不同施氮量对水稻产量及肥料利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量对水稻产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,较不施氮肥处理,施氮处理的水稻增产率为45.7%-68.1%,氮肥贡献率为31.4%-40.5%,且氮肥利用率随施肥量的增加而下降。氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力、吸收利用率和生理利用率分别为8.6-18.3kg/kg、21.9-58.4kg/kg、30.9%-51.5%和27.7-35.6kg/kg。土壤氮素依存率为41.4%-55.9%,说明水稻氮肥吸收依赖于土壤,因此通过均衡施肥、改善土壤供氮能力,是提高水稻产量和节约氮肥资源的有效措施。     

黑土区春玉米高产高效施氮技术研究

通过改变氮肥施用量、施用时间、施用品种的方式探索了黑土区春玉米高产高效施氮技术最优模式。试验探索了在农户习惯—高氮肥(260 kg/hm2)一次性施用的基础上,采用树脂包膜控释肥料脲酶抑制剂减氮30%并保持一次性施用的技术模式,以及减氮30%但利用配方肥和尿素或硝酸铵钙分次施肥的技术,并且探索了在六叶期和十一叶期追肥的优化潜力。通过对比氮养分的吸收累积状况、子粒产量、氮素收获指数、氮肥利用率以及氮肥农学效率等,对黑土区春玉米高产高效施氮技术模式进行评价,得出如下结论:农户习惯施肥方式下,氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效率均最低,分别为30.6%和17.8 kg/kg,产量水平也很低,居于7个处理中的第5位;控释肥一次性施用相对于农户习惯施肥处理,产量增加7.5%,氮肥利用率提高5.0百分点;脲酶抑制剂一次性施用产量较农户习惯下降1.8%,但是氮肥利用率提高5.7百分点,氮肥农学效率提高4.3 kg/kg;分次施肥处理与农户习惯相比,氮吸收累积量增加1.0%~17.8%,产量增加5.7%~8.0%、氮收获指数提高0.02~0.04,氮肥利用率提高17.6~20.5百分点,氮肥农学效率提高8.6~9.8 kg/kg。综上,减氮30%并利用硝酸铵钙在十一叶期分次施肥的处理最优。     

不同氮素管理方法下棉花产量和氮肥利用率

在滴灌条件下,研究农民习惯施氮模式、过量施氮模式、基于无机氮储量(Nmin)的氮素管理模式、基于计算机视觉的氮素营养诊断和氮素推荐施肥技术对棉花产量、氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,基于计算机视觉的氮素营养诊断施肥技术和基于土壤Nmin的氮素管理模式比常规施肥模式分别减少了氮肥施肥量37.8%和56.3%,同时获得与常规施肥量相同的产量;与农民习惯施氮量相比,基于Nmin的氮素管理模式提高氮肥利用率27.80%,基于计算机视觉的氮素管理方法提高氮肥利用率16.96%;基于Nmin的氮素管理方法硝态氮残留为负值,基于计算机视觉的氮素管理方法比农民习惯施氮量减少了土壤硝态氮残留89.02%。基于Nmin或基于计算机视觉的氮素管理方法可明显提高氮肥施肥推荐质量,减少氮肥浪费,并减少对环境的氮排放。     

不同基础地力土壤优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】研究江汉平原地区不同基础地力土壤和优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。【方法】以江汉平原水稻主推品种丰两优香一号为试验材料,通过3年田间小区试验,考察分析土壤基础地力不同的稻田优化施肥、农民习惯施肥和不施肥处理的产量、氮肥贡献率、土壤氮素依存率和氮肥利用率等的差异。【结果】土壤基础地力不同的稻田均是优化施肥处理的产量最高,与农民习惯施肥处理比较,高地力和低地力稻田优化施肥处理的产量分别平均提高6.9%和5.0%;与不施肥处理比较,产量分别平均提高17.3%和30.3%。与农民习惯施肥处理比较,优化施肥处理的氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均大幅度提高。高地力稻田土壤氮素依存率高、氮肥贡献率小、施肥增产的潜力小;低地力稻田土壤氮素依存率低、氮肥贡献率大、施肥增产的潜力大。【结论】优化施肥可以降低水稻产量对土壤基础地力的依赖,提高氮肥利用率。     

吉林省半干旱地区春玉米连作体系氮素平衡研究

【目的】为吉林省半干旱地区春玉米科学施用氮肥提供指导。【方法】2004~2005年,在吉林省西部半干旱地区进行2年田间试验,研究不同施肥方式(推荐施肥、农民习惯施肥、一次性施肥)对玉米产量、吸氮量及氮素效率的影响,同时对该地区土壤氮素平衡与运转情况进行评价。【结果】一次性施肥处理受年际间降雨量影响较大,易产生后期植株脱氮现象,玉米产量及氮肥利用率年际间不稳定;农民习惯施肥处理基肥施用量过高,造成氮肥表观利用率降低;一次性施肥处理和农民习惯施肥处理下,氮肥表观残留率较高,达到了50%左右;这2种施肥方式下,0~90 cm土层土壤残留Nmin分别为201和278 kg/hm2,会对地下水体产生潜在威胁。推荐施肥处理下,玉米产量、生物量和吸氮量均较稳定,同时氮素利用率(REN)、氮素生理利用率(PEN)、氮素农学利用率(AEN)、氮素偏生产力(PFPN)均较高;在两季玉米连作后,0~90 cm土层土壤残留硝态氮为128.5 kg/hm2,可以在环境友好的前提下获得较高的产量。【结论】在吉林省西部半干旱地区,一次性施肥与农民习惯施肥会导致土壤中无机氮高残留,使氮素损失增加,对该地区的生态环境造成一定威胁,而推荐施肥是较合理的施肥方式。     

