反硝化技术对模拟养殖池塘修复的研究

浙江奉化市池塘的底泥经过反复培养、驯化.从中筛选、分离出反硝化细菌,在模拟实验条件下,研究其对不同浓度的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除情况,讨论反硝化菌种的生长情况.结果表明,在初始浓度为1、25、50 mg·L-1的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮模拟池塘中,随着实验的进行,对污染物的去除效果逐渐提高.其中在1 mg·L-1的浓度组中,3 d内硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮去除率就分别达到了95.8%和90.2%;在25 mg·L-1的浓度组中,第6 d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为93.8%和87.8%;在50 mg·L-1的浓度组中,第6 d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为89.7%和78.7%.此外,反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮的去除效果略优于亚硝酸盐氮,而且硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度越低,对其去除效果越好,达到稳定状态的时间越短.在模拟池塘中,菌种的生长情况与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度呈负相关,即污染物的浓度越高反硝化菌的生长情况越差.对反硝化菌的生态影响因子研究表明,其反硝化最适宜的pH值为6～7,温度为25～35℃;而且在同一pH值和温度条件下,硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度越低,反硝化菌对其去除效果越好.     

一体化工艺中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的研究

采用一体化SBR反应器处理废水,研究溶解氧(DO)和水力停留时间(HRT)对系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响.结果表明:进水NH3-N浓度在45 mg/L左右,COD在450～500 mg/L,pH值为7.2～8.5,MLSS在4 500 mg/L左右的情况下,DO控制在0.5～1.5 mg/L时TN去除率最大值达到69.62%,DO值过高或过低都会影响同步硝化反硝化的顺利进行.其他操作条件相同,DO在1 mg/L左右,HRT控制在7 h时TN的去除率最高达到71.53%.     

固体碳源填充床反应器反硝化性能的研究

为了优化固体碳源填充床反应器的运行条件,以PLA/PHBV颗粒为碳源和生物膜载体,研究了水力负荷与硝态氮负荷对反应器反硝化性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察碳源表面生物膜的形态。结果表明,在进水硝态氮浓度为100mg·L-1,水力负荷为1.71～8.39m3·m-2·d-1时,反硝化速率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最大值为40.53mg·L-1·h-1;随着水力负荷的提高,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐增加,而COD浓度逐渐降低;维持水力负荷在3.54m3·m-2·d-1以下,可保证反应器的出水满足我国饮用水标准对硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度的要求;维持水力负荷为5.30m3·m-2·d-1,反应器的反硝化速率与进水硝态氮负荷线性相关(R2=0.937),而硝态氮负荷对出水的COD浓度未发生明显影响;维持进水硝态氮负荷不高于0.16kg·m-2·d-1,可保证反应器出水的硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度满足国家标准。通过扫描电镜照片可以看出,PLA/PHBV颗粒表面的生物膜以球菌和杆菌为主,成簇定植在碳源颗粒表面。     

畜禽养殖废水在硝化反应器内的硝化性能研究

针对近年来中国规模化养殖场迅速发展所带来的严重环境污染,特别是畜禽养殖废水中氨氮污染物所产生的污染,采用硝化反应器对其进行处理。首先进行硝化细菌的培养驯化,然后通过连续运行试验、间歇运行试验,考察氨氮的去除效果和操作参数的影响。试验结果表明:当温度为25℃,pH为6～7,DO为4～6mg·L-1,HRT为12h,进水氨氮为200mg·L-1时,出水氨氮浓度可以降低到1mg·L-1左右,氨氮的去除率接近100%。     

硫/珊瑚石填料床的自养反硝化反应器

采用硫/珊瑚石填料床反应器去除人工合成废水中的硝酸盐.结果表明,该反应器通过硫自养反硝化作用能有效去除水体中硝酸盐氮.硫与珊瑚石体积比为1∶1、温度为(29±1)℃时,0.092-0.246 kg.m-3.d-1NO3--N为最适进水负荷,可确保NO3--N的去除率大于95%,且出水NO2--N含量低于1 mg.L-1;进水负荷达0.842 kg.m-3.d-1NO3--N时,达到最大体积去除负荷,为0.394 kg.m-3.d-1NO3--N,而相应出水NO2--N含量达40.95 mg.L-1.在不提高碱度的情况下,出水pH可始终维持在7.08以上.不同硫/珊瑚石体积配比对反硝化效率有显著影响,1∶1体积配比为该反应器最适填料配比.     

