高温高压分解羽毛的最适处理时间

通过物理性状变化观察、营养成分分析、体外胃蛋白酶消化率测定和杂交猪的饲养试验,综合评价了在3.16 kg/cm~2的蒸气压力(143℃),不同处理时间对饲用羽毛粉可消化性和营养价值的影响。结果表明:不同处理时间对粗蛋白含量无显著影响,但是,随看处理时间的延长,饲用羽毛中胱氨酸含量出现下降趋势,而其他氨基酸的含量水平几乎不受影响。羽毛粉饲料中粗蛋白的体外消化率(胃蛋白酶浓度0.2％),开始时,随处理时间的延长而呈递增趋势,处理时间为90分钟时,消化率最高(达91.94％),而后,消化率反而随处理时间延长而下降,以羽毛粉取代5％豆饼喂猪,其饲养效果与豆饼粉相似。     

梅花鹿公鹿尾对大鼠生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响

为了解梅花鹿公鹿尾对Wistar大鼠在幼年生长性能和营养物质消化代谢影响,每天给试验组大鼠灌30mg梅花鹿公鹿尾粉,持续灌胃4周。在第4周对大鼠进行饲喂与消化代谢试验,分析大鼠蛋白消化率、脂肪消化率、氮沉积、氮生物学价值等指标,结合料重比及日增重,研究梅花鹿尾对大鼠生长发育及能量、蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质消化代谢的影响。试验结果表明,试验组大鼠平均日增重、料重比极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。试验组大鼠的粗蛋白质消化率、粗脂肪消化率、碳水化合物消化率与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组大鼠每日的消化能和代谢能极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。梅花鹿公鹿尾可以促进幼鼠生长发育,显著提高大鼠体增重;可产生较高的代谢能,为机体提供更多的能量。     

猪消化代谢试验对糙米营养价值的研究

用猪消化代谢试验法，以健康的湖北白猪Ⅳ系３头，体重４５ｋｇ左右，去势后做三期试验：Ⅰ期为基础日粮试验，Ⅱ期为基础日粮＋糙米试验，Ⅲ期为基础日粮＋玉米试验，研究糙米的营养价值。试验结果：糙米和玉米的总能分别为１６７６０．６０、１６７４７．６２ｋＪ·ｋｇ~（－１），消化能、代谢能分别为１４５９４．７７±７６．２０，１３５６３．９８±１６４．１２Ｊ·ｋｇ~（－１）和１４２０５．３９±２４０．３２，１３２７２．９９±２７６．３３ｋＪ·ｋｇ~（－１）；无氮浸出物含量分别为７２．２２％和７０．１１％，其表观消化率分别为９６．７３±２．２７％和８７．２６±１．５５％；粗蛋白质含量分别为８．８０％和８．６０％，其表观消化率、表观代谢率分别为７３．７１±３．１７％、６５．０３±３．１６％和６９．１７±１．００％、５９．８９±１．５９％；氨基酸总含量分别是８．５７％、８．５６％，其平均表观消化率、表观代谢率分别是７４．４３％、７０．９７％和５９．７９％、５６．４４％。试验结果表明：糙米和玉米的营养成分含量相当，糙米各营养成分的表现消化率或表观代谢率均高于玉米，因此，用糙米作能量饲料来代替玉米喂猪是可行的。     

玉米糖包被尿素在肉牛生产上的应用效果

采用3种不同水平的玉米糖包被尿素颗粒料对24头约17月龄的利木赞和延边黄牛的F1代进行了应用效果试验。结果表明:经60 d的饲养试验,试验各组牛的平均日增重分别为0.82,1.01,0.94 kg,与对照组的平均日增重(0.61 kg)相比较,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验各组平均采食的颗粒料量分别为(191.40±2.28),(174.50±4.23),(167.50±4.60)g/d;试验各组牛的有机物、粗蛋白质、粗纤维的消化率较对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);干物质、粗脂肪消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。补饲颗粒料,可以提高粗料采食量及血液中的NH3浓度,但血氨浓度较对照组升高速度慢,不会造成中毒。     

尿素玉米糖矿物质饲料砖配方选择及其在延边黄牛上的应用研究

两次采用三因素三水平正交试验设计，探讨不同配料成分对尿素玉米糖矿物质饲料砖硬度和潮解度的影响。结果表明：水泥用量12％、预混料用量18％、水分用量310mL、尿素用量16％、玉米糖用量12％、膨润土用量14％合适。硬度为52．41±1．19kg／cm2，潮解度为2．13％±0．45％。为探讨饲料砖在实践中的应用情况，选择16头17月龄左右杂种延边黄牛，随机分成4组。各组精料相同、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组牛分别补饲饲料砖Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ。经60d的饲养试验，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组牛口增重分别是0．72、0．91和0．84kg，较对照组日增重0．51kg，差异极显著（P＜0．01）。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组牛饲料砖采食量分别为：201．4±3．48、184．7±5．33、177．5±5．60g／日。试验组有机物、粗蛋白、粗纤维消化率较对照组差异极显著（P＜0．01）；干物质、粗脂肪消化率差异不显著（P＞0．05）。补饲饲料砖提高粗料采食量，提高血液NH3浓度，但较对照组升高缓慢，不致造成中毒。     

赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对商品肉鸡饲养效果的研究

研究了赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对商品肉鸡的饲养效益,结果表明:前期(0—4周龄)饲粮含代谢能3,100千卡和粗蛋白质19%,补添赖氨酸0.20%和蛋氨酸0.15%;后期(5—7周龄)饲粮合代谢能3,200千卡和粗蛋白质17%,补添赖氨酸0.15%和蛋氨酸0.12%,商品肉鸡七周龄体重可达1,816±241克,料肉比2.12:1,较之按标准饲粮饲喂的对照组鸡增重提高11.11%(P<0.01),饲料消耗减少11.30%,增重饲料成本则降低2.5%。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质无论含量过高或过低,补添赖氨酸和蛋氨酸均未显示明显效益。此外,补添赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对提高胴体可食肉比例可能有一定作用,但对肉组分无明显影响。     

饲料用稻谷和糙米的有效能测定

为科学利用稻谷和糙米作畜禽饲料,对早籼稻稻谷和糙米的猪消化能、糙米的鸡代谢能、稻谷和糙米的鸭代谢能进行了测定。稻谷的猪消化能为10.17MJ/kg,鸭表观代谢能为10.70±0.33MJ/kg,真代谢能为11.26±0.29MJ/kg。糙米的猪消化能为13.47MJ/kg,鸡表观代谢能为14.27MJ/kg,鸭表观代谢能为14.48±0.21MJ/kg,真代谢能为15.02±0.21MJ/kg。     

葵籽饼的代谢能值及其影响因素

(1)用 Sibbald 生物学试验方法,实测了5种来源各异的葵籽饼饲料的表观代谢能(AME)及真代谢能(TME)。其(AME)值分别为:10.00±1.02,9.42±1.54,8.68±0.96,6.83±1.04和11.81±2.15(MJ/kg);其TME值分别为:12.82±1.95,12.85±1.39,10.64±0.63,10.38±0.81和13.81±1.95(MJ/kg)。(2)利用择优回归方法建立了AME和TME(y)对饲料粗蛋白质(CP)和粗纤维(CF)的最优回归方程:Y_(AME(MJ/kg))=24.780-0.025CP_((g/kg))-0.049CF_((g/kg))Y_(TME(MJ/kg))=25.280-0.022CP_((g/kg))-0.040CF_((g/kg))。二元回归及偏回归系数的显著性检验均达极显著(P<0.01)。(3)观察了不同纤维水平的葵籽饼饲料及不同采食量对内源排泄物和内源能的作用,发现有后遗影响。(4)t检验结果,葵籽饼的AME与ME_n值差异极显著(P<0.01),且前者标准误大于后者。因此,用尚未成年公鸡进行高蛋白饲料的代谢能值测定时,N沉积校正是必要的。     

黄颡鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白质含量和能量蛋白比

采用3×3因子试验法设计了3种不同蛋白质水平(36%、37 5%、39%)及能量蛋白比水平(37、38、39kJ/g蛋白)的9种试验饲料,以体重为(11 65±0 85)g的黄颡鱼PseudobagrusfulvidracoR 为养殖对象,在水温为(24 0±0 5)℃的室内恒温循环水养殖系统中进行为期68d的生长试验。结果表明,饲料中蛋白质含量与能量蛋白比对黄颡鱼的生长和消化率的影响显著,其中以8号饲料(蛋白质39 13%,能量蛋白比38 23kJ/g蛋白)的养殖效果和饲料干物质的消化率为最好。对饲料中蛋白质含量、能量蛋白比与增重率、饲料系数、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、饲料干物质的表观消化率、脂肪的表观消化率指标进行回归分析,结果表明,黄颡鱼人工配合饲料中适宜的蛋白质含量为37 58%～39 02%,适宜的能量蛋白比(C/P)为38 29～39 23kJ/g蛋白。     

黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙、磷的需要量

为探明黄河鲇Silurus lanzhouensis幼鱼对饲料钙、磷的适宜需要量,选取总能、钙、粗蛋白质、非植酸磷、赖氨酸5个因素作为试验因素,每个因素各设6个水平,钙为0.50%~1.34%,非植酸磷为0.50%~1.00%,采用均匀设计法U*6(64)设计6种配合饲料,饲喂体质量为(170±5)g的黄河鲇幼鱼,分别记为A、B、C、D、E、F组,饲养时间为60 d。试验结束后,以增重率、特定生长率、肌肉和肝脏RNA/DNA值、粗蛋白质离体消化率为试验指标,采用偏最小二乘法建立回归方程,通过降维分析和优化求解,分析研究黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙和非植酸磷的适宜需要量。结果表明:C组(钙0.56%、非植酸磷0.60%)试验鱼的增重率、特定生长率和肌肉RNA/DNA最高,分别为84.83%、1.02%和2.98,肠、肝、胃中粗蛋白质离体消化率也达到最大值,分别为67.53%、66.76%、51.52%;随着饲料中钙、非植酸磷含量的增加,鱼体增重率、特定生长率、肌肉RNA/DNA值和粗蛋白质离体消化率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。研究表明,饲料中钙和非植酸磷含量对黄河鲇幼鱼生长、蛋白质合成能力、饲料粗蛋白质离体消化率影响明显,黄河鲇幼鱼对饲料中钙的适宜需要量为0.54%,对非植酸磷的适宜需要量为0.50%~0.53%。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。