Quantifying muskmelon fruit attributes with A-TEP-based model and machine vision measurement

In this study, we established a dynamic morphological model using the accumulated thermal effectiveness and photosynthetic active radiation(PAR)(A-TEP), aiming to explore the relationship between muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.) fruit attributes and environmental factors. Muskmelon surface color was described by parameters of red, green, blue, hue, saturation and brightness(HSI). Three characteristic parameters, gray level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM), angular second moment(ASM), entropy, contrast, and the coverage rate were used to describe the process of muskmelon fruit netting formation. ASM was not significant difference during muskmelon fruit growth. The number and deep of netting stripes gradually increased with fruit growth. Coverage rate increased rapidly for 15–30 d after pollination. The vertical and horizontal diameters of muskmelon fruit were followed a logistic curve. And root mean squared errors(RMSE) between the simulated and measured vertical and horizontal diameters were 3.527 and 4.696 mm, respectively. RMSE of red, green, blue, saturation and brightness were 0.999, 2.690, 2.992, 0.033 and 5.51, respectively, and the RMSE for entropy, contrast and coverage rates were 0.077, 0.063 and 0.015, respectively, indicating a well consistent between measured and simulated values.     

水分对温室网纹甜瓜叶面积指数影响的模拟

建立了基质容积含水量对温室网纹甜瓜叶面积动态生长过程影响的模拟模型.通过不同种植期,不同基质容积含水量处理试验,定量分析了温室网纹甜瓜的出叶数、叶片长度和叶面积指数与温度、光合有效辐射的关系,构建了水分影响下温室网纹甜瓜叶面积形成过程模型,并利用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明,水分不影响甜瓜的出叶数,但随着水...     

日光温室甜瓜根系生长及单果重的水氮耦合效应

【目的】研究不同灌水量和施氮量对温室甜瓜根系生长及单果重的影响,探讨根系生长与单果重和水氮供应的关系,为温室甜瓜的水氮管理提供科学依据。【方法】根据日光温室内光温湿等环境参数,以‘一品天下208’甜瓜为试验材料,试验设灌水量（W）和施氮量（N）2个因素,采用Penman-Monteith修正公式确定灌水量,设置0.7ET_c、1.0ET_c和1.3ET_c3个水分水平;施氮量在常规施氮量N₂（130 kg N·hm^-2）的基础上设置了一个下限施氮量N₁（70 kg N·hm^-2）和一个上限施氮量N₃（180 kg N·hm^-2）3个氮素水平,共9个处理。应用完全随机区组试验设计,研究不同水氮处理组合对温室甜瓜根系生长分布及单果重的影响。【结果】甜瓜根系在0-30 cm土层内,随着土层深度的加深,根长增加幅度变缓;在相同水处理条件下,甜瓜总根长、单果重、水分利用效率均随施氮量的增加,呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在中水中氮（W₂N₂）条件下,根系总长和单果重达到最大值,分别为6 625.48 cm和818.94 g;在相同氮处理条件下,甜瓜根系总长和单果重随灌水量的增加,呈现先增加后减小的趋势,水分利用效率随灌水量的增加逐渐降低,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而减小。细根根长、根系干质量与产量显著相关,根系越发达,甜瓜产量增加越明显。表明合理的灌水量和施氮量可以促进根系对水分和养分的吸收,进而提高产量。甜瓜根系总长在垂直方向上的分布变化规律可以采用方程：y=A(1-B^x)进行模拟,模型决定系数R²达到0.9以上。采用主成分分析法对甜瓜根系生长状况进行综合评价,结果表明综合主成分能够反映出全部根系信息的92.727%,综合评价最高的处理为中水中氮（W₂N₂）。不合理的灌水和施氮导致甜瓜单果重、根系各项特征参数、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力明显降低。【结论】在本试验条件下,滴灌施肥的施氮量和灌水量控制在N₂（130 kg N·hm^-2）和W₂（1.0ET_c）时,有利于促进根系生长,进而提高甜瓜单果重以及水氮利用效率,是试验地区膜下滴灌条件下温室甜瓜生产中适宜的水氮组合。     

