汝城白毛茶白茶加工工艺研究

为了探明汝城白毛茶白茶适宜加工工艺,以汝城白毛茶群体单芽为原料,试验设30、36、48、60 h共4种萎凋时间,以及萎凋后堆放0、4、8、12、24、48、72 h共7种处理。样茶感官审评与品质成分分析结果表明,汝城白毛茶白茶较为适合的加工工艺及参数为:鲜叶原料加温萎凋36～48 h,萎凋后堆放8～12 h且50℃初干2 h,80℃足干1 h;产品白毫满披,花香浓郁,具有鲜、爽、甜、厚、甘、醇等高档白茶特点。     

汝城白毛茶白茶加工工艺研究

为了探明汝城白毛茶白茶适宜加工工艺,以汝城白毛茶群体单芽为原料,试验设30、36、48、60 h共4种萎凋时间,以及萎凋后堆放0、4、8、12、24、48、72 h共7种处理。样茶感官审评与品质成分分析结果表明,汝城白毛茶白茶较为适合的加工工艺及参数为:鲜叶原料加温萎凋36～48 h,萎凋后堆放8～12 h且50℃初干2 h,80℃足干1 h;产品白毫满披,花香浓郁,具有鲜、爽、甜、厚、甘、醇等高档白茶特点。     

浙江“春雨2号”品种白茶加工工艺初探

利用浙江省主栽茶品种"春雨2号"鲜叶为原料,依照传统白茶加工工艺,设计不同萎凋方式(日光萎凋、室内萎凋、萎凋槽萎凋、28℃和35℃控温萎凋)及不同干燥方式(50℃、80℃和100℃烘干)进行工艺对比试验,通过对成品白茶感官评价及滋味品质成分定量检测,探索适合浙江茶树品种"春雨2号"原料加工白茶的适宜工艺参数。结果表明:不同萎凋方式及烘干方式因环境温湿度不同导致加工时长差异;与日光萎凋和室内自然萎凋等萎凋方式相比,控温萎凋受环境影响较小,其产品质量较为稳定;35℃控温萎凋因高温短时而导致成茶儿茶素及氨基酸含量较低,成茶青气(味)减弱,但甘甜度提高;而高温短时的烘干方式有利于提高香气丰富度。综上表明,在本试验条件下适合浙江本地品种"春雨2号"原料加工白茶的2个工艺流程分别为:鲜叶→35℃控温萎凋25 h→50℃烘干2 h;鲜叶→日光萎凋40 h→100℃烘干30 min。     

不同恒温萎凋条件对信阳群体种白茶成分及品质影响分析

以信阳群体种一芽二叶鲜叶为材料,在恒温萎凋条件下,采用不同的萎凋温度和萎凋时间加工白茶,在感官审评的基础上对成茶的主要生化成分进行分析,筛选适合信阳群体种加工白茶的恒温萎凋条件。研究设置二因素三水平试验,萎凋温度分别为18℃、24℃、30℃,萎凋时间分别为8h、16 h、24 h,结果表明:信阳群体种白茶的感官品质随着萎凋温度的上升整体呈现先升高再下降的趋势,随着萎凋时间的延长,水浸出物、氨基酸、可溶性糖的含量整体呈上升的趋势,感官品质也逐渐上升;信阳群体种白茶相对较适宜的恒温萎凋条件为24℃～24 h。     

优510白茶加工过程主要生化成分变化研究

选用乐昌白毛茶天然杂交后代优510鲜叶为原料,观测其在白茶加工过程中的主要生化成分变化规律及其与品质的关系,结果表明,萎凋56h后进行烘干,成品白茶带甜香、滋味清甜,白茶品质风格明显。在白茶萎凋过程中,叶片水浸出物总量在萎凋24h时达到最高,之后随萎凋进行显著下降;萎凋叶茶多酚总量在萎凋12h时达到最高,之后随萎凋进行不断下降;萎凋叶咖啡碱含量在萎凋48h时达到最高,但整个萎凋过程中咖啡碱含量没有显著起伏;叶片中儿茶素组分EC、EGC和EGCG含量也均在萎凋12h时达到最高,GA含量则在萎凋48h时达到最高,C和ECG含量总体上均随萎凋进行不断下降;叶片氨基酸总量经历了极显著升高然后不断下降的过程,氨基酸总量在萎凋12h时最高,在萎凋48h时最低,茶氨酸含量的变化趋势也是如此,而γ-氨基丁酸含量在整个白茶加工过程中一直呈现极显著上升的趋势。     

三种萎凋方式对信阳群体种白茶成分及品质影响分析

筛选相对适合信阳群体种加工白茶的萎凋方式。以信阳群体种一芽二叶鲜叶为原料,采用三种不同的萎凋方式加工白茶,在感官审评的基础上,探讨不同萎凋方式对信阳群体种白茶主要生化成分及品质的影响。萎凋方式分别设置为室内自然萎凋、恒温萎凋、复式萎凋,萎凋时间分别设置为24 h、32 h、40 h,结果表明:三种萎凋方式中,复式萎凋加工的白茶感官品质相对最好,复式萎凋32h是信阳群体种加工白茶相对最佳的萎凋方法。     

