‘美人酥’和‘云红梨1号’红皮砂梨果实的着色生理

【目的】研究两个不同遗传背景的红皮砂梨品种在其着色过程中色素的变化与相关酶活性及糖积累的关系,旨在了解砂梨果实着色的一般规律。【方法】选择两个云南地区主栽的红皮砂梨品种‘美人酥’和‘云红梨1号’,系统研究果实整个生长发育过程果皮中花青苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮、总酚等色素含量和花青苷积累相关的酶活性,以及果肉中糖含量的变化。花青苷含量采用pH示差检测法测定,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和总酚含量采用比色法测定。苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性采用比色法测定,类黄酮半乳糖苷转移酶(UFGT)活性采用高效液相色谱法测定。糖含量采用高效液相色谱法测定。【结果】在果实整个生长发育过程中,两个品种呈现了相似的生理变化趋势。果实生长前期,果皮中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和总酚的含量不断上升,几乎没有花青苷的积累;果实生长中后期(花后13周)开始,叶绿素急剧降解,花青苷不断积聚并在成熟时达到最高值。在果实着色始期,PAL和UFGT活性相继达到最高值;之后随着花青苷的快速合成,PAL活性急剧下降,但UFGT活性一直保持在很高的水平。果实整个发育过程中可溶性总糖含量持续上升,其中蔗糖开始有明显积累的时期与花青苷开始大量积累的时期相吻合。【结论】红皮砂梨花青苷的合成积累主要是在果实生长发育后期,伴随着果实的成熟,花青苷含量达最大值。PAL与花青苷合成的启动有关,UFGT与花青苷的积聚密切相关。花青苷的积累伴随着果肉中可溶性总糖的上升。     

荔枝果皮花青苷合成与相关酶的关系研究

以‘妃子笑’荔枝为试材,研究果实成熟过程中,果皮中花青苷含量及其生物合成相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、查儿酮异构酶(CHI)、二氢黄酮醇还原酶(DFR)和类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)的酶活性变化,同时研究套袋和生长调节剂对花青苷合成和相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,在4种酶中只有UFGT活性与荔枝果皮花青苷合成关系密切。UFGT活性的变化与花青苷含量的变化趋势吻合;随着‘妃子笑’果皮中UFGT活性的增加,花青苷含量上升;套袋处理抑制UFGT活性的同时也抑制花青苷的合成,除袋后UFGT活性和花青苷含量都迅速增加;6-BA处理抑制UFGT酶活性的同时也抑制花青苷合成,ABA和茉莉酸处理提高了UFGT酶活性的同时也促进了花青苷的合成。     

引种红梨花青苷合成及相关因子变化

【目的】为探明引种云南红梨果实着色、花青苷生物合成及相关因子变化之间的关系。【方法】采用蒽酮比色及Na OH中和滴定等方法对早白蜜、中熟32及云红梨1号3个红梨品种不同成熟期果实的糖酸含量、花青苷的积累、生物合成酶(PAL、CHI)与抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、SOD)活性进行测定。【结果】3个品种可溶性糖的积累在果实成熟期达最大值,而此时可滴定酸降至最低;早白蜜花青苷积累趋势与CHI酶活性变化趋势一致,随着果实的生长发育进程推进呈逐渐下降的趋势;中熟32和云红梨1号PAL和CHI只在幼果期的酶活性较高,随着生长发育进程的推进呈逐渐下降趋势,但其花青苷的合成却随着果实的发育逐渐升高,在成熟期达最大值,分别为11和10.9 U/g FW;POD和SOD在3个品种中的活性变化与花青苷积累趋势基本一致,早白蜜的抗氧化活性较强,其POD和SOD也表现出较高的酶活性。【结论】花青苷生物合成酶在不同的红梨品种中作用不尽相同,CHI是早白蜜花青苷合成的关键酶,而对于中晚熟品种中熟32和云红梨1号PAL与CHI只参与花青苷的合成启动;抗氧化酶POD、SOD活性变化在3个品种中与花青苷的积累均呈现一定的相关性,且POD和SOD在早白蜜中还参与了其氧化抑制;果实中可溶性糖的积累对于花青苷的生物合成有一定的促进作用。     

