番木瓜的大孢子发生与胚囊发育

以番木瓜为材料,采用石蜡切片法研究其大孢子发生和胚囊发育.番木瓜胚珠倒生、具长珠柄、着生在侧膜胎座上,大孢子发育属于蓼型.胚囊发育属蓼型的变异,反足细胞在形成的早期就已退化.成熟的胚囊是五核的,由近珠孔端的卵细胞和2个助细胞以及2个中央极核组成.两性株胚囊在开花前已发育成熟,雄株偶尔开出的两性花胚囊发育相对滞后.     

玉露桃胚囊形成发育和受精过程的观察

玉露桃胚珠弯生,具单层珠被,胚囊为8核,受精前两个极核合并为次生核。珠孔受精。花粉管经由一个助细胞进入胚囊,并在助细胞中释放两个精子。晴天授粉后4h花粉管穿过花柱进入子房,20h经珠孔进入珠心。授粉后5～6d到达胚囊,7d左右完成受精过程,16d后出现幼胚。     

花生的双受精作用

本文观察了花生受精作用的全过程。开花前２－４ｈ散粉。花粉在柱头上萌发后，花粉管进入花柱，没中空的花柱道向子房室生长。在子房室内，沿珠柄侧的子房内壁生长至与胚珠珠孔相当部位时，花粉管离开子房壁进入珠孔，经珠心冠细胞之间隙抵达胚囊。开花后９ｈ，花粉管通过一个助细胞的丝状器进入助细胞而释放精子和内容物。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察水稻双受精过程

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对水稻双受精过程进行了观察。结果表明:开花后0.5 h可见花粉粒在柱头上萌发,形成一定长度的花粉管,但仍未进入胚囊;开花后1~2 h花粉管进入胚囊,但尚未释放精细胞,此时,在卵器内有两条肌动蛋白冠的形成,肌动蛋白冠起始于助细胞的基部,1条终止于卵细胞核的位置,另一条终止于极核附近;开花后2~3 h花粉管释放精细胞,精细胞在肌动蛋白冠的作用下分别进入极核及卵细胞;开花后3~4 h,精核的染色质向卵核扩散,极核内的雄性核仁逐渐变大,最后增大至与极核的核仁差不多大小;开花后4~5 h,精核与极核完成受精作用,形成初生胚乳核,而此时在卵核内出现1个雄性核仁;开花后6 h左右,卵核核仁仍未完成与精核核仁的融合,此时初生胚乳核已分裂1~2次;开花后12 h,精核核仁与卵核核仁融合形成1个较大的核仁,至此合子形成;开花后24 h,合子有丝分裂1次,形成2个细胞的原胚,此时初生胚乳核已分裂形成8~16个游离核,绕胚囊周缘分布。水稻双受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。     

矮生菜豆胚珠和胚囊的发育

本文观察了矮生菜豆（Ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓｖａｒ．ｈｕｍｉｌｉｓ）胚珠和胚囊的发育。通常大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成三个直线排列的细胞，合点端大孢子具功能，功能大孢子发育成蓼形胚囊。成熟胚囊中，三个反足细胞已消失。两助细胞分别在受精前后退化。两极核受精前融合或不融合。卵细胞的细胞质中有少量淀粉粒。珠孔端及合点端的胚囊壁均具发达的壁内突。成熟胚珠为弯生型、双珠被、厚珠心。四核胚囊形成后，淀粉粒依次出现在珠被组织，珠心组织及中央细胞中，至开花前２～３天达到高峰。开花前一天，珠心和中央细胞中淀粉粒开始减少。     

茄子单性结实与非单性结实品系胚胎发育及果实解剖结构的观察

为研究单性结实茄子与有性结实茄子果实发育过程，分别以两个单性结实品系D1、D2与两个非单性结实品系N1、N2为试材，采用石蜡切片法在显微镜下连续观察胚胎及果实发育情况。结果表明：茄子的胚囊发育属于蓼型，4个品系在开花前均已形成发育正常的八核胚囊，但开花后，单性结实品系和非单性结实品系的胚胎和果实发育产生了明显差异。未授粉单性结实品系的茄子无双受精作用，胚囊内卵细胞、助细胞、极核等逐渐解体消失，胚珠萎缩，果肉细胞排列紧密、间隙小，果实无籽；而非单性结实品系则产生了受精的卵细胞与极核，胚囊内生成游离胚乳核，果肉细胞排列松散，胎座上着生许多种子。可见，单性结实子房增大不依赖于受精作用的刺激，解剖性状可作为单性结实选育辅助的手段。     

郁南无核黄皮胚囊异常发育的细胞学观察

利用石蜡切片观察了郁南无核黄皮和有核鸡心黄皮胚囊发育状况. 结果表明:郁南无核黄皮胚囊发育存在败育现象,即表现为开花当日有91.9%的胚囊未发育达到受精的成熟状态,花后1～7 d,仍有81.6%的胚囊未发育达到八核期成熟胚囊;而对照材料有核鸡心黄皮在开花当日和花后7 d内发育到八核期成熟胚囊的比率分别为96.7%和100%. 郁南无核黄皮胚囊受精前败育是导致其无核的重要原因之一,也是其和有核黄皮混种能稳定保持无核性状的重要原因.     

无核红江橙的无核成因探讨

以无核红江橙和普通有核红江橙为试验材料,对其花粉育性、成熟胚囊结构以及胚胎发育进行了研究。结果表明:(1)无核红江橙花粉出现败育的现象,花粉的生活力和发芽率显著降低,花粉的畸形率显著升高,花粉育性属于低育型。(2)无核红江橙胚囊发育是正常的,具有1个卵细胞、2个助细胞、3个反足细胞和1个中央细胞。(3)无核红江橙胚胎发育也出现败育的现象,授粉后4周胚体开始退化,授粉后6周胚乳出现退化,授粉后7周胚胎完全退化消失,最终形成无核果实。综合分析,花粉败育和胚胎败育是无核红江橙无核的主要原因。     

反季节杧果花器官结构对胚胎败育的影响

[目的]研究反季节杧果花器官结构对胚胎败育的影响。[方法]观察反季节杧果生产中花器官和胚胎的结构,探索反季节杧果胚胎败育过程中"金煌"品种的细胞学结构变化,研究胚胎败育的细胞学机理。[结果]"金煌"雄蕊退化,花粉囊间发育差异十分显著,花粉囊小的花粉数量少,而花粉囊大的花粉数量多且发育至成熟,仅有少部分花粉囊的花粉退化,花粉生活力为76.9%。雌器官出现子房萎缩变形、胚珠横生现象;胚珠周围的输导组织断裂现象普遍;在胚囊8核期间,在同一或不同胚珠中出现极核细胞消失或者退化,反足细胞个别退化、助细胞个别或者全部退化的现象。[结论]以上因素都会影响胚珠受精,引起授粉受精不良。     

葡萄双受精过程的形态学观察

观察了葡萄双受精过程中雌雄性核的融合。结果表明:花粉管通过珠孔穿入退化助细胞,释放出二精子;精子核接近并贴附在卵核和次生核上,二者核膜融合,精核沉入卵核及次生核,染色质松解,并与雌性核染色质融合,出现雄性核仁,两性核仁融合,形成合子及初生胚乳核。卵核完成受精较次生核晚。受精属有丝分裂前型。精核进入卵核前看到了它的核仁。少数胚囊具有两套卵器。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。