不同耕作方式对烟草—水稻轮作农田杂草种子库的影响

为明确不同耕作方式下烟草—水稻轮作农田杂草种子库的物种组成、季节和空间垂直分布规律。采用杂草种子萌发法,调查烟稻轮作田免耕、翻耕2种耕作模式下烟草—水稻农田0～15 cm土层土壤杂草种子库组成及特征。2017—2018年试验统计结果表明,免耕烟稻轮作田共有杂草13科27种,翻耕烟稻轮作田共有杂草13科25种,有22种杂草在翻耕和免耕烟稻轮作田均有分布。有5种杂草只在免耕田出现,有3种杂草只在翻耕田出现。在试验中发现7种主要杂草种子,其中,马唐、无芒稗和狗尾草是不同季节杂草种子库的共同优势物种。免耕处理下杂草总密度大于翻耕处理下杂草总密度,翻耕处理中优势物种在种子库种子中所占比例高于免耕处理。春季和秋季是杂草种子库杂草种子发生的高峰期。免耕对杂草种子库的垂直分布影响明显,免耕杂草种子主要集中于土壤上层(0～5 cm),翻耕处理对杂草种子库的垂直分布影响很小,翻耕处理下杂草种子库密度没有产生显著性差异。研究结果明确了不同耕作模式土壤杂草种子库的物种组成、季节分布和垂直变化规律,为今后杂草的管理和控制提供理论依据。     

旱地新三熟“麦∥玉∥豆”模式及其栽培技术

旱地新三熟“麦∥玉∥豆”模式是在有机集成免耕、秸秆覆盖、作物直播技术的条件下,以冬大豆代替“麦∥玉∥薯”模式中的甘薯,而进行的连年套种轮作多熟种植制度,经济、生态效益十分明显,并具有较强的抗旱减灾效应,是四川省粮食生产抗旱夺丰收的新经验、新途径。     

黑土实施免耕对玉米和大豆产量及经济效益的影响

为评估在黑土区实施免耕的可行性,探讨了免耕下不同种植方式对作物产量和经济效益的影响。用连续12年的田间定位试验结果评价免耕、秋翻和垄作3种耕作方式以及玉米连作(C-C-C)、玉米—大豆轮作(C-S)和玉米—玉米—大豆轮作(C-C-S)3种种植方式下玉米和大豆的产量及经济效益的变化。结果表明:轮作方式对作物产量影响明显,3种耕作方式下C-S轮作均显著高于C-C-S和C-C-C。C-S轮作方式下,免耕的玉米和大豆产量与秋翻和垄作的接近或略微偏高;免耕玉米的经济效益比秋翻和垄作分别提高了18.7%和3.2%,免耕大豆的经济效益也明显高于秋翻和垄作(P0.05)。在干旱年份,免耕方式下的C-S轮作对作物产量和经济效益比C-C-S和C-C-C明显提高。C-C-S和C-C-C作物的产量和经济效益差异不显著(P0.05)。与其他耕作和种植方式相比,免耕和C-S轮作相结合是黑土作物高产和经济高效的有效组合。     

不同轮作模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

选择干旱区玛纳斯河流域绿洲长期连作棉田土壤为研究对象,研究连作棉田、轮作玉米、轮作大豆、玉米//大豆间作和休闲免耕5种模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征的影响。结果表明：不同种植模式对土壤团聚体有明显的影响,土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量在粒径53～250 μm为最高,占39%～53%,水稳性团聚体含量呈最低; >250 μm机械稳定性团聚体含量在不同种植模式间差异显著,表现为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>休闲免耕>棉花连作>玉米//大豆间作; 秋季作物收获后,轮作大豆和玉米//大豆间作模式土壤团粒指数比春季分别减少18.7%和15.6%; 土壤团聚体有机碳及微生物量碳含量主要集中在>250 μm大团聚体中,而在微团聚体中含量较少; 不同模式土壤有机碳含量顺序为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>棉花连作>休闲免耕>玉米//大豆间作。比较几种种植模式,大豆轮作和玉米轮作有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,可作为长期连作棉田较为理想的短期轮作倒茬模式。     

旱地高效生态多熟种植新模式“麦-玉-豆”

"麦-玉-豆"模式是指在有机集成免耕、秸秆覆盖、直播技术的条件下以大豆代替原"麦-玉-蓍"模式中的甘薯而进行的连年套种轮作多熟种植制度,其复种方式为"小麦-玉米-大豆".     