温度对采后‘红富士’苹果果皮色泽、色素及其相关酶活性变化的影响

以‘红富士’苹果为试材,研究不同贮藏温度下‘红富士’苹果果皮色泽、色素含量及其相关酶活性的变化,为‘红富士’苹果的贮藏保鲜提供技术依据及理论参考。设定2种贮藏温度,为0℃与20℃,研究2种贮藏温度下‘红富士’苹果果皮色素花青苷、叶绿素、类胡萝素含量的变化及色泽指标(L、a/b)的变化,以及不同贮藏温度下花青苷合成相关酶(PAL、CHI、DFR、UFGT)活性及花青苷降解相关酶(PPO、POD)活性的变化。结果表明:①与20℃贮藏相比,0℃贮藏促进果皮花青苷的采后再合成并延缓花青苷采后降解;延缓果皮叶绿素的降解;抑制果皮类胡萝素的积累;延缓色泽指标(L、a/b)的下降。②在采后贮藏过程中,果皮的PAL和UFGT活性都呈先升高后下降的变化,CHI和DFR的活性都呈下降的变化趋势;花青苷的合成与果皮PAL和UFGT活性密切相关,而与果皮CHI和DFR的活性变化关系不大。③贮藏期间,‘红富士’苹果果皮PPO和POD活性都呈升高后下降的变化趋势,但低温推迟酶活性峰的时间;0℃下POD活性高峰显著高于20℃的,而两温度间PPO活性高峰差异不显著。在采后贮藏过程中,0℃低温贮藏延缓果皮色泽、色素含量的变化,可较好地保持‘红富士’苹果果皮外观品质。     

苹果黄绿品种着色规律的研究

以8年生苹果品种(王林、陆奥和宫滕富士)的果实为试材,采用套袋处理对黄绿品种的果实着色规律进行了研究,并采用纸层析技术分析了着色果皮的色素种类。结果表明苹果的黄色和绿色品种具有合成花青苷的潜能,经套袋处理,着色潜能就能发挥出来,果皮可以由非红转变为红色。摘袋后,富士套袋果的花青苷含量迅速上升,经6　d即达到非套袋果水平;而黄绿品种套袋果的花青苷合成对光反应迟钝,在摘袋后16　d才开始增加。黄绿品种果皮形成红色是由于花青苷合成的增加;而套袋处理改善红色品种着色,并非由于提高花青苷含量。着色的黄绿品种果皮上的色素种类与正常红色品种果皮的大致相同。     

不同颜色果袋对葡萄花青苷合成的调控

【目的】探明不同颜色果袋引起的光质差异对葡萄花青苷合成的影响,为葡萄专用果袋的研发提供理论依据。【方法】以5年生‘贝达’砧‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,于坐果后30 d分别套红色、绿色、蓝色和白色纸质果袋,以不套袋为对照,每8 d采样一次,直至果实成熟。利用光纤光谱仪分析不同纸袋的透射光谱,高效液相法测定果实发育过程中果皮花青苷含量变化,同时利用荧光定量PCR技术分析花青苷合成途径结构基因Vv CHS、VvLDOX、VvUFGT和调控基因VvmybA1以及光信号转录因子VvHY5的表达差异。【结果】红色纸袋、绿色纸袋和蓝色纸袋分别在红光、绿光和蓝光波段具有选择透过性,白色纸袋对光质的透过性没有选择性。不同颜色果袋对葡萄花青苷合成具有显著性影响,红色纸袋、绿色纸袋和蓝色纸袋处理明显推迟了葡萄的转色期,并延缓了花青苷的积累,但到果实完熟期,花青苷含量表现为蓝色纸袋白色纸袋对照绿色纸袋红色纸袋。基因表达分析表明,VvMYBA1、VvCHS、VvLDOX和VvUFGT表达量均表现为先升高后下降,与花青苷积累规律相一致;不同颜色果袋均延缓了花青苷合成调控基因VvMYBA1和结构基因VvCHS、VvLDOX、VvUFGT表达量在果实发育早期的升高和后期的下降,在表达高峰到来前,总体表现为对照和套白色纸袋表达量较高,其次是套蓝色纸袋,套绿色纸袋和套红色纸袋表达量较低;表达高峰之后总体表现为套蓝色纸袋和套白色纸袋表达量较高,其次是套绿色纸袋和套红色纸袋,对照表达量最低。VvHY5在果实成熟过程中在花青苷快速积累期和果实成熟后期有两次表达高峰,与花青苷的积累规律和合成调控基因VvMYBA1的表达规律基本一致,不同颜色果袋对VvHY5的诱导效应不同,蓝色纸袋诱导能力最强,红色纸袋效果最差。【结论】蓝色纸袋有利于葡萄花青苷合成,红色纸袋效果较差。不同颜色果袋对果实花青苷积累的调控可能是通过影响光信号转录因子VvHY5的表达,进而调控花青苷合成调控基因VvMYBA1和结构基因VvCHS、VvLDOX、VvUFGT等的表达,影响葡萄果皮花青苷的合成。     