基于因子分析和聚类分析对不同红小豆品种（系）性状的综合评价

为筛选出综合性状好的优良红小豆品种（系）,对22个红小豆品种（系）的生育期、株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、荚长、单荚粒数、百粒重、产量这10个性状进行变异分析、因子分析和聚类分析。结果表明：结合变异系数和因子载荷可以看出,株高、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、百粒重可以作为红小豆形态要求的选择标准。通过建立综合评价模型,综合评价居前3位的品种（系）是渝红豆4号、保红201219-1、THM2011-28,可作为优异资源加以利用。通过聚类分析,将22个红小豆品种（系）划分为4个大类群,大部分品种（系）聚集在第Ⅰ类群和第Ⅲ类群,以后应加强资源的多样性开发利用。     

Analysis of the Genetic Diversity and Origin of Some Chinese Domestic Duck Breeds

Twelve fluorescence-labeled microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 12 domestic duck breeds and 2 wild duck breeds to determine the relationship and origin of Chinese domestic duck breeds. Gene frequency, effective number of alleles （Ne）, expected heterozygosity （He）, polymorphism information contents （PIC）, inbreeding coefficient in population （Fis）, standard genetic distance （Ds）, and genetic distance （DA） were calculated by FSTAT and distance and phylogenetic analysis after the dates which were output from the Microsatellite-Toolkit software. Genetic distances between 12 domestic duck breeds and 2 wild duck breeds were analyzed by variance analysis. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） and phylogenetic trees used for cluster analysis were structured. The results indicated that 11 loci had medium- or high-level genetic diversity among the 12 loci, which could be efficiently used in the detection of the genetic parameters of each population. The values of He were 0.5414 to 0.7343, those of PIC proved similar, and those of Fis were 0.1101 to 0.3381 among all populations. All breeds were clustered into three groups by UPGMA phylogenetic trees. Banzui duck was clustered into a separate group. Differences of the DA were analysed by t-test. The results showed that difference in DA between the 12 domestic duck breeds and Lvtou duck and the Banzui duck were very significant （P〈0.01）, indicating that these 12 domestic duck breeds originated from Lvtou wild duck, but not Banzui duck.     

蔗糖基聚合物对3种水果果实品质的影响

[目的]研究蔗糖基聚合物对网纹甜瓜、红江橙、番木瓜果实品质的影响。[方法]通过挂果期叶面喷施蔗糖基聚合物水溶液处理3种水果,测定果实中可溶性固形物、维生素C、可滴定酸、总糖等生化物质的变化,并与其他2种增甜剂春雨1号和果王进行比较。[结果]结果表明,蔗糖基聚合物可有效提高这几种水果的可溶性固形物、总糖和维生素C含量,降低水果酸度,明显改善果实品质,对网纹甜瓜、红江橙的增甜效果优于其他2种增甜剂。[结论]蔗糖基聚合物作为水果增甜剂,具有极高的研究和推广价值。     

饲料中添加糖萜素对大菱鲆幼鱼体成分、消化酶活力、血脂及肠道组织结构的影响

为了探讨饲料中添加糖萜素对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼体成分、消化酶活力、血脂及肠道组织结构的影响,在6组基础饲料中分别添加0(D0)、25(D25)、50(D50)、75(D75)、100(D100)和200(D200)mg/kg糖萜素,实验期64 d。结果显示:各组间全鱼与背肌水分和粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05);D100和D200组全鱼粗脂肪显著低于D0组(P0.05),D75组背肌粗脂肪显著高于D0组(P0.05),D200组背肌粗脂肪显著低于D0组(P0.05);D25和D50组全鱼粗灰分含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),D200组显著高于D25~D75组(P0.05)。各组间饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均不受饲料糖萜素添加水平的影响(P0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸除D75组,其他添加组均显著高于D0组(P0.05)。D200组甘油三酯和总胆固醇显著低于D0组(P0.05);D50组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著高于D0组(P0.05),D75~D200组显著低于D0组(P0.05);各组间低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著差异(P0.05)。各添加组胰蛋白酶活性显著高于D0组(P0.05);D25~D75组脂肪酶显著高于D0组(P0.05);饲料中添加糖萜素对幼鱼肠道淀粉酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。在石蜡组织切片中:D50组前肠微绒毛长度显著高于其他各组(P0.05);D50组黏膜厚度显著高于D200组(P0.05);D25~D100组皱襞高度显著高于D0、D200组(P0.05)。综合以上实验结果,饲料中添加50~75mg/kg糖萜素可提高背肌多不饱和脂肪酸含量、降低血脂、改善肠道生理环境。     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼眼睛晶体微结构分析

