植物内生真菌在植物病害生物防治中的作用

植物内生真菌具有普遍存在性和生物多样性,许多种类在植物体内作为生防菌,能有效地防治植物病害,增强植物对病原菌的抗性.鉴此,综述了植物内生真菌在植物病害生物防治中的作用,从其分泌抗茵物质、与病菌竞争生态位和营养物质、诱导系统抗性、产生植物激素等方面分析植物内生真菌的生防机制,并对其作为植物病害生防因子进行开发与应用中存在...     

植物内生细菌及其生物防治植物病害的研究进展

综述了植物内生细菌及其生物防治植物病害的研究进展。植物内生细菌分布广，种类多，存在于大多数高等植物中，已在生物防治细菌性病害、真菌性病害和线虫病害方面发挥了巨大的作用。植物内生细菌的防病机理主要通过与病原菌竞争生态位和营养物质、产生抗菌活性物质以及诱导植物产生系统抗性等多种作用方式。同时，对植物内生细菌防治植物病害存在的问题及未来发展前景进行了讨论。     

植物内生细菌作为生防因子的研究进展

对植物内生细菌作为生防因子的研究进展进行了综述,探讨了内生细菌在植物抗病性方面的作用机理;讨论了植物内生细菌在实际应用中存在的问题及发展方向。     

4种茄科作物内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选

番茄、茄子、烟草和辣椒健康植株内生细菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选结果表明,植物的不同种、品种及植物的不同部位,内生细菌数量有所不同.不同作物每克鲜重平均内生细菌数量为1180-11160 cfu;各作物植株不同部位均以果中内生细菌的数量最少,根和茎中的内生菌数量较多.拮抗测定表明,各植物体内均存在对番茄青枯病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌具有拮抗作用的内生细菌,对番茄青枯病菌具有拮抗作用的植物内生细菌占总数的16.21%,而对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有拮抗作用的内生细菌占总数的28.53%.从拮抗菌株中筛选出3株对多种植物病原真菌有较好拮抗作用的菌株,对黄瓜枯萎病有20.83%-79.17%的防病效果,此3菌株对水稻白叶枯病菌和番茄青枯病菌也有一定拮抗作用,内生性测定表明,3菌株均能进入宿主植物番茄和茄子体内,经初步鉴定3菌株均为芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.).     

植物内生细菌生防作用研究进展

概述植物内生细菌作为生防因子在系统抗性诱导(ISR),抗菌素、2,4-二乙酰间苯三酚(2,4-DAPG)、氰化氢(HCN)、铁载体、水杨酸(SA)和其它易挥发的有机混合物(VOC)产生,及细菌促生作用等方面的研究进展。     

三株柑橘溃疡病生防内生细菌对脐橙感染溃疡病后几种防御酶活性的影响

防御酶活性是寄主防卫反应能力的重要指标,很多生防因子可引起植物的防御酶活性增强。在前期工作中筛选到3株对柑橘溃疡病有防治效果的内生细菌Bacillus sp.、GN222、Kosakonia cowanii GN223和Bacillus subtilis GN232,为明确其防病机理,测定了3株细菌对纽荷尔脐橙感染溃疡病菌后几种防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,在感染溃疡病菌的情况下,3株内生细菌均可不同程度地诱导和增强脐橙树体内防御酶的活性。其中内生细菌对树体多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的诱导强度小于溃疡病菌对这2种酶的诱导;菌株GN222对树体过氧化氢酶(CAT)的增强作用明显强于其他菌株;菌株GN223对树体过氧化物酶(POD)的诱导作用强于其他菌株;各处理中SOD活性总体较弱。总之,待测内生细菌对脐橙感染溃疡病菌过程中防御酶具有一定的诱导作用,但酶活性变化的时间和幅度因内生菌株不同而有明显的差异。试验结果可为3株内生细菌应用于柑橘溃疡病的生物防治提供理论依据。     

山苍子内生细菌的分离及抑菌活性研究

[目的]探讨山苍子内生细菌的抑菌活性及生防效果。[方法]从山苍子的根、茎、叶和果中分离出内生细菌52株(其中根23株、茎8株、叶7株、果实14株),采用对峙生长法检测其对植物病原真菌的抑制效果。[结果]5株来自叶和果的内生细菌分别对杨树溃疡病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、苹果炭疽病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌有较好的拮抗作用。田间试验结果表明,1株16S rD-NA序列(序列号为JN252095)与Bacillus megaterium最为接近的山苍子叶内生细菌对辣椒疫霉病的防治效果较好,且可促进辣椒植株生长。[结论]山苍子内生细菌作为农作物生防细菌效果明显,值得进一步研究。     

