95Zr在鲫鱼体内的分布及在水生生态系统中的消长动态

采用同位素示踪技术研究了鲫鱼对~(95)Zr的吸收和在其体内的分布动态以及95Zr在水生生态系统中的行为特性,并运用非线性拟合方法建立其数学模型。结果表明:(1)从水体中引入的95Zr由于沉降、土壤吸附、被鱼体摄入和金鱼藻的吸收、吸附作用使水体中的95Zr比活度呈快速下降,其消失动态符合二项指数衰减规律,Cw=43.36e-1.7439t 12.85e-0.1467t。(2)金鱼藻对95Zr有较强的吸收、吸附能力,其比活度变化动态(1～28d)符合单项指数衰减规律,Ch=166.69e-0.0361t,其浓集系数(CF值)随时间而增大,至试验结束时(28d)高达321.12。(3)鲫鱼从水体中摄入和吸收95Zr的主要器官是肠胃道(内脏),与水体直接接触而吸附、吸收的95Zr主要集中在鱼鳃和鱼鳍中,肉、骨和鱼卵中的比活度较低(略高于本底水平),表明通过肠胃道摄入和鳃、鳍等组织吸附、吸收的95Zr不易向肉、骨和鱼卵等内部组织输运,指数回归分析表明鲫鱼(全鱼)中95Zr的变化动态符合二项指数规律,C=12.12(e-0.2045t-e-1.4470t).     

甲磺隆在人工水生生态系统中的环境行为

应用人工水生生态实验装置和放射性同位素示踪技术,并应用高效液相色谱仪,研究了14C-甲磺隆在模拟水生生态系中的迁移和分配。45d的追踪实验结果表明,甲磺隆主要留存于水体中,进入底泥中的量只占施药总量的28．56%。甲磺隆母体在水体中的残留变化符合下述方程:y＝74．912e-0．059x,R＝0．95,半衰期约为 12 d。4种水生生物对14C-甲磺隆的富集系数从高到低的顺序为:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)＞紫背浮萍(Spirodela polyrhiza)＞石螺(Bellamya purificata)＞尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapianilotica)。金鱼藻和紫背浮萍对甲磺隆的积累随时间的延续而明显增加,在尼罗罗非鱼体内富集程度为内脏＞头部＞躯干,石螺外壳为表面吸附,而内脏对甲磺隆的富集25d达到平衡。     

多菌灵在草莓与土壤中的残留动态研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法,研究了多菌灵在草莓与土壤中的消解动态和最终残留.分析结果表明,多菌灵最低检出浓度为0.05mg·kg-2,添加浓度在0.05～2.0mg·kg-2范围内,回收率为81.6%～102.6%,变异系数为1.44%～5.35%.田间试验结果表明,多菌灵推荐浓度和加倍浓度在草莓中的消解动态方程分别为C=3.212e-0.1354t、C=8.8103e-0.1379t,土壤中的消解动态方程分别为C=2.941 1e-0.1011t、C=6.1733e-0114 4t.多菌灵消解较快,草莓中的消解半衰期为4.2～6.7d,土壤中的消解半衰期为5.4～7.3d.加倍浓度和推荐浓度各施药2次,30d后残留量均降至0.1mg·kg-1以下,低于多菌灵在果蔬中最大允许残留量(MRL)0.5mg·kg-1.     

噻吩磺隆在小麦和土壤中的残留降解动态研究

为探明噻吩磺隆在小麦上使用后的残留降解动态,评价其安全性,2005年和2006年分别在湖南省浏阳市城关镇和长沙县黄花镇进行了噻吩磺隆在小麦植株和土壤中的残留降解动态试验.试验结果表明,在施药37.13 g/hm2时,浏阳市城关镇试验点噻吩磺隆在小麦植株和土壤中的降解动态方程分别为y=8.917 2 e-0.195 9 t和y=0.796 2 e-0.317 4 t,半衰期分别为3.54 d和2.18 d;长沙县黄花镇试验点噻吩磺隆在小麦植株和土壤中的降解动态方程分别为y = 0.727 7 e-0.190 9 t和y =0.623 e-0.388 1 t,半衰期分别为3.63 d和1.79 d.噻吩磺隆在小麦植株和土壤中都能迅速降解,在土壤中的降解速率更快,施药7 d后噻吩磺隆的消失率达到90%以上.     

