PPARγ对脂类代谢和脂肪细胞分化的调控

 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ是一种配体活化的核转录因子,具有多种生物学效应。除能调节脂肪细胞分化、脂代谢,细胞增殖、细胞周期外,还能调控细胞因子生成,增强机体对胰岛素的敏感性等作用。主要就PPARγ对脂类代谢和脂肪细胞分化调控作用的最新研究进展进行综述。     

脂肪细胞分化的调控因子

脂肪细胞分化是一个复杂的生理生化过程,在此过程中受到多种因素的调控,其中转录调控因子、分化诱导因子及分化抑制因子在脂肪细胞分化过程中起着重要作用。本文就近年来关于脂肪细胞分化调控因子的最新研究进展进行综述。     

脂肪细胞分化的调控因子*

 脂肪细胞分化是一个复杂的生理生化过程,在此过程中受到多种因素的调控,其中转录调控因子、分化诱导因子及分化抑制因子在脂肪细胞分化过程中起着重要作用。本文就近年来关于脂肪细胞分化调控因子的最新研究进展进行综述。     

脂肪酸对小鼠前体脂肪细胞分化中脂代谢基因mRNA表达的影响

采用RT-PCR技术,分别研究短链和长链脂肪酸及P38 MAPK通路抑制剂SB20358对小鼠前体脂肪细胞分化过程中脂代谢相关基因转录表达的影响及其调控机制.结果表明:短链脂肪酸可提高PPARγ2和C/EBPα mRNA表达量(P<0.05),而长链脂肪酸上调PPARγ2、C/EBPα、FAS、SREBP-1c mRNA表达量(P<0.05),但脂肪酸对TGH表达量影响不显著(P>0.05);当P38MAPK抑制剂存在时,PPARγ2、FAS和SREBP-1c mRNA表达量显著下降(P<0.05),而C/EBPα和TGH表达量变化不显著(P>0.05).表明脂肪酸可通过P38MAPK通路促进PPARγ2增量表达从而促进小鼠前体脂肪细胞分化.     

PPAR-γ基因对脂质代谢调控机制的生物信息学分析

过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)是具有重要生物学功能的转录因子,可调控脂肪细胞分泌的多种蛋白质因子基因的表达,促进脂肪细胞分化。它与肥胖、Ⅱ型糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌症的发病风险相关联。研究基于TRANSFAC数据库信息,利用MEME/MAST方法对PPAR-γ进行全基因组范围的靶基因生物信息学定位,并对获得的靶基因进行了GO和KEGG分析,探讨PPAR-γ基因对脂质代谢影响的分子机理。结果表明,PPAR-γ靶基因显著富集于36个GO节点(P<0.05),并参与了10个KEGG代谢通路(P<0.05),这其中大部分GO节点和KEGG代谢通路与脂质代谢密切相关。研究有助于理解PPAR-γ基因对脂质代谢影响的分子机理;同时,对于肥胖和糖尿病等复杂疾病的诊断、预防和治疗具有积极意义。     

Regulation of expression of the interleukin-2 receptor on hematopoietic cells by interleukin-3

Remarkable similarities in the intracellular and genetic events occur when lymphoid and hematopoietic cells are exposed to their specific growth factors. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, whose cell-surface expression is an absolute requirement for the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells, was detected on various nonlymphoid hematopoietic cell types in this study. Cell lines consisting either of granulocyte-macrophage precursors or mast cells, which are dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for their growth, expressed high levels of the IL-2 receptor on their surface. Analysis of the binding characteristics of these receptors with 125I-labeled recombinant IL-2 revealed that only receptors with low affinity for IL-2 were present on these cells. Addition of purified recombinant IL-3 to these cell lines led to an increase in IL-2 receptor gene expression within 1 hour in isolated nuclei. This IL-3--induced increase in the number of IL-2 receptors on the cell surface is maximal within 24 hours. Addition of 10,000 units of IL-2 to these cells had no apparent effect on their growth or differentiation. The presence of the receptor with only low affinity for IL-2 on hematopoietic cells and the regulation by IL-3 suggest that this receptor is involved in some important metabolic event in hematopoiesis.     