不同耕作方式对夏播大豆田间杂草发生的影响

研究了夏播大豆田常规耕作和保护性耕作对田间杂草发生的影响。结果表明：夏播大豆田在翻耕、翻耕后覆盖小麦秸秆、免耕留茬和免耕后覆盖小麦秸秆的不同耕作方式与秸秆覆盖措施相结合的条件下,各处理田间杂草的发生情况有显著差异。大豆播种后7周,各处理的杂草出苗总数分别为260.80株/m^2、133.87株/m^2、319.56株/m^2和41.78株/m^2。秸秆覆盖是影响杂草发生量的决定性因素。大豆播种后8周,杂草生物量分别为1567.33 g/m^2、397.93 g/m^2、1842.17 g/m^2和369.00g/m^2。夏播大豆田杂草集中在播后3周内出苗,杂草出苗数占出苗总数的95%左右,因此对田间杂草的化学防治应该在大豆播种后第3周进行。     

保护性耕作对黄绵土有机碳的影响

本文对定西地区黄绵土耕种了两年的保护性地和传统耕地进行比较。结果显示,保护性耕作不仅能够增加表土层有机碳含量。保护性耕作中的四种处理(传统耕作、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、免耕、免耕+秸秆覆盖)对土壤有机碳的累积的分布,在0~5cm的图层有显著的差异性,在5~10cm的土层无显著的差异性。其中的免耕+秸秆覆盖处理影响最大,其次是传统耕作+秸秆覆盖和免耕,传统耕作最差。但在免耕+秸秆覆盖处理下,小麦—豌豆轮作所含的总有机碳与豌豆—小麦轮作所含的总有机碳相比,具有显著的差异性,而其他处理下,轮作次序对土壤中所含的总有机碳的含量无显著的差异性。     

松嫩平原旱作农区市场经济条件下轮作体系变化综合分析

通过轮作体系变化原因分析和１９９１－１９９５年定位模拟试验研究，比较当前生产上应用的几种轮作体系的利弊、优劣。结果表明：生产上运用的轮作体系中，玉米－大豆－小麦－甜菜、亚麻是高粮豆产量型的轮作体系，玉米－大豆－甜菜、亚麻－大豆是高效益型的轮作体系。高效益作物是玉米、甜菜。通过试验中前茬后作产量、效益分析得出，最佳轮作体系是玉米－大豆－甜菜、亚麻，以及玉米－大豆－玉米－甜菜、亚麻。此两种轮作体系的粮     

玉米保护性耕作栽培技术研究

<正>1玉米保护性耕作栽培的概念和应用优势1.1玉米保护性耕作栽培的概念玉米保护性耕作栽培技术的核心思想是保水保土、免耕少耕、防治土壤侵蚀，包含了免耕播种技术、秸秆残茬处理技术、深松技术、杂草控制技术等，在操作措施上融合了残茬覆盖、生物覆盖、作物轮作，可以加强对耕地的保护，解决土壤失墒严重、耕层变浅等问题，有利于提高玉米单产，降低玉米生产成本。在玉米保护性耕作栽培中，作物秸秆的残茬覆盖面积需要达到耕地总面积的30%，     

不同耕作模式对大豆田土壤杂草种子库的影响

[目的]明确不同耕作模式对大豆田土壤杂草种子库的影响。[方法]采用杂草种子萌发法,调查玉米大豆轮作区翻耕和免耕2种耕作模式下大豆田0~30 cm土层土壤杂草种子库组成及特征。[结果]2013—2015年调查统计结果表明,翻耕大豆田杂草共有16科28种,免耕大豆田杂草共有15科26种,有22种杂草在翻耕和免耕大豆田均有分布。翻耕田主要优势杂草为稗草、铁苋菜、龙葵、藜和委陵菜,免耕田主要优势杂草为龙葵、铁苋菜、稗草、藜和马唐,杂草类型以阔叶杂草为主,禾本科杂草较少。翻耕大豆田杂草种子库密度为3 248.2粒/m2,主要分布在0~5、15~20、20~25 cm土层,其中稗草的密度和相对优势度最高;免耕大豆田杂草种子库密度为3 181.5粒/m2,主要分布在0~5、20~25、25~30 cm土层,其中龙葵密度和相对优势度最高。不同耕作模式优势杂草在土层中的分布有一定差别,稗草在翻耕田主要分布于0~5、10~15、20~25 cm土层,而在免耕田主要分布于20~25 cm土层;龙葵在翻耕田主要分布于5~10、20~25 cm土层,而在免耕田主要分布于20~25 cm土层。[结论]免耕和翻耕对大豆田杂草种子库密度影响不大,不同耕作模式对杂草相对优势度和土壤中的垂直分布有一定影响。     

黑龙江省大豆生产优势分析及展望

通过对1991—2010年中国和黑龙江省大豆的播种面积、总产量及单产数据进行统计和比较,分析了黑龙江省大豆生产情况及其在全国大豆生产中的优势地位,并利用显性比较优势(RCA)指数对近20年中国各地区的大豆产量进行显性比较优势分析,系统分析当前中国及黑龙江省大豆的生产现状。结果表明黑龙江省大豆生产优势显著,显性比较优势指数平均为5.51,位居全国第1,且黑龙江省大豆产业发展前景广阔,应从提高大豆品种的单产和品质,发展绿色、有机大豆产业及拉动相关产业等几方面继续发挥优势并发掘新的生产潜力。     