分析从秘鲁外海采集的113尾茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)眼睛晶体的微结构,并对其生长纹的周期性进行验证,结果显示:眼睛晶体由前后两个部分组成,直径最大处所处的平面为赤道面,记录了晶体中所有的生长纹,生长带周期性明显,每条生长带由明、暗相间的两条同心的生长纹组成。由晶体核心至边缘,相邻生长纹间隔逐渐变小,没有明显的过渡区。晶体平均直径为7 mm,且平均每天生长7条生长纹。通过配对样本t检验,发现眼睛晶体生长纹与耳石日龄之间有很大的差异性(P0.05)。样本晶体生长纹A与晶体直径D呈指数关系(D=6.88e~(0.000 09A),n=113,R~2=0.578 1),与胴长ML也呈指数关系(L_(ML)=216.25e~(0.000 2A),n=113,R~2=0.463 2)。研究结果表明,茎柔鱼眼睛晶体生长纹不具有日周期性,但可将其作为个体生长分析的指标,为我国学者开展头足类年龄生长研究提供重要的基础文献。     

Analysis and processing of decayed log CT image based on multifractal theory

Nondestructive log testing technology is a new subject that has recently seen rapid development. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning technology has been applied to the detection of internal defects in logs for the purpose of obtaining prior information that can be used to arrive at better log sawing decisions. Because sawyers currently cannot see the inside of a log until the log faces are revealed by sawing, there is little perceived need to obtain scanned images as detailed as those obtained by CT imaging system. Thus, the recognition of internal defects has become increasingly important. The traditional means of describing objects, based on the well-known Euclidean geometry, is not capable of describing different natural objects and phenomena. On the contrary, fractal geometry and its multifractal extension are new tools which can be used for describing, modeling, analyzing and processing different complex shapes and images. A method in log CT image edge detection based on multifractal theory was applied in this paper. The Hölder exponent α (x,y) of image pixels was computed first, then its multifractal spectrum f (α) was estimated and different image pixels were classified, with f(α) = 1 corresponding to smoothing edge point and 1 ≤ f(α) < 1.5 to a singular edge point. Based on multifractal theory, the set of both singular edge points and smoothing edge points is the set of image edge points. Experimental results showed that the method of log CT image in the edge detection based on multifractal theory was a more effective and more local method than classical method of edge testing.     

Up-regulation of a homeodomain-leucine zipper gene HD-1 contributes to trichome initiation and development in cotton

Plant trichomes originate from epidermal cells. In this work, we demonstrated that a homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) gene, Gh_A06G1283 (GhHD-1A), was related to the leaf trichome trait in allotetraploid cotton and could be a candidate gene for the T₁ locus. The ortholog of GhHD-1A in the hairless accession Gossypium barbadense cv. Hai7124 was interrupted by a long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon, while GhHD-1A worked well in the hairy accession Gossypium hirsutum acc. T586. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that GhHD-1A belonged to the HD-Zip IV gene family, which mainly regulated epidermis hair development in plants. Silencing of GhHD-1A and its homoeologs GhHD-1D in allotetraploid T586 and Hai7124 could significantly reduce the density of leaf hairs and affect the expression levels of other genes related to leaf trichome formation. Further analysis found that GhHD-1A mainly regulated trichome initiation on the upper epidermal hairs of leaves in cotton, while the up-regulated expression of GhHD-1A in different organs/tissues also altered epidermal trichome development. This study not only helps to unravel the important roles of GhHD-1A in regulating trichome initiation in cotton, but also provides a reference for exploring the different forms of trichome development in plants.     