鸭脂肪细胞中circ-FBLN2鉴定与功能预测

Circular RNA(circRNA)是一类在转录过程中形成的首尾相接的环状非编码RNA,其在多种生物学过程以及疾病发生过程中发挥重要作用。基于前期鸭胚原代脂肪细胞分化过程中circRNA测序结果,本研究选择由FBLN2编码的circ-FBLN2进行验证分析。通过PCR扩增和焦磷酸测序技术获得接合序列,采用Rnase R消化实验进一步验证了circ-FBLN2的存在,采用核质分离技术得出circ-FBLN2主要存在于细胞质中,且其在脂肪细胞诱导分化后显著下调,在樱桃谷鸭各组织中的表达具有一定的差异,主要在脂肪和腿肌中表达。生物信息学分析结果显示,circ-FBLN2与预测到的靶标基因主要参与MAPK,Toll样受体,以及细胞因子与受体互作通路等信号通路,揭示其可能通过对靶基因的调控作用间接调控鸭脂肪细胞分化过程。     

Myristic Acid (MA) Promotes Adipogenic Gene Expression and the Differentiation of Porcine Intramuscular Adipocyte Precursor Cells

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is considered to be a key factor that affects the marbling, tenderness, juiciness and flavor of pork. To investigate the effects of myristic acid (MA) on the differentiation of porcine intramuscular adipocytes, cells were isolated from longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and treated with 0, 10, 50 or 100 μmol L-1 MA. The results showed that MA significantly promotes the differentiation of intramuscular adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. MA also led to a parallel increase in the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and adipose-related genes, such as glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4/aP2), fatty acid translocase (FAT), acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACCα), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). However, no significant effects of MA were observed on the expression of CAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) or hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) was increased by MA during the early stages of differentiation (day 1-3). In addition, MA also increased the absolute content of C14 (P<0.001) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P<0.05) to varying degrees, but no effects were observed on other fatty acids. These results suggest that MA might be able to enhance the IMF content of pork and increase the accumulation of myristic and myristoleic acid in muscle, which might have beneficial implications for human health.     

A mass transfer explanation of metabolic scaling relations in some aquatic invertebrates and algae

Chemical engineering theory can be used in accounting for the broad range of metabolic scaling exponents found in some aquatic invertebrates and algae. Delivery of metabolically important compounds to these organisms occurs by diffusion through a boundary layer. Dimensionless relations (Sherwood-Reynolds number functions) demonstrate the degree to which water motion and organism size affect mass transfer, and ultimately, metabolic rate. Derivation of mass exponents in the range 0.31 to 1.25 for simple geometries such as plates, spheres, and cylinders directly follows from knowledge of the Sherwood-Reynolds number relations. The range of exponents predicted is that found by allometric studies of metabolic rate in these organisms.     

The ligase PIAS1 restricts natural regulatory T cell differentiation by epigenetic repression

CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are important for maintaining immune tolerance. Understanding the molecular mechanism that regulates T(reg) differentiation will facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies against autoimmune diseases. We report here that the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 restricts the differentiation of natural T(reg) cells by maintaining a repressive chromatin state of the Foxp3 promoter. PIAS1 acts by binding to the Foxp3 promoter to recruit DNA methyltransferases and heterochromatin protein 1 for epigenetic modifications. Pias1 deletion caused promoter demethylation, reduced histone H3 methylation at Lys(9), and enhanced promoter accessibility. Consistently, Pias1(-/-) mice displayed an increased natural T(reg) cell population and were resistant to the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our studies have identified an epigenetic mechanism that negatively regulates the differentiation of natural T(reg) cells.     

猪脂肪组织代谢及其调控*

 猪肉作为人们重要的肉食性食品,其品质的好坏直接与人类的健康相关,诸如肥胖症的发生,以及有人类肥胖症所引发的心血管疾病、Ⅱ型糖尿病、高血压和癌症等。而猪体内脂肪沉积的多少是影响猪肉品质的重要因素。因此深入研究猪脂肪组织代谢规律及其脂肪细胞分化的机理不但对提高猪肉品质有重要的价值,而且对于预防和治疗威胁人类健康的疾病有重要意义。     