丹霞2号红茶加工关键技术参数研究

以丹霞2号春季鲜叶为原料,研究不同萎凋和发酵时间对红茶品质风格及其主要品质成分的影响.结果表明,随着萎凋时间的不断延长,红茶中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量呈现出先降后升的趋势;咖啡碱含量在4％～5％之间变化;茶红素和茶褐素的变化趋势一致,萎凋38 h时含量达到最大,之后下降;茶黄素含量变化不大,维持在较低水平;茶多酚含量总体表现下降趋势,水浸出物则不断增加.在发酵过程中,随着发酵时间的延长,红茶可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚和水浸出物含量均呈下降趋势,12h之后下降趋势减慢;茶褐素在整个发酵过程中呈增加趋势,茶红素刚好相反;茶黄素含量有缓慢降低的趋势.综合分析不同萎凋和发酵程度成品红茶感官审评及其主要理化成分含量结果,认为丹霞2号茶树品种加工红茶的最佳工艺参数为萎凋33～36 h、发酵12～16 h.     

丹桂白茶加工过程主要生化成分的变化

研究了茶树品种丹桂鲜叶在加工白茶过程中主要生化成分的变化.结果表明:丹桂在加工白茶的萎凋过程中,水浸出物含量和茶多酚总量逐渐减少;氨基酸总量先增加后减少,但成品毛茶的氨基酸总量显著高于鲜叶;茶多酚与氨基酸的比值减小;黄酮含量先增加后减少,总体上变化幅度不大;儿茶素总量先增加后减少,且在萎凋32 h至成品茶的加工过程中减幅较大;儿茶素组分中的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯减少最多,其次是表没食子儿茶素、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、D,L型儿茶素和表儿茶素.感官审评结果表明,丹桂加工的白茶香气清鲜,滋味醇爽,汤色橙黄明亮,叶底柔软,总体品质较好,且春茶品质比秋茶好.可见,丹桂较适宜加工白茶.     

环境温湿度调控对茶鲜叶萎凋失水及白茶品质的影响

为改进白茶萎凋工艺,并为实现白茶加工品质的稳定性和可控性提供依据。以福鼎大毫茶1芽1～2叶鲜叶为原料,研究不同温度、湿度环境对茶鲜叶萎凋失水速度和白茶品质特征及生化成分的影响。结果表明,茶鲜叶在萎凋过程中失水速度呈先快后慢的趋势,存在2个明显的失水速度变化临界点,在萎凋减重率达40%前失水速度较快,40%～70%失水速度明显减慢,70%后失水很慢。在相同温度(25、30或35℃)条件下,随环境湿度的增加,萎凋叶失水速度减慢;在相同湿度(RH 65%、75%或85%)条件下,随环境温度的降低,在萎凋初期(减重率≤30%)失水速度加快,后期失水速度减慢。萎凋温度、湿度条件能有效调控茶鲜叶萎凋失水速度,进而影响白茶生化成分与感官品质。在高温低湿(35℃、RH65%)条件下萎凋叶失水速度过快,儿茶素含量较高,氨基酸含量较低,成茶白茶品质特征较不明显;在高温高湿(35℃、RH85%)条件下萎凋失水过慢,儿茶素类明显降低,氨基酸、咖啡碱含量增加,成茶易产生"发酵香",降低品质。由此可见,选择中、高温中湿(30～35℃、RH 75%)或中低温(25～30℃)环境调控茶鲜叶萎凋失水速度,可获得品质相对较好的白茶。     

萎凋温度对茶鲜叶萎凋失水及白茶品质的影响

为改进白茶萎凋工艺,实现白茶加工品质的稳定性和可控性,以15个茶树品种春季鲜叶为原料,在控湿条件下考察不同萎凋温度(30、25、20℃)对鲜叶萎凋失水速率、白茶感官品质及生化成分的影响,并通过二维"点集"分布视图和主成分分析对其主要生化成分含量进行模式差异分析。结果表明:不同品种鲜叶失水速率随萎凋过程均呈逐步减小趋势;温度越高,萎凋失水速率越快,萎凋失水拟合方程均符合双曲线函数。与室内自然萎凋相比,在25℃环境下平均萎凋时长缩短了13.6 h。感官审评表明,在萎凋温度为25℃时,白茶品质最优,与自然萎凋的白茶品质相当,且各生化成分的含量与自然萎凋无显著性差异。由此可见,在萎凋温度为25℃时可以大幅缩短白茶的萎凋时间,且制成的白茶品质优异。该研究结果可为提高白茶生产效率和改进白茶工艺提供参考依据。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。