人工湿地工艺在污水处理中的应用优势分析

【目的】研究人工湿地工艺在污水处理中的作用,明确人工湿地工艺运行机制,为污水处理行业提供借鉴。【方法】以实际监测数据就当前国内生活污水处理常用的氧化沟工艺、ICEAS工艺及垂直流人工湿地工艺对CODCr、BOD5、SS、TP、TN这5项指标的处理现状作了分析比较。【结果】人工湿地工艺相对于其它两种工艺表现出了更加优秀的处理能力,CODCr、BOD5、SS、TP、TN等5项指标的去除率均相对较高。应用人工湿地工艺的污水处理厂CODCr、BOD5、SS、TP等4项指标的年平均去除率均达到了90%及以上,TN的去除率也可达80%。【结论】从处理效果、投资及运营成本等各方面来看,人工湿地应用在中小型污水处理厂生活污水的处理中表现出突出的优势。将人工湿地工艺运用在污水处理中可大大提高污水的处理效率,还可降低运行成本。     

浏阳市小溪河生态清洁小流域人工湿地建设研究

人工湿地是近几十年来发展起来的一种污水处理技术,让污水处理和生态环境相结合,在解决污水问题的同时美化环境,带来生态效益、景观效益。近年来,浏阳小溪河流域随着农村城镇化发展,大量农村生活污水以及繁重的农业活动产生的污染未经处理直接排放至自然水体,导致小溪河与其支流水体污染严重,水质下降。通过系统地对比水平表面流、水平潜流和垂直潜流3种形式人工湿地的优劣,结合小溪河流域自然条件和地形因素提出当地人工湿地治理模式,即水平表面流与垂直潜流2种模式相结合进行人工湿地建设。     

贵州喀斯特地区人工湿地应用存在的问题与解决对策

人工湿地是近几十年来发展起来的一种新型的污水生态处理技术,近年来在有条件的地方得到了推广应用。为改善贵州省居民饮用水水质,贵州省政府实施了乡村清洁工程——利用人工湿地技术处理农村生活污水。结合农村生活污水及贵州省喀斯特地质的特点,介绍了人工湿地在贵州省农村污水处理系统中的应用,并分析了人工湿地在贵州省处理农村生活污水中存在的问题,针对这些问题提出了相应的解决措施。     

人工湿地去污机理研究进展

人工湿地污水处理系统具有较高的净化效率和相对较低的基建投资和处理成本，在许多国家已被广泛应用于生活污水的处理，通过工艺创新，人工湿地污水处理系统有向工业污水、农业废水等特殊污水处理方向发展的趋势，简要论述了人工湿地的研究现状，预测其研究与应用发展的趋势，探讨了处理机理及性能，分析了现行的工艺设计及存在的主要问题。     

人工湿地处理河南固始农村生活污水设计初探

从人工湿地概念入手,阐述了人工湿地的类型、作用机理、设计原则,最后重点讨论了人工湿地处理固始农村生活污水的设计方案,以期望人工湿地在农村生活污水处理方面得到更广泛的关注和应用,为农村生态环境建设做出贡献。     

Research Progress on Application of Constructed Wetland in Wastewater Treatment in China

人工湿地是近几十年发展起来的一种污水生态处理技术,能将污水处理与水资源再利用有机地结合起来,在水体修复与生态建设方面发挥着重要作用。人工湿地自发展以来,以其独特的优势备受人们关注,并广泛应用于处理生活污水、工业废水及矿山废水等。文中综述了国内人工湿地的分类、组成、工艺组合、运行方式及去污机理等,简述了人工湿地处理污染水体技术在国内外的研究进展;并且针对我国人工湿地处理污染水体技术中存在的问题提出了相应的解决方法,建议将构建人工湿地处理系统建设标准体系、开展人工湿地系统稳定地去除氮、磷等营养元素的调控与强化技术,以及系统研究利用人工湿地特有的功能特性来改善和恢复生态环境等作为今后研究的重点。     

人工湿地植物的作用与影响因素

人工湿地污水系统由于其高效、易管理和低运行费用等特点而被用于生活和工业污水处理。湿地植物在人工湿地中起着重要的作用,不但可以直接摄取和利用污水中的营养物质、富集污水中的重金属等有毒有害物质,而且还能输送氧气到根区,提供根区微生物生长、繁殖和降解过程对氧的需求。阐述了植物在湿地系统中的重要作用,分析了湿地植物在人工湿地处理污水起作用的影响因素。     

人工湿地处理农村地区污水研究进展

随着我国城市生活污水和工业废水处理效果的提升,来自农村地区污水的面源污染负荷所占比重越来越大,尤其是农村地区污水中所含氮磷等营养元素已成为湖泊富营养化的主要原因。尽管我国已采取了各种治理农村环境污染的措施,但限于政策、技术和资金等条件限制,农村地区污水处理仍处于较低水平。人工湿地处理技术具有处理效率高、建造和运行费用低的特征,并且由于其进水水流可利用天然落差在人工湿地内部各处理单元进行布水,尤其适合山地农村地区的污水处理。通过系统介绍人工湿地污水处理技术的概念、设施结构和净化机理,综述了农村地区污水的处理效果和国内外发展现状,并对该技术下一步研究重点进行了展望。     

我国人工湿地处理污染水体技术研究进展(英文)

人工湿地是近几十年发展起来的一种污水生态处理技术,能将污水处理与水资源再利用有机地结合起来,在水体修复与生态建设方面发挥着重要作用。人工湿地自发展以来,以其独特的优势备受人们关注,并广泛应用于处理生活污水、工业废水及矿山废水等。文中综述了国内人工湿地的分类、组成、工艺组合、运行方式及去污机理等,简述了人工湿地处理污染水体技术在国内外的研究进展;并且针对我国人工湿地处理污染水体技术中存在的问题提出了相应的解决方法,建议将构建人工湿地处理系统建设标准体系、开展人工湿地系统稳定地去除氮、磷等营养元素的调控与强化技术,以及系统研究利用人工湿地特有的功能特性来改善和恢复生态环境等作为今后研究的重点。     

巢湖流域农村生活污水处理技术模式调查和分析

通过对巢湖流域9个县市典型的农村生活污水处理示范工程的调查分析,结果表明:目前巢湖流域生活污水处理主要有分散式厌氧-人工湿地集中处理、三水分离处理、污水收集集中处理和一体化设备集中处理等4种模式。其中分散式厌氧-人工湿地集中处理模式能减轻黑水管网布设的费用,在规划良好的村庄是一种可持续性发展的污水处理模式;三水分离模式主要是就地处理冲厕黑水,该模式投资比较省,无需完善的污水收集系统,可在经济水平落后且远离河流等公共水域的村庄应用;集中处理模式和一体化污水集中处理模式具有污水处理可控的优点,但需要完善的污水管网收集系统,投资费用高昂,在经济发达且良好规划的新村能取得很好的效果。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。