A/O-MBR处理低C/N生活污水的脱氮因素研究

采用A/O-MBR工艺处理低C/N(3~5)生活污水,考查溶解氧(DO)、水力停留时间(HRT)及回流比(R)对脱氮效果的影响,并对处理过程进行全氮分析。结果表明,该工艺NH4+-N去除率在95%以上,但TN去除率最高仅为66%,TN去除在DO=2~3 mg/L、HRT=9 h及R=300%时分别出现峰值,缺氧段处理效果明显优于好氧段。对处理过程的全氮分析表明,28~32℃水温条件下,系统亚硝化率(NO2-/TN)保持在3%以下的低比率,说明短程硝化反硝化作用可以忽略,TN去除主要依赖硝化反硝化;控制DO=2~3 mg/L、HRT=9 h,系统好氧池硝化率(NO3-/TN)维持在61%~90%之间,缺氧池硝化率随R增加逐渐上升,在R=300%时达到高点76%;控制DO=2~3 mg/L、R=300%,缺氧池硝化率也在HRT=9 h时达到高点。结果表明,A/O-MBR工艺维持TN去除效果的先决条件是缺氧池达到足够的硝化率。由于反硝化细菌是典型的异养菌,TN去除不够理想主要源于进水碳源相对缺乏。除了增加碳源的传统措施外,提高TN去除率应更多地关注工艺条件的改进。     

AAO工艺反硝化生物滤池中氨氮去除的影响因素研究

[目的]介绍水解酸化-缺氧-好氧（AAO）工艺处理氨氮的方法。[方法]介绍了生物脱氮技术-反硝化脱氮技术,并分析了监测水温、pH、DO、SS、停留时间等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响,最终确定了最佳试验条件。[结果]厌氧池中需投加甲醇来补充反硝化菌进行同化代谢时需要的碳源;厌氧池中反硝化菌以pH 6.5～8.0为最佳;污水处理厂的温度对反硝化菌无太大影响;反硝化停留时间以8 h为宜。[结论]为城镇污水处理厂出水氨氮能达到新的排放标准提供了参考。     

BAF工艺处理临时工地生活污水中关键控制因素研究

采用模拟工地污水进行研究,通过改变反应器的工艺参数,包括进水COD浓度、水力停留时间（HRT）和溶解氧（D0）等,考察各因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响,并综合考虑经济性原则,寻求最优化的工艺参数.结果表明,进水COD浓度在190～ 220 mg/L范围内有利于反硝化作用和TN的去除.HRT的延长有助于系统内硝化菌群的代谢,当HRT为6h时,NH4＋-N、TN去除率可维持较高水平.DO宜保持在2.5～3.5 mg/L之间,可保证出水稳定的前提下尽量降低DO值,以使反应器能耗降低.     

好氧反硝化菌RWX31强化污染废水脱氮的研究

为了深入挖掘好氧反硝化菌株RWX31在农业面源污染治理中的应用价值,通过纯培养试验研究在不同NO3-N浓度负荷和C/N条件下的该菌反硝化脱氮效率,并利用该菌株强化小型反应器（4L）中模拟废水（硝态氮浓度为200 mg·L-1）的脱氮效果。结果表明,相比于对照菌株ACCC01047,RWX31菌株可以耐受更高的硝态氮污染负荷（200~400 mg·L-1）和更低的C/N（6~10）。利用菌株强化反应器对污染废水的处理,在水力停留时间为24 h情况下,投加菌株RWX31对NO3-N污染废水的去除率为80%左右     

农业废弃物为碳源去除硝酸盐氮研究

[目的]探讨以农业废弃物为碳源去除硝酸盐氮的效果。[方法]以棉秆、玉米秆、玉米芯和稻壳为碳源,采用静态和动态试验,研究不同碳源的COD释放情况和脱氮效果。[结果]静态试验中,玉米芯和玉米秆的COD释放速率比稻壳和棉秆的高,棉秆和稻壳pH的变化较小,玉米秆和玉米芯的pH先降后略有升高,最高趋于稳定。动态试验中,随着停留时间(241、26、h)的缩短,硝酸盐氮的浓度均逐渐升高,玉米秆和玉米芯中硝酸盐氮的去除率依然在70%以上,而棉秆和稻壳则下降比较明显;出水COD浓度随停留时间的缩短在减小,玉米秆和玉米芯的出水COD浓度均在100 mg/L以上,出水浓度偏高,反硝化所需要的碳源则过剩。[结论]该研究为开发新的脱氮效率较高的碳源物质提供参考依据。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。