Krüppel-Like Factor 3（KLF3）基因对牛脂肪沉积的作用

【目的】通过研究牛KLF3基因对牛脂肪分化和脂肪酸代谢关键基因表达量的作用,进而探讨KLF3 基因对脂质沉积的影响。【方法】合成干扰siRNA,筛选得到KLF3基因干扰效率最高SiRNA,分离培养秦川牛肉用新品系新生牛前脂肪细胞生长至70%-90%汇合度时转染筛选得到的KLF3基因SiRNA和阴性对照SiRNA（NC）,并进行诱导分化培养至第0天和第4 天时,利用荧光定量PCR方法研究分化标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ, PPARγ）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白（CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α, C/EBPα）,脂肪酸代谢关键基因脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthase,FAS）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, ACCα）和脂肪酸结合蛋白4（fatty acid binding protein 4, FABP4）基因在牛脂肪细胞分化不同时期干扰KLF3基因处理组和对照组之间表达量的变化,同时在干扰KLF3基因处理并进行诱导脂肪细胞分化的第 4天采用油红O染色法观察干扰KLF3基因处理组和对照组之间脂滴差异及采用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)方法测定甘油三酯含量进一步确定KLF3基因对牛脂肪细胞分化和脂肪酸代谢的作用。【结果】KLF3-Si2 具有最高的干扰效率达到73%。转染KLF3-Si2后PPARγ的表达量在牛脂肪细胞诱导分化的第0天 和第4 天与对照组相比分别下调了58% 和37%,达到了差异极显著（P<0.01）,C/EBPα 的表达量也分别下调了64% 和41%,达到了差异极显著（P<0.01）。脂质代谢的关键基因FABP4的表达量与对照组相比在牛脂肪细胞诱导分化的第0天和第4 天分别下调了89% 和60%,而ACCα的表达量干扰KLF3处理组与对照组相比在脂肪细胞诱导分化第0天和第4天分别下调了50% 和37%, 而FAS的表达量则分别下调了73% 和19%,都分别达到了差异极显著（P<0.01）。在牛脂肪细胞诱导分化第4天油红O染色和甘油三酯含量测定也发现干扰KLF3基因处理组与对照组相比脂滴减少,甘油三酯含量显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】干扰牛KLF3基因可以抑制牛脂肪细胞分化和脂肪酸代谢关键基因表达量下调,进而影响脂肪的沉积。     

ADD1基因PCR-SSCPs标记与猪肌内脂肪含量及背膘厚的关系

采用PCR SSCPs方法在苏太猪脂肪细胞定向分化因子 1(ADD1)基因第 347和 374位点发现单核苷酸多态性(SNP) ,分别为ADD1第 90和 99位氨基酸密码子的第 3位碱基 ,但这两个位点碱基的替换均没有引起氨基酸序列的变化。通过对 10 0头苏太猪肥育猪背最长肌中肌内脂肪含量的相关分析 ,发现杂合子AB肌内脂肪含量最高 ,极显著地高于AA纯合子 (P <0 0 1) ,BB纯合子肌内脂肪含量介于AB和AA之间 ,并有高于AA纯合子的趋势 (P =0 11)。各基因型间背膘厚没有显著差异。提示ADD1基因该位点上的PCR SSCPs可能作为选择肌内脂肪含量 ,而不影响背膘厚的一个辅助选择标记     

MYB转录因子基因MIXTA及其同源基因功能的研究进展

被子植物表皮细胞的形态学建成是目前研究工作中较为流行的生物学现象,其大致包括：表皮细胞形状的改变、表皮细胞附属衍生物的形成、根毛和毛状体的分化等方面,根据大量的试验结果总结发现MIXTA及其同源基因的生物学功能与该现象密切相关。MIXTA是编码一个具有R2R3 MYB结构域的转录因子,自从1994年首次报道在金鱼草中被克隆以来,已经受到广泛的关注并在不同种属试验材料中被更深入地研究和讨论。MIXTA最早被证实的调节功能是促进金鱼草花瓣表皮细胞发生锥形化,使花瓣内表皮具有天鹅绒状质感,野生型金鱼草花瓣表面的锥形细胞在MIXTA突变时形状发生显著扁平化,花瓣内表皮的天鹅绒状质感消失,异位表达的MIXTA同时调控锥形细胞和多细胞腺体毛状体在不同组织部位的生长。近几年的研究发现,除金鱼草外,许多物种中都存在一些类似于MIXTA的基因,统称为MIXTA-like,如唐松草、猴面花、番茄、拟南芥等,特别是在拟南芥中,发现了很多与MIXTA具有高度相似性的基因,这些基因的功能与金鱼草中MIXTA的功能大同小异,并且对其下游基因的调节通路研究的较为透彻。同时,MIXTA作为MYB类转录因子可通过与bHLH转录因子及WD40转录因子结合发生互作,以复合物的形式间接地调控花青素的合成。MIXTA的存在可以影响花瓣表面的温度、气味、颜色、湿度、质感、光学特性等一系列生物学特征,并且通过改变植物花瓣的表型间接影响植物的授粉方式,建立自身的防御保护系统,由此体现MIXTA的生物学功能广泛,对其进行研究的生物学意义可见一斑。文章中首先简要介绍了MIXTA的基本结构,利用氨基酸序列比对及系统发生树等生物信息学技术比较分析MIXTA及其同源蛋白的亲源关系以及它们共同具有的R2R3 MYB结构域,然后从表皮细胞形状的改变（主要指表皮细胞锥形化）、表皮附属衍生物的形成（包括表皮蜡质的合成,毛状体和根毛细胞的分化）、参与激素代谢途径进而间接调控表皮细胞形态建成3方面来论述MIXTA及其同源基因的具体生物学功能,最后对MIXTA在农业、观赏园艺的应用及未来的研究方向进行了展望。