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants, and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies, the phenotypes, nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines (S532D and S532A), an OsNia1 over-expression line (OE) and Kitaake (wild type, WT). Compared with WT and OE, S532D and S532A have stronger nitrogen assimilation capacities. When ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and chlorophyll (Chl) contents of S532D and S532A were lower than those of the WT and OE, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite contents were higher. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and Chl contents of S532D and S532A were higher than those of the WT and OE, there were no significant differences in the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA in the leaves of the test materials, and the difference in nitrite contents among different lines decreased. When ammonium sulfate served as the nitrogen source, there were no significant differences in the physiological indexes of the test materials, except NR activity. Compared with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, the content of NH₄⁺-N in the leaves of each plant was lower when potassium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source. The qPCR results showed that OsGS and OsNGS1 were negatively regulated by downstream metabolites, and OsNrt2.2 was induced by nitrate. In summary, when ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the weak growth of NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines was due to the toxicity caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrite. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the assimilation rates of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium salt were accelerated in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines, which could provide more nitrogen nutrition and improve the tolerance of rice to ammonium nitrogen deficiency. These results could provide a possible method to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in rice under low-nitrogen conditions.     

红外相机技术在鼠类密度估算中的应用

2009年5月至2011年7月,在古田山国家自然保护区24 hm2(600 m×400 m)样地中用分层随机抽样法布置20台红外相机,监测样地内的鼠类密度.利用红外相机技术,引用物理学中气体分子碰撞率原理,在不对鼠类进行个体识别的情况下,估算样地内鼠类密度.结果表明,以此估算的样地内鼠类密度D3与标志重捕法估算的鼠类密度D之间不存在显著差异(P＞0.05),两者契合程度高,说明此模型具有相当高的精确性.而在较高的相机分布密度(0.83台/hm2)下得出的鼠类密度季节消长状况也验证了该模型的可靠程度.     

Genetic diversity analysis of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) distributed in China based on allozyme markers approach

Using starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the genetic diversity of 19 populations of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) distributed in China has been evaluated based on seven allozyme systems. Among the 14 enzyme loci studied, 12 of them showed polymorphic, giving a total of 40 alleles. The average allelic number (A) and the average effective allelic number (Ae) were 3.004 and 2.178, whereas the average of expected heterozygosity (He) and the observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.525 and 0.440, respectively. The total genetic differentiation (H _T ) in the 19 populations tested was 0.536, including 0.515 within population (H _S ) and 0.021 among populations (D _ST ). The mean coefficient of genetic differentiation (G _ST ) was 0.038, indicating that 3.8% of genetic differentiation was resulted from the populations, and the rest from those within the population. The genetic distance among the 19 populations was small, ranging from 0.015 to 0.065. Cluster analysis based on AVERAGE showed that populations with closer geographical distribution had higher genetic similarity than that in populations with far away distribution. There was no evident geographic differentiation pattern in Chinese black locust populations at a biochemical level.     

一种岩芯识别算法

针对石油勘探中的岩芯识别问题,给出了一种分形理论和纹理分析相结合的识别算法。算法首先使用"双毯法"计算岩芯图像的分形维数,根据分形维数对岩芯图像进行分组,使具有相似分形维数的岩芯图像分为一组,并提取出图像的特征区域,实现对岩芯图像的"粗分"。其次对分组中的岩芯图像使用"空间灰度层共现矩阵法"进行"细分",实现岩芯图像的识别。实验结果表明给出的算法能够实现对岩芯图像的有效识别。     

Effects of drought stress on root morphology and spatial distribution of soybean and adzuki bean

Due to global climate change, Korea is facing severe droughts that affect the planting and early vegetative periods of upland crops. Soybean and adzuki bean are important legume crops in Korea, so it is critical to understand their adaptations to water stress. This study investigated the changes in root morphological properties in soybean and adzuki bean and quantified the findings using fractal analysis. The experiment was performed at the National Institute of Crop Science in Miryang, Korea. Soybeans and adzuki beans were planted in test boxes and grown for 30 days. The boxes were filled with bed soil with various soil moisture treatments. Root images were obtained and scanned every two days, and the root properties were characterized by root length, depth and surface area, number of roots, and fractal parameters(fractal dimension and lacunarity). Root depth, length and surface area and the number of roots increased in both crops as the soil moisture content increased. The fractal dimension and lacunarity values increased as the soil moisture content increased. These results indicated that the greater the soil moisture, the more heterogeneous the root structure. Correlation analysis of the morphological properties and fractal parameters indicated that soybean and adzuki bean had different root structure developments. Both soybean and adzuki bean were sensitive to the amount of soil moisture in the early vegetative stage. Soybean required a soil moisture content greater than 70% of the field capacity to develop a full root structure, while adzuki bean required 100% of the field capacity. These results would be useful in understanding the responses of soybean and adzuki bean to water stress and managing irrigation during cultivation.     

