直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉糊化性质的影响

以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉和玉米面粉为原料,用RVA(快速粘度分析仪)和DSC(差示扫描量热仪)研究淀粉的糊化参数,并分析直链淀粉含量与各糊化参数之间的相关性。结果表明:随直链淀粉含量的增加,淀粉的RVA糊化参数和DSC热力学参数有很大差异。其中,直链淀粉含量对淀粉的RVA峰值粘度、破损值、糊化温度与DSC吸热焓值(ΔH)的影响极显著,对淀粉的RVA回生值较显著。     

不同品种玉米淀粉糊化特性比较

测定了辽宁省22种不同普通品种玉米淀粉中直链淀粉的含量，采用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定了这些玉米品种的淀粉糊化特性和热力学性质。比较分析了不同普通品种玉米的淀粉糊特性、热力学性质、直链淀粉含量之间的差异和相关性。结果表明：普通品种玉米之间淀粉的直链淀粉含量、糊化特性和热力学性质等存在很大差异，其中一些具有良好的应用品质。通过对淀粉品质的全面分析，可以找出适合不同加工用途的专用玉米品种。     

不同直链淀粉含量玉米粉和玉米淀粉的理化特性差异分析

以普通玉米粉、普通玉米淀粉、高直链玉米粉和高直链玉米淀粉为材料,比较玉米粉和玉米淀粉在理化特性上的差异。结果表明:在扫描电镜(SEM)下,蛋白质、脂肪等物质附着、包埋或填充在淀粉颗粒的表面和空隙中;热特性(DSC)测试显示,高直链玉米粉和淀粉的T_0(起始温度)、T_p(峰值温度)和T_c(终止温度)高于普通玉米粉和淀粉,高直链玉米粉和淀粉的吸热焓小于普通玉米粉和淀粉,玉米粉的吸热焓大于淀粉;快速粘度分析(RVA)测试显示,普通玉米粉的最低粘度和峰值粘度小于普通玉米淀粉,高直链玉米则相反。普通玉米粉和高直链玉米粉的衰减值、最终粘度、回生值均大于淀粉;玉米粉的溶解度和膨胀势高于玉米淀粉。蛋白质、脂肪等非淀粉成分可以与淀粉颗粒结合,增加玉米粉的吸热焓,提高冷热稳定性、溶解度和膨胀势。     

糯小麦与其它作物淀粉特性的比较研究

【目的】阐明糯小麦与其它作物的淀粉理化特性差异,分析糯小麦淀粉在食品工业中的应用前景。【方法】以淀粉厂批量生产的糯小麦淀粉及市售食品级马铃薯、木薯、糯玉米、红薯、普通小麦、普通玉米作物淀粉为材料,比较研究直链淀粉含量、膨胀势、淀粉色泽、透光率、快速黏度测定仪（RVA）测定的淀粉糊化特性、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）测定的热力学特性及冻融析水率。【结果】糯小麦和糯玉米直链淀粉含量均小于1%,其它作物淀粉直链淀粉含量在22%—27%;糯小麦淀粉透光率与红薯淀粉差异不显著,显著低于马铃薯、木薯和糯玉米淀粉,显著高于小麦和玉米淀粉;糯小麦淀粉膨胀势和峰值黏度与糯玉米、红薯淀粉无显著差异,显著低于马铃薯、木薯淀粉,显著高于小麦和玉米淀粉;糯小麦淀粉糊化温度（RVA测定）、起始温度（DSC测定）显著低于其它作物淀粉;糯小麦淀粉回生值与糯玉米无显著差异,显著低于其余几种作物淀粉;糯小麦淀粉冻融析水率最低,显著低于其它作物淀粉。【结论】糯小麦淀粉与常用作物淀粉的多数理化特性存在显著差异。综合比较,糯小麦淀粉糊化温度（RVA测定）低、起始温度（DSC测定）低、回生老化程度小、冻融稳定性好,优于其它作物淀粉,对于改善速溶、快餐、冷冻食品品质及延长食品货架期有显著优势。     

普通玉米籽粒淀粉理化特性的粒位间差异

以6个普通玉米品种为材料,分析籽粒淀粉理化特性的粒位间差异。结果表明:总体上籽粒淀粉中直链淀粉含量粒位间无显著差异,但RVA黏度特征值中峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回复值基部粒位较高,糊化温度基部粒位较低。DSC研究表明,热焓值、终值温度和回生值各品种粒位间均无显著差异,而起始温度和峰值温度品种间表现不一。总体上,基部籽粒淀粉粒平均粒径较低,直径9~13及17μm以上淀粉粒比例较低。相关分析表明,直径17μm以上淀粉粒分布比例与峰值黏度、谷值黏度和崩解值显著负相关,且粒径与峰值黏度显著负相关。     