Comparison of energy consumption and economic performance of organic and conventional soybean production——A case study from Jilin Province,China

Modern agriculture heavily depends on energy consumption, especially fossil energy, but intensive energy input increases the production cost for producers and results in environmental pollution.Organic agricultural production is considered a more sustainable system, but there is lack of scientific research on the energy consumption between organic and conventional systems in China.The analysis and comparison of energy use between the two systems would help decision-makers to establish economic, effective and efficient agricultural production.Thus, the objectives of the present study are to analyze energy inputs, outputs, energy efficiency, and economic benefits between organic and conventional soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merrill) production.A total of 24 organic farmers and 24 conventional farmers in Jilin Province, China, were chosen for investigation in 2010 production year.Total energy input was 71.55 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 96.18 GJ ha–1 in the organic system, resulting in an energy efficiency(output/input) of 1.34.Total energy input was 9.37 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 113.4 GJ ha–1 in the conventional system, resulting in the energy efficiency of 12.1.The huge discrepancy in energy inputs and respective efficiencies lies in the several times higher nutrient inputs in the organic compared to the conventional production system.Finally, the production costs ha–1 were 33% higher, and the net income ha–1 25% lower in the organic compared to the conventional soybean production system.It is recommended to improve fertilizer management in organic production to improve its energetic and economic performance.     

大豆综合比较优势时空特征动态变化研究

提出了一种研究大豆生产时空特征的新方法,在对大豆进行综合比较优势分析的基础上,完成对其定量分析的规范化评估,从不同的侧面对江苏省各地级市大豆生产的综合比较优势的时空特征动态变化进行了研究。     

免耕秸秆覆盖对大豆田土壤含水量的影响

试验采用微区定位方法,研究免耕栽培条件下不同秸秆覆盖量对大豆田土壤含水量的影响。结果表明：随着秸秆覆盖量的增加,不同生育时期各处理不同土层的土壤含水量变化均呈增加趋势,0%、30%、60%、100%秸秆覆盖免耕处理平均土壤含水量均显著高于常规垄作处理,平均增幅0.99%-3.77%,其中以100%秸秆覆盖处理保水效果最佳;秸秆覆盖后,免耕大豆在前期表层土壤水分富集现象显著,不同秸秆覆盖处理5cm土层土壤含水量在播种至出苗期分别较常规垄作处理增加4.81%-9.43%。     

麦秸处理和播种方式对夏大豆农艺性状及土壤物理性状的影响

【目的】在黄淮海麦豆两熟制条件下,比较不同麦秸处理和播种方式对大豆生长发育、产量及土壤物理性状的影响,探讨麦茬夏大豆免耕播种的技术关键,评估免耕覆秸精量播种技术的利用价值,以期改进黄淮海地区夏大豆生产技术。【方法】定位试验于2012-2014年在江苏徐州进行,采用裂区设计,以播种方式为主因素,秸秆还田量为副因素。播种方式有免耕覆秸精量播种、常规免耕机械条播和浅旋人工撒播3种,秸秆还田量设全量和半量2个水平,共6个处理,比较不同麦秸处理和播种方式对大豆播种和出苗质量、生育进程、产量、土壤物理性状及麦秸腐解率的影响。【结果】免耕覆秸精量播种较常规免耕机械条播出苗早1 d,较浅旋人工撒播早1-3 d,同时田间出苗率最高;免耕覆秸精量播种初花期早0.1-2.3 d,差异显著（P＜0.05）。相比之下,秸秆还田量则对出苗速度和生育进程的影响不显著。免耕覆秸精量播种处理较常规免耕机械条播增产4.12%-12.40%,较浅旋人工撒播增产1.96%-5.50%;秸秆半量还田处理的产量高于全量还田处理,但差异不显著。免耕覆秸精量播种和常规免耕机械条播与浅旋人工撒播相比,播种至出苗期土壤温度较低,土壤湿度较高,差异显著（P＜0.05）。秸秆全量还田处理土壤温度低于半量还田处理,而全量还田处理土壤湿度仅在干旱年份高于半量还田处理。浅旋人工撒播麦秸腐解率较免耕覆秸精量播种和常规免耕机械条播高,但免耕覆秸精量播种处理的麦秸不会影响下茬小麦的播种和生长。【结论】秸秆覆盖可保蓄土壤水分,降低土壤温度,防止土壤板结,提高大豆出苗率,为下茬小麦提供优良的有机肥料,是麦豆两熟制条件下良好的秸秆还田方式。免耕覆秸精量播种技术同步解决麦秸还田、大豆保苗和土壤培肥难题,适合在黄淮海及同类地区推广应用。     