几种内生菌促进辣椒幼苗生长及抗早疫病的研究

为明确内生细菌对辣椒幼苗生长及抗旱疫病的影响，对分离自几种茄科植物的内生细菌进行了离体幼苗防病实验、促生与盆栽防病试验，并初步探讨了生防机理。结果表明：内生细菌TmL2—9对辣椒幼苗早疫病的防效可达84．4％，对番茄幼苗早疫病也有一定的防效；接种内生细菌Tml2—9后辣椒POD和PPO的表达在第8d比对照分别增加了1．56倍和1．41倍，相同叶位叶片中叶绿素a和b的含量在第1—3d分别比对照增加了约10％和20％。说明TmL2—9可能通过促生和诱导抗病的方式增强茄科植物对早疫病的抗性，表明TmL2—9在防治茄科植物早疫病方面有较大的应用潜力。     

内生细菌Bacillus sp.对菠菜枯萎病的防治效果研究

[目的]探讨内生细菌Bacillussp.对菠菜枯萎病的防病作用。[方法]就内生菌Bacillussp.对菠菜枯萎病菌平板抑制作用、不同浓度内生菌对菠菜枯萎病的防治效果及内生菌在菠菜根部的定殖位点进行研究。[结果]结果表明,浓度为1×107cfu/ml时,Bacillus sp.对菠菜枯萎病防治效果最好,且内生菌定殖在菠菜根部木质部导管中。[结论]从菠菜根部筛选出的内生细菌Bacillussp.对菠菜枯萎病有的较好防治效果,可以利用此开发具有潜在生防价值的生物制剂。     

油菜内生细菌yc8诱导植物抗病性机理研究

从山西太谷、运城采集的油菜中分离得到40株植物内生细菌,经过初步筛选得到具有生防潜力的菌株yc8,经鉴定其为环状芽孢杆菌(B circulans),对其生物学特性、生防作用、发酵条件、促生作用及诱导植物抗病性进行了研究,结果表明,经油菜内生细菌yc8发酵液处理后,植物体内丙二醛(MDA)的含量减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)有不同程度的升高,从而提高了植物对病害的抵御能力。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

不同温度LED光萎凋对铁观音MEP上游关键基因和香气的影响

【目的】萜类化合物是乌龙茶挥发性芳香物质的重要组分,2-C-甲基-D-赤藓醇-4-磷酸途径（MEP）上游关键基因直接参与调控萜类化合物前体物质的合成。而乌龙茶香气的形成与萎凋工序密切相关,光照和温度是影响萎凋的重要因子,探讨LED光与温度在乌龙茶萎凋过程中对香气的影响,为提高乌龙茶萎凋叶香气品质提供参考。【方法】基于转录组数据,根据KEGG筛选出响应光照的MEP上游关键基因（DXS、DXR、HDS、HDR）。对一芽三叶铁观音鲜叶进行LED白光和不同温度（20℃（L20）、25℃（L25）、30℃（L30）、35℃（L35）和40℃（L40））萎凋处理,黑暗下温度（20℃（D20）、25℃（D25）、30℃（D30）、35℃（D35）和40℃（D40））萎凋处理;分别测定铁观音萎凋叶的香气组分和MEP上游关键基因的相对表达量。【结果】L30处理萎凋叶各基因表达量达到最大值,萜类基因（DXS、DXR、HDS、HDR）表达量分别为XY组（对照）的4.31、5.28、11.77、1.59倍,为D30处理的2.24、2.39、1.86和1.60倍。D30组各基因表达量为黑暗处理组最大,依次为XY组的1.92、2.21、6.34和0.99倍。L20处理萎凋叶的α-法呢烯芳樟醇氧化物（I、II）含量最高,较XY依次提高了15.05%、4.92%和15.13%;L30处理萎凋叶的橙花叔醇、芳樟醇和香叶醇含量最高,较XY组依次提高了3.71%、6.14%和15.28%;LED组铁观音萎凋叶主要香气组分含量均高于相对应的温度处理组。通过主成分分析法建立数学模型,对萎凋叶香气组分进行评估,得出L20组萎凋叶得分最高,L30组萎凋叶次之;与香气分析得出结果一致。【结论】铁观音萎凋叶基因表达量与香气含量的变化趋势不存在同步性;L30处理萎凋叶基因表达量、主要萜类香气物质含量和主成分分析得分均较高,这与铁观音生产上的萎凋温度相一致。萎凋温度过高（40℃）不利于萎凋叶萜类关键基因的表达和萜类化合物的形成。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。