Living polymerization methods

Living polymerization techniques can be used to achieve a high degree of control over polymer chain architecture. Examples of the type of polymers that can be synthesized include block copolymers, comb-shaped polymers, multiarmed polymers, ladder polymers, and cyclic polymers. This control of structure, in turn, results in polymers with widely diverse physical properties, even though they are made from readily available low-cost monomers.     

"Transdifferentiation" of C6 glial cells in culture

The activities of cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase, an enzyme marker for oligodendrocytes, and glutamine synthetase, an enzyme marker for astrocytes, were studied at early (21 to 26) and late (82 to 88) cell passages. The activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase was markedly high and that of glutamine synthetase was low in the early passages, but this relation was reversed in the late passages. These findings suggest a "transdifferentiation" of C6 glial cells with passage in culture.     

Polymer synthesis and organotransition metal chemistry

Mechanistic and synthetic studies in organometallic chemistry have provided considerable insight into olefin metathesis and Ziegler-Natta polymerization. New homogeneous olefin metathesis catalysts based on high oxidation state transition metals have opened new opportunities in polymer synthesis by providing unprecedented control in ring-opening polymerization of cyclic alkenes. The recent development of living coordinative polymerization systems has led to the preparation of a number of new, interesting materials, including block copolymers, conducting polymers or precursors, and ionophoric polymeric substrates.     

用EXCEL及其"规划求解"功能拟合曲线方程

本文提出了一种拟合曲线方程的新方法 ,即利用EXCEL电子表格软件及其“规划求解”功能对非线数据直接拟合曲线方程。该方法免去了常规法———通过适当的变量转换 ,将非线性关系的数据转化为线性回归方程求解的复杂计算以及利用专业统计软件处理需编程的麻烦。结合实例对拟合效果的验证表明用该法拟合的曲线方程精度很高。     

Polymers with Very Low Polydispersities from Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A radical polymerization process that yields well-defined polymers normally obtained only through anionic polymerizations is reported. Atom transfer radical polymerizations of styrene were conducted with several solubilizing ligands for the copper(I) halides: 4,4'-di-tert-butyl, 4,4'-di-n-heptyl, and 4,4'-di-(5-nonyl)-2,2'-dipyridyl. The resulting polymerizations have all of the characteristics of a living polymerization and displayed linear semilogarithmic kinetic plots, a linear correlation between the number-average molecular weight and the monomer conversion, and low polydispersities (ratio of the weight-average to number-average molecular weights of 1.04 to 1.05). Similar results were obtained for the polymerization of acrylates.     

微生物治理海洋石油污染研究进展

微生物降解石油污染作为一种新型环保的生物修复技术,已受到越来越多的人重视。本文对微生物治理海洋石油污染的机理以及工艺技术进行了综述,对微生物降解机制及有关直链烷烃的降解、支链烷烃的降解、芳香烃的降解、多环芳烃的降解、环化烃的降解等进行了详细阐述,并对影响微生物降解石油的影响因素如温度、营养盐等进行了探讨,以期为利用微生物治理海洋石油污染提供参考。     

二进制系统循环码的一个简化查表译码算法

利用线性循环码的性质和伴随式的重量,给出了一个二进制系统循环码的查表译码算法.本算法具有效率高,信息存储量少的特点.     

加替沙星的电化学特性及其应用

用电化学预处理法制备了新型的玻碳电极(PGCE),并在此电极上用循环伏安法和线性扫描伏安法研究了加替沙星(GFLX)的电化学特性。结果表明,在浓度为0.03 mol.L-1,pH为5.0的NaAc-HAc缓冲溶液中,电压为+0.20V条件下富集120 s后,GFLX在+1.05V(vs.SCE)处产生一个灵敏的不可逆氧化吸附峰。氧化峰电流ip与GFLX浓度在6.0×10-8~1.0×10-5mol.L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测下限可达1.0×10-8mol.L-1。该电极可用于直接测定尿样中加替沙星的含量,与其他分析方法相比,结果比较理想。     

风沙瘠薄农田玉米保水剂施用效应的研究

本试验针对松嫩平原半干旱区风沙瘠薄农田生态条件下,研究新型保水剂的施用效果。试验结果表明,施入保水剂后,土壤的理化性状明显改善,土壤养分及微生物数量有所增加;新型保水剂对玉米生长、发育、产量有显著影响。     

凝胶固体酒精的新制法

为了获得一种便携，安全无毒，贮存文主便，热值高的理想固体酒精燃料。文章介绍了以一种自行制备的高分子聚合物做凝胶固体酒精的固化剂。根据高分子聚合物的凝胶生成原理。采用沉淀剂回滴固化剂新的固化工艺。     

Receptor-associated resistance to growth hormone-releasing factor in dwarf "little" mice

Anterior pituitaries from the dwarf mouse strain "little" did not release growth hormone or accumulate adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in response to human and rat growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF). Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, as well as the adenylate cyclase stimulators forskolin and cholera toxin, markedly stimulated growth hormone (GH) release. The basis of the GH deficiency in the little mouse may therefore be a defect in an early stage of GRF-stimulated GH release related either to receptor binding or to the function of the hormone-receptor complex.     