三种沉水植物对Cu、Pb复合污染底泥的修复效果

利用生态缸模拟静态水体,进行底泥重金属污染的富集试验,从富集量、生物富集系数(BSAF)和去除率等指标探究苦草(Vallisneria natans)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)等三种常见沉水植物对Cu、Pb复合污染底泥的修复效果。结果表明:苦草、黑藻富集效果最佳的时间段为培养生长的84~105 d,金鱼藻则为63~84 d。黑藻对Cu的BSAF达到15.2,是苦草的2.9倍、金鱼藻的2.7倍,黑藻中Cu含量与底泥中重金属含量达到显著负相关(r=-0.995,P0.05),表现出对Cu较高的富集能力。从去除率与BSAF显示,三种植物对Cu的富集能力为黑藻金鱼藻苦草;对Pb的富集能力为苦草黑藻金鱼藻;其中黑藻对Cu-Pb复合污染的综合修复效果最好。三种植物的一个生长周期结束时,底泥中Cu、Pb含量与试验开始的污染底泥相比差异均达到显著水平(P0.05),Cu-Pb复合污染程度有明显下降,经修复后的Cu-Pb复合污染底泥可达到《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)的Ⅱ级标准;而黑藻富集作用可以使污染底泥中Cu含量达到《土壤环境质量标准》的Ⅰ级标准。     

丙酯草醚在油菜和土壤中的残留动态研究

利用自行探索的液相色谱紫外检测方法研究了除草剂丙酯草醚在河北、湖北两地油菜和油菜田土壤中的残留规律.结果表明,该方法丙酯草醚最低检出浓度为0.006 mg·kg-1,添加浓度在0.01～1.0 mg·kg-1范围内,回收率为81.0%～5.7%,变异系数为1.56%～5.19%.丙酯草醚在河北、湖北两地油菜中的消解动态方程分别为C=2.56e-0.0903T和C=2.56e-0.115T,在土壤中的消解动态方程分别为C=0.232e-0.0568T和C=2.01e-0.0639T在两地油菜中的半衰期分别为7.67 d和6.05 d,在两地土壤中的半衰期分别为12.2 d和10.9 d.10%丙酯草醚悬浮剂用于油菜田除草,施药剂量有效成分为45～60 g·hm-2,施药1次,收获期油菜籽及油菜植株中丙酯草醚残留量低于0.01 mg·kg-1,土壤中丙酯草醚残留量低于0.02 mg·kg-1.     

不同温·湿度下啶虫脒在褐土中降解研究

[目的]研究褐土中啶虫脒在不同温湿下的室内降解趋势,寻求最佳降解温度和湿度。[方法]土壤中啶虫脒经乙腈高速匀浆提取后,减压浓缩,弗罗里硅土柱净化后GC-ECD进样。[结果]在25℃20%、40%、60%含水量的情况下,啶虫脒的消解符合一级动力学方程,分别为C=3.1921e-0.145t,T1/2=4.8d;C=1.604e-0.231t,T1/2=3.0d;C=3.1329e-0.1564t,T1/2=4.4d。在含水量为40%的情况下,对其20、25、30℃的消解进行了测定,其消解也符合一级动力学方程,分别为C=2.3041e-0.1463t,T1/2=4.7d;C=1.604e-0.231t,T1/2=3.0d;C=0.7029e-0.2314t,T1/2=2.9d。[结论]在30℃、含水量40%的情况下,降解最快。     

抗蚜威在黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

将抗蚜威按90~150 g/hm2商品推荐使用剂量进行田间试验,应用气相色谱法进行残留量分析检测。结果表明:抗蚜威在黄瓜及土壤中消失