优良高油与普通玉米杂交种的穗粒结构分析

对2个高油玉米杂交种玉油1号、HE-1和2个普通玉米杂交种郑单958、农大108在6种不同密度下6个穗粒性状间的相关以及对产量的作用进行了分析。结果表明,2类杂交种的表现趋势不完全一致:高油玉米杂交种的穗长和行粒数与穗粒重呈显著或极显著正相关,穗粒重对产量的直接通径系数为最大正值,其次为穗长和行粒数;普通玉米杂交种的百粒重和穗粗与穗粒重呈显著或极显著正相关,穗粗和穗粒重对产量的直接作用均为较大正值;百粒重对2类杂交种产量的直接作用均为最大负值。2类杂交种实现高产的途径存在差异。     

高淀粉玉米与普通玉米的遗传分析

以8个早熟高淀粉玉米自交系和8个同型普通玉米自交系,按Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配,得到28个高淀粉玉米和28个普通玉米杂交组合.经遗传分析,除株高、穗位高外,高淀粉玉米的形态发育与普通玉米相近,从而说明在黑龙江省选育高淀粉玉米种质及杂交种是现实可行的.     

特异性PCR在检测玉米高直链淀粉基因中的应用

根据ae基因序列设计了22对引物,利用这些引物对3个常规玉米自交系和3个具有aeae纯合基因型的高直链淀粉玉米自交系及它们的3个杂交种进行标记,筛选出一对引物并利用这对引物检测21个玉米杂交种,结果表明:这对引物可以将具有AeAe基因型的普通玉米与具有Aeae杂合基因型的普通玉米区分开来,为把普通玉米自交系快速改良为高直链淀粉玉米自交系提供了一种有效的技术。     

小麦遗传背景对糯性品质的影响

测试了5个遗传背景不同的糯小麦品系和1个非糯小麦品种的直链淀粉含量和RVA参数。糯小麦品系的直链淀粉含量大幅度地低于非糯小麦,糊化温度及高峰粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、崩解值、反弹值、峰值时间也显著低于非糯小麦,糯与非糯小麦品系问直链淀粉含量和各RVA参数存在正相关的趋势。糯小麦品系间直链淀粉含量与RVA参数也存在显著性差异,不同糯小麦品系表现出独特的糊化特性,但直链淀粉含量与各RVA参数间没有相关关系。结果表明,小麦的糯性除了受3对独立遗传的隐性基因支配外,糯小麦品系间的直链淀粉含量和糊化特性还受遗传背景的影响。     

高油玉米与普通玉米品质形成及相关酶活性的差异

在大田条件下,研究了高油玉米(HE-2)和普通玉米(浚单20号)子粒品质形成及相关酶活性的差异.结果表明,普通玉米子粒的脂肪和蛋白质含量显著低于高油玉米,叶片和子粒中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)活性也均低于高油玉米,而普通玉米子粒中转化酶活性和淀粉含量显著高于高油玉米.     

糯玉米单交种籽粒淀粉黏度性状的相关和聚类分析

淀粉品质常用淀粉黏度性状度量,对当前主要糯玉米单交种开展籽粒淀粉黏度性状的相关和聚类分析有助于了解糯玉米品种淀粉的特征,改良糯玉米品质以及推动糯玉米淀粉深加工产业的发展。选用30个糯玉米单交种为供试材料,对籽粒淀粉黏度性状进行相关和聚类分析。研究结果表明:不同糯玉米单交种的7个黏度性状均呈极显著差异,说明供试单交种间淀粉黏度性状存在较大变异。峰值黏度、谷值黏度和终值黏度3个性状两两之间,糊化温度与糊化时间2个性状之间均呈极显著正相关;而峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度3个性状与糊化温度、糊化时间2个性状之间呈负相关关系,但相关性不强;崩解值和回复值2个性状与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度3个性状之间也基本呈正相关关系,但崩解值与糊化温度、糊化时间呈显著负相关,而回复值与糊化温度、糊化时间则相关不显著。30个单交种根据淀粉黏度性状可聚为2类,2类单交种数分别为22个和8个;各类之间的差异主要反映在黏度值的大小上,第Ⅰ类单交种黏度较大,但类内变异系数较小,第Ⅱ类单交种黏度较小,但类内变异系数较大。因此,本研究明确了各个单交种淀粉黏度性状参数,有利于推广和利用糯玉米品种,同时可避免因盲目使用不同糊化特性的糯玉米品种进行淀...     