Long-Term Variable Rate Lime and Phosphorus Application for Piedmont No-Till Field Crops

Variable rate (VR) fertilizer application is a paradigm with potential to improve input efficiency and farm profitability. It is widely marketed by commercial applicators in the southeastern US. However, field studies comparing VR with traditional management have not demonstrated consistent, positive results. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the soil impact, crop response and economic potential of VR phosphorus (P) and lime application in a North Carolina Piedmont no-till field crop system using intensive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production and (2) to economically evaluate alternatives to standard commercial grid soil sampling for directing VR P and lime. A 23-ha long-term no-till field in the SE Piedmont was divided into 0.4ha plots assigned to either VR or uniform P and lime application. Grid soil sampling and VR P and lime application were done prior to four crops over 3 years: full season soybean, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–double cropped soybean, and full season soybean. Soil test P, pH and crop yield response to VR P were inconsistent. Soil pH in areas with low pH initially did increase in response to VR lime, but it took two to three applications to bring all of these areas to the target pH. Once VR-liming raised initially low soil pH to levels close to target, yield of soybean, but not wheat, were up to 0.74Mgha^–1 higher than with uniform lime. Even with significantly higher soybean yields associated with VR lime, 3 years of grid sampling and VR application were not profitable compared to uniform application. The results indicated that VR lime could be profitable if the initial grid sampling data were used either for 2 consecutive years, or if it was used to restrict future grid sampling to specific areas requiring further VR lime.     

我国南方耐荫大豆的现状及前景

间、套作大豆种植模式作为目前南方大豆发展的新兴模式,在确保北方大豆生产,不与玉米等大宗作物争地的前提下,实现了南方大豆的发展。综述了大豆生产的重要意义、我国大豆资源情况、南方大豆种植情况、荫蔽对大豆生产的影响以及目前南方耐荫大豆种质的研究和利用情况。并认为,从DNA水平上鉴定大豆耐荫种质的遗传多样性,有利于认识和了解该类型品种耐荫性好,抗倒伏,产量高,蛋白质含量高,抗病避虫等优良特征特性的遗传本质。为研究大豆耐荫遗传机制,寻找新的耐荫标记和间、套作专用型大豆转基因育种提供理论依据。     

Research on Intelligent Decision Support System of Soybean

Based on agriculture production knowledge and computer technology, this paper applied database, artificial intelligent, management information system, decision support system, network technology and information integration technology to the field of soybean production, and offered decision support to users in imitating the curse during which experts solved the problems, therefore, guided production practice, introduced structure and function of decision support system of soybean, and then we analyzed the design of the knowledge base and the realization of inference engine in details as well.     

What would farmers do? Adaptation intentions under a Corn Belt climate change scenario

This paper examines farmer intentions to adapt to global climate change by analyzing responses to a climate change scenario presented in a survey given to large-scale farmers (n = 4778) across the US Corn Belt in 2012. Adaptive strategies are evaluated in the context of decision making and farmers’ intention to increase their use of three production practices promoted across the Corn Belt: no-till farming, cover crops, and tile drainage. This paper also provides a novel conceptual framework that bridges a typology of adaptation with concepts that help predict intentionality in behavior change models. This conceptual framework was developed to facilitate examination of adaptive decision making in the context of agriculture. This research effort examines key factors that influence farmers’ intentions to increase their use of the practices evaluated given a climate change scenario. Twenty-two covariates are examined across three models developed for no-till farming, cover crops, and tile drainage. Findings highlight that farmers who believed they should adjust their practices to protect their farm from the negative impacts of increased weather variability were more likely to indicate that they would increase their use of each of the practices in response to climate change. Additionally, visiting with other farmers to observe their practices was positively associated with farmers’ intentions to increase their use of the adaptive strategies examined. Farmers who were currently using no-till farming, cover crops, and tile drainage were also more likely to plan to increase their use of these practices in response to increased weather variability associated with climate change. However, farmers who reported high levels of confidence in their current practices were less likely to plan on changing their use of these practices in response to climatic changes.     

有机茶生产管理体系建设实践与体会

以4家获得有机（转换期）产品认证的茶叶生产企业为例,分析了在不同规模、不同经营模式条件下企业有机茶生产管理体系的具体内容与建设方法,提出编制完整的有机产品生产管理系统文件,做好生产全程控制资料记录,整理与保存相关的凭证资料;构建有机生产管理人员控制体系,建立与各生产环节衔接的有机生产管理岗位,确定有机产品生产负责人与内部检查人员,是有机茶生产管理体系建设的首要内容。