气象因素对民勤地区参考作物腾发量变化的贡献分析

利用世界粮农组织的Penman-Monteith方法以及敏感曲线分析法,对甘肃国家级地面站点民勤站1968—2018年来的参考作物腾发量和气象因素的变化规律及各气象因子对参考作物腾发量变化的贡献大小进行了研究。结果表明:1)民勤站参考作物腾发量ET0年内变化特征呈抛物线形式,在1—5月增加,8—12月递减,7月达到最大值为5.29mm/d,年际变化整体呈波动上升趋势;2)利用相关性分析与主成分分析发现ET0与平均最高气温Tmax、平均饱和水汽压差VPD的相关性最大,利用偏相关性分析发现ET0与平均风速U、平均净辐射与土壤热通量的差Rn-G的相关性最小,但ET0与U、Rn-G的偏相关性较大,说明ET0与U、Rn-G的关系受其他气象因素的影响较大;3)气象因素的年内变化与ET0对各气象因素的敏感系数在年内的变化趋势有一定的相似度。ET0对Rn-G的敏感系数不大,但是由于Rn-G自身的增长幅度较大,导致Rn-G对ET0增长的贡献率最大;平均气温T和VPD对ET0的增长也产生了一定的贡献;U对ET0的增长产生了较大的负贡献。     

硝酸镧对甜瓜叶片生理指标和果实品质的影响

以甜瓜为材料,研究了叶面喷施硝酸镧对甜瓜生长发育的影响,并探讨叶片抗病性相关酶活性与植株生长和果实品质之间的相关性。采用5个浓度的La(NO3)3溶液(0,100,150,200,250,300 mg/L),于伸蔓期、始花期、膨瓜期各喷施甜瓜叶面1次,测定3个生长时期甜瓜叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,以及叶绿素,类胡萝卜素和丙二醛(MDA)含量,测定各处理的单瓜重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc含量。结果表明:(1)在各处理中,200 mg/L硝酸镧处理效果最显著,其中甜瓜叶片的叶绿素含量为各处理中最高,SOD,PPO和CAT活性最高,POD活性和MDA含量最低,果实品质最佳,可溶性糖和维生素C含量均呈最高值;(2)250 mg/L以上浓度的硝酸镧处理则抑制甜瓜生长,降低其产量和品质。因此,适宜浓度的硝酸镧(200 mg/L)处理具有促进甜瓜生长、增强植株抗逆性的效应。     

Genetic dissection of the grain-filling rate and related traits through linkage analysis and genome-wide association study in bread wheat

Wheat grain yield is generally sink-limited during grain filling. The grain-filling rate (GFR) plays a vital role but is poorly studied due to the difficulty of phenotype surveys. This study explored the grain-filling traits in a recombinant inbred population and wheat collection using two highly saturated genetic maps for linkage analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS). Seventeen stable additive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified on chromosomes 1B, 4B, and 5A. The linkage interval between IWB19555 and IWB56078 showed pleiotropic effects on GFR₁, GFR_max, kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), kernel thickness (KT), and thousand kernel weight (TKW), with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 13.38% (KW) to 33.69% (TKW). 198 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were distributed across most chromosomes except for 3D and 4D. The major associated sites for GFR included IWB44469 (11.27%), IWB8156 (12.56%) and IWB24812 (14.46%). Linkage analysis suggested that IWB35850, identified through GWAS, was located in approximately the same region as QGFRmax2B.3-11, where two high-confidence candidate genes were present. Two important grain weight (GW)-related QTLs colocalized with grain-filling QTLs. The findings contribute to understanding the genetic architecture of the GFR and provide a basic approach to predict candidate genes for grain yield trait QTLs.