实地氮肥管理对寒地水稻干物质积累和产量的影响

【目的】以寒地5个粳稻品种为试验材料，研究实地氮肥管理的增产机理。【方法】2004和2005年，通过农民习惯施肥和实地氮肥管理的大田对比试验和不同SPAD阈值的小区试验，探讨实地氮肥管理对水稻群体质量、干物质积累规律和氮积累的影响。【结果】与农民习惯施肥相比，实地氮肥管理使氮肥总量平均减少了33.8%，水稻成穗率平均提高了12.3%（P＜0.05），灌浆期水稻叶面积指数提高了14.1%～27.6% （P＜0.05），抽穗期以后水稻干物质增加了4.3%～29.1%，抽穗后干物重与产量呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01)，产量平均增加了9.8%；抽穗后氮积累量增加了11.8%～55.1% (P＜0.05)，氮肥吸收利用率和农学利用率分别提高了38.5%～133.4%（P＜0.05）和 39.78%～194.26%（P＜0.05）。【结论】该技术通过改善水稻群体质量，增加抽穗后LAI，促进干物质和氮积累，增加水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

施氮模式对早稻农艺性状及氮肥利用率的影响

以陆两优996为供试材料,选择肥力中等的水稻田块,设置不施氮肥、农民习惯施肥(150kg/hm2,按N计,下同)、最佳养分(120kg/hm2)、超高产高效(150kg/hm2)、超高产(180kg/hm2)5种氮素水平,研究不同施氮模式对早稻农艺性状及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明,超高产高效处理能促进水稻根系生长,提高叶片叶绿素含量,有利于光合产物的形成和积累,有利于水稻对养分的吸收,与相同施氮水平的农民习惯施肥处理相比,其单产提高了5.61%,氮肥利用率提高了34.49%,表明超高产高效处理模式在稳产增产的前提下,能有效提高氮肥利用率,降低氮素损失,减少施肥带来的污染.     

施钾对寒地水稻氮肥吸收和利用效率的影响

以粳稻品种空育131为材料,研究不同钾肥用量下水稻对氮肥吸收和利用效率的响应,为寒地水稻生产的合理施肥提供参考。结果表明,施钾可以提高水稻产量,且随施用量增加,水稻体内氮素相对含量降低,但绝对吸收量增加,稻谷中氮占全株比重下降,氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率均呈增加趋势,施钾有利于促进水稻对氮素的吸收和氮肥利用效率的提高,试验条件下以全生育期90.0 kg/hm2 K2O的施用量较佳。     

氮肥运筹对秸秆全量还田双季稻氮产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

以南方双季稻系统为研究对象,研究稻草全量还田条件下不同氮肥运筹策略对早稻及晚稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:稻草全量还田条件下,与当地习惯施氮量相比,氮肥减施(早稻约18%,晚稻约15%)并不显著影响早稻及晚稻的产量;与当地农民习惯施氮量相比,氮肥减施处理可提高晚稻的氮素积累。在施氮量相同的情况下,氮肥适当后移有利于早稻及晚稻对氮素的吸收。早稻及晚稻减氮施肥处理的氮肥利用率均高于习惯施肥处理,氮肥后移有利于早稻及晚稻氮肥利用率的提高。稻草全量还田条件下,适当减氮并加大追肥比例既能稳定双季稻产量,又能促进稻株氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用率。使用秸秆促腐菌剂可进一步提高水稻对氮素的吸收利用。     

化肥有机肥配合对水稻产量和氮素利用的影响

通过对不同施肥下水稻产量和氮肥利用率连续4年的定位观测研究,结果表明:在红壤丘陵区稻田上,土壤氮素来源以施肥带入为主,占土壤氮素总收入95%以上,氮素带出以作物吸收和氨挥发损失为主要途径;水稻对氮素吸收利用与氮素形态关系密切,早稻对无机氮吸收利用好于有机氮,晚稻对有机氮利用优于无机氮;对水稻4年产量统计分析,单施有机肥(M)处理与化肥(NPK)处理具有同等的产量效果,但有机肥料处理提高土壤有机质含量,提升了土壤生产力;单施有机肥(M)处理氮肥利用率达37.8%,化肥有机肥配施(NPKM)处理氮肥利用率为35.1%,而单施化肥(NPK)处理氮肥利用率仅为25.7%.     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。