玉米不育胞质杂交种的产量及其胞质效应的研究

对没核质基因要交种的产量性状进行了分析。结果表明，不同核质遗传背景杂种的产量差异主要是由核基因型不同所致；不育胞质对杂交种的产量性状具有一定的正效应，Ｃ和Ｅ型不育胞质效应值分别达３．７３％和８．０７％，不育包质杂种的产量还受生态环境条件的影响。     

Study on Starch Properties of Rice Enriched wil Resistant Starch

为了比较高低抗性淀粉含量水稻种质间淀粉主要特性差异,利用江苏省农科院水稻品种资源项目组筛选出的抗性淀粉含量有极显著差异的水稻种质,比较分析了 RVA特征值和淀粉晶体热力学差异。结果表明,抗性淀粉含量较高的3个水稻材料崩解值较低,而消减值较高;抗性淀粉含量较小的3个水稻材料崩解值较高,而消减值较低。高低抗性淀粉含量水稻种质间 RVA特征值和淀粉晶体热力学有较大的差异,可为高抗性淀粉含量功能性水稻品种育种提供新的选育指标。     

不同淀粉型甘薯品种全粉糊化特性的比较

以淀粉型甘薯品种(系)为试材,采用RVA仪和相关性分析,研究比较了不同淀粉型甘薯品种的全粉糊化特性、各特征值之间的差异和相关性。结果表明,加与不加硝酸银甘薯全粉RVA谱特征值均具有明显的差异。不加AgNO3甘薯全粉的峰值黏度平均值为484.64RVU,品种间变异系数为58.64%,变幅为68.01~947.50RVU。谷值黏度以徐18最高,为583.00RVU。徐22的崩解值、终值黏度和回复值最小,分别为91.67、46.33和9.00RVU。加AgNO3后全粉的RVA谱特征值均显著提高。峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度和回复值较不加硝酸银各特征值分别增加了1.67、3.94、0.51、4.29和5.29倍。此外,加与不加硝酸银各甘薯品种全粉RVA谱特征值之间均呈现一定的相关性。不加硝酸银全粉的峰值黏度与回复值呈显著正相关;不加硝酸银全粉谷值黏度和终值黏度、崩解值与回复值、终值黏度与回复值呈显著负相关。     

Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice (Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica)

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica).The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents.77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar,Wuyunjing 7.It was found that levels of amylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines (16.0%);1-5%lower than control in 50 lines,of which,within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines;and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines.The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues.The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars.The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice.The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually,but not exceeding the first apex.The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups.Further,there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group.An optimized mathematical model,which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue,has been established in this study.From this model,it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content.It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars.The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.     

太湖流域水稻地方种的稻米品质RVA谱多样性

对494份太湖地区晚粳稻、糯稻、早籼稻地方种材料的稻米品质RVA谱特征进行测定与分析,结果表明:这些种质资源的稻米品质RVA谱曲线特征分化明显,种质问RVA特征值均有极显著差异,呈现出从籼性到糯性连续变化的特征,形成不同的特征类群.大多数种质(51.9%)的RVA谱的消减值在300～1 000 cp,属于典型的粳稻品种;少量种质(1.4%)具有糯性淀粉RVA谱特征;一些种质(9.8%)表现出为典型的籼稻淀粉RVA谱特征;部分种质(38.0%)具有优质的RVA谱特征,即消减值为负值,表明种质的淀粉性质存在明显的差异.各特征值的表型遗传多样性指数均大于1,其中崩解值的遗传多样性指数达2.04.RVA谱各特征值问显著相关,并可用崩解值、消减值2个指标来简化定量描述稻米RVA谱的特征.     

Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice(Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica)

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice(Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica).The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents.77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar,Wuyunjing 7.It was found that levels of amylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines(16.0%);1-5% lower than control in 50 lines,of which,within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines;and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines.The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues.The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars.The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice.The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually,but not exceeding the first apex.The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups.Further,there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group.An optimized mathematical model,which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue,has been established in this study.From this model,it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content.It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars.The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.     

Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice （Oryza safiva L. ssp. japonica）

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica）. The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines （16.0%）; 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.