88.80%,漏播率均不高于2.40%,空穴率均不大于0.67%,(5～6)粒/穴率均低于9.60%,6粒/穴率均不高于0.93%.【结论】该排种器在适宜的排种工况下能满足杂交稻穴直播的精量排种要求.     

气吹投种的气吸滚筒式精量排种器设计与试验

【目的】针对辣椒等不规整、小粒径种子育苗时存在投种精度差、吸种孔容易堵塞等问题,设计出一种气吹投种的气吸滚筒式精量排种器,并确定该排种器关键参数与结构.【方法】以吸孔形状、正压值、滚筒转速、负压值为影响因子,以单粒率、多粒率、漏播率为排种性能指标,采用4因素3水平正交试验方法,分析各因子对排种性能的影响规律.【结果】影响排种器排种性能的主次因素依次为负压值、吸孔形状、滚筒转速、正压值.最佳参数组合为正压值900 Pa,负压值为3 kPa,滚筒转速为8 r/min,吸种孔为单锥形,此时排种器的单粒率86.83%、多粒率5.35%、漏播率4.61%.此条件下最适合辣椒穴盘育苗播种.【结论】该排种器能够满足育苗精量播种的种植农艺要求,为播种辣椒等小籽粒排种器的设计提供参考依据.     

预破碎沙棘脱果机的设计与试验

【目的】针对中国沙棘枝果速冻后结块,阻塞脱果机和脱果效率低的问题,设计了预破碎沙棘脱果机.【方法】利用三维软件Solidworks和二维软件CAD设计整机结构及主要部件,对主要部件进行理论受力分析;采用正交试验设计,对影响脱果机脱果效率与破损率的因素进行分析,确定最优参数组合,并进行工厂试验验证.【结果】脱果中滚筒筛的转速对脱果率与破损率影响极为显著;打散装置转速与敲击装置转速对脱果率与破损率影响不大.各因素对脱果率与破损率的影响程度依次为:滚筒筛转速敲击装置转速打散装置转速.【结论】预破碎沙棘脱果机的最佳工作参数为:打散装置转速为36r/min、滚筒筛转速为239r/min、敲击轴转速为500r/min.脱果率与破损率分别可达到95%和7%.     

气吸式花生膜上精量穴播轮田间作业性能测试

【目的】选用自行设计开发的穴播轮进行花生田间成穴、播种性能试验,研究气吸式花生膜上精量穴播轮的作业性能,分析其影响因素及影响效果。【方法】采用单因素分析法,对不同作业速度(0.32,0.76和1.02m/s)下的膜孔尺寸、孔穴错位率、膜下播种深度合格率、穴距合格率进行测试与分析;采用多因素正交试验的方法,在不同吸种孔线速度(0.11,0.24,0.33m/s)、不同吸种负压(3.66,3.98,4.65kPa)条件下对花生种子播种质量进行测试与比较。【结果】作业速度对穴播轮成穴及播种性能影响较为显著,低速作业时成穴性能较好,膜孔尺寸、孔穴错位、膜下播种深度、穴距均较好;高速作业时孔穴错位率较大,且穴距变异较大,漏播率增大。吸种孔线速度及吸种负压对播种质量影响显著,随吸种孔线速度的增加,漏播指数增加,重播指数减小;随吸种负压的增加,穴粒数的合格率增加,重播指数相应提高。【结论】在满足成穴质量要求的基础上,当作业速度为0.76m/s(吸种孔线速度为0.24m/s)、吸种负压为4.65kPa时,穴播轮作业质量最优,此时合格指数为95.0%,空穴指数为1.0%,重播指数为4.0%,孔穴错位率为4.0%,膜下播种深度合格率为95.0%,穴距合格率为95.0%,成穴质量、播种质量均能较好地满足花生精量穴播的要求。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。