Self-Assembled Smectic Phases in Rod-Coil Block Copolymers

Rod-coil block copolymers are self-assembling polymers that combine the physics of orientational ordering of rodlike polymers and the microphase separation of coil-coil block copolymers. Several new solid-state morphologies were observed in a series of anionically synthesized model poly(hexyl isocyanate-b-styrene) rod-coil diblock copolymers examined by transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. The rod-coils formed smectic C-like and O-like morphologies with domain sizes ranging from tens of nanometers to almost 1 micrometer. Both structural and orientational changes were found for increasing rod volume fractions. In addition, some morphologies exhibited spontaneous long-range orientational order over many tens of micrometers.     

Linking models of polymerization and dynamics to predict branched polymer structure and flow

We present a predictive scheme connecting the topological structure of highly branched entangled polymers, with industrial-level complexity, to the emergent viscoelasticity of the polymer melt. The scheme is able to calculate the linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of a stochastically branched "high-pressure free radical" polymer melt as a function of the chemical kinetics of its formation. The method combines numerical simulation of polymerization with the tube/entanglement physics of polymer dynamics extended to fully nonlinear response. We compare calculations for a series of low-density polyethylenes with experiments on structural and viscoelastic properties. The method provides a window onto the molecular processes responsible for the optimized rheology of these melts, connecting fundamental science to process in complex flow, and opens up the in silico design of new materials.     

Comment on "A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise"

Rahmstorf (Reports, 19 January 2007, p. 368) presented an approach for predicting sea-level rise based on a proposed linear relationship between global mean surface temperature and the rate of global mean sea-level change. We find no such linear relationship. Although we agree that there is considerable uncertainty in the prediction of future sea-level rise, this approach does not meaningfully contribute to quantifying that uncertainty.     

Polyamino acids: preparation from reported proportions of "prebiotic" and extraterrestrial amino acids

Polyamino acids were thermally prepared from the proportions of amino acids identified (sometimes after hydrolysis) among the products of simulated prebiotic syntheses and (after hydrolysis) in lunar and meteoritic samples. Inferences are made concerning the composition of prebiotic protein and the possible extraterrestrial existence of protein-like polymers.     

General strategies for nanoparticle dispersion

Traditionally the dispersion of particles in polymeric materials has proven difficult and frequently results in phase separation and agglomeration. We show that thermodynamically stable dispersion of nanoparticles into a polymeric liquid is enhanced for systems where the radius of gyration of the linear polymer is greater than the radius of the nanoparticle. Dispersed nanoparticles swell the linear polymer chains, resulting in a polymer radius of gyration that grows with the nanoparticle volume fraction. It is proposed that this entropically unfavorable process is offset by an enthalpy gain due to an increase in molecular contacts at dispersed nanoparticle surfaces as compared with the surfaces of phase-separated nanoparticles. Even when the dispersed state is thermodynamically stable, it may be inaccessible unless the correct processing strategy is adopted, which is particularly important for the case of fullerene dispersion into linear polymers.     

改性马尾松树皮处理液－酚醛树脂胶成胶机理研究

本文通过对马尾松树皮化学组成及改性马尾松树皮处理法－酚醛树脂胶制备过程各环节样品的分析，探讨了改性马尾松树皮处理液－酚醛树脂胶的成胶机理．认为是改性马尾松树皮处理液中的多酚类物质与酚醛树脂缩合交联成为线型聚合物，通过热压进一步交联固化成为不溶不熔的树脂．     

改性马尾松树皮处理液－酚醛树脂胶成胶机理研究

本文通过对马尾松树皮化学组成及改性马尾松树皮处理法－酚醛树脂胶制备过程各环节样品的分析，探讨了改性马尾松树皮处理液－酚醛树脂胶的成胶机理．认为是改性马尾松树皮处理液中的多酚类物质与酚醛树脂缩合交联成为线型聚合物，通过热压进一步交联固化成为不溶不熔的树脂．     

Imidonitrogen in chlorella "polyphosphate"

"Polyphosphate" and fragments isolated from acid hydrolysis of polyphosphate have an infrared absorption band at 1400 cm(-1), which is characteristic of imidodiphosphate linkages. Complete hydrolysis of purified "polyphosphate" releases 1 to 2 moles of phosphate per mole of ammonia. The polymer must contain subunits which are cyclic and which contain both imidodiphosphate linkages and phosphate anhydride linkages.     

Localization and its absence: a new metallic state for conducting polymers

A widely held view in solid-state physics is that disorder precludes the presence of long-range transport in one dimension. A series of models has been recently proposed that do not conform to this view. The primary model is the random dimer model, in which the site energies for pairs of lattice sites along a linear chain are assigned one of two values at random. This model has a set of conducting states that ultimately allow an initially localized particle to move through the lattice almost ballistically. This model is applicable to the insulator-metal transition in a wide class of conducting polymers, such as polyaniline and heavily doped polyacetylene. Calculations performed on polyaniline demonstrate explicitly that the conducting states of the random dimer model for polyaniline are coincident with recent calculations of the location of the Fermi level in the metallic regime. A random dimer analysis on polyparaphenylene also indicates the presence of a set of conducting states in the vicinity of the band edge. The implications of this model for the metallic state in other polymers, including heavily doped polyacetylene, are discussed.