套袋对水蜜桃"红凤"和"清水"果实着色的影响

以水蜜桃“红凤”和“清水”为试材，研究了果实硬核期套袋处理对果皮花青苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及果实外观色泽的影响。结果表明，果实在一直套袋的条件下，果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量下降速度加快，花色苷的积累受到强烈抑制，果实着色变浅；套袋一除袋处理能够改变果实花青苷含量，提高果实的花青苷／（叶绿素＋类胡萝卜素）值，使果实着色鲜艳，改善果实外观品质。     

套袋和外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸处理对‘云红梨2号’果皮着色的影响

以‘云红梨2号’为试材,研究套袋、外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理对果皮花色素苷含量、花色苷合成关键酶活性、可溶性总糖含量以及内源ALA含量变化的影响,并探讨果皮花色素苷含量与酶活性及可溶性总糖含量的关系。结果表明:在果实着色初期,套袋和外源ALA处理均有明显的促进果皮着色的效果,且两者共同处理促进作用更为显著;随着果实接近成熟,花色素苷含量有所下降。在正常光照情况下,果实摘袋后5 d左右对促进着色效果较好。相关性分析表明,套袋处理的果皮花色素苷含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著相关;不同处理及对照果皮花色素苷含量均与类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性显著相关,但与果实可溶性总糖含量无显著相关性。     

两个红梨品种花色苷合成相关基因及转录因子MYB10表达模式分析

为研究不同红色梨品种着色差异的原因,以西洋梨品种红星和砂梨品种满天红为试材,通过荧光定量PCR方法,分析果皮中花色苷合成基因PAL、CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS、F3GT和转录因子MYB10基因在果实不同发育期的转录特性。结果表明,在红星中除PAL外,花色苷合成基因表达量与果皮花色苷含量变化一致,先升高后降低;在满天红中,PAL和F3GT在果实转色期表达量最高,其他基因表达量随果实发育而下降。转录因子MYB10在红星整个果实发育期表达水平都很低,在满天红转色期呈现峰值,且表达量是红星的50倍以上。红星着色程度可能由多个基因协同作用,而满天红着色可能受关键基因F3GT的影响,MYB10可能通过调控F3GT的表达从而调控满天红的着色。     

不同果袋对‘红地球’葡萄品质和果皮色素形成的影响

研究不同果袋对宁夏风沙地‘红地球’葡萄品质及果皮色素形成的影响,并对苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)活性与花色苷合成的关系进行探讨。结果表明,套袋可降低果实可溶性固形物(SSC)和可溶性总糖质量分数,提高维生素C质量浓度,对果实含酸量无显著影响,对单穗质量影响显著;果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮这3个指标在果实解袋后快速降解,但其综合质量分数整体上高于对照。不同处理均可降低果实花色苷的质量分数,PAL与花色苷呈正相关性。综合分析得出,不同果袋处理对‘红地球’葡萄品质和果皮色素形成有显著影响,PP果袋(无纺布果袋)有利于改善葡萄果实品质及着色,白色无纺布果袋(D处理)综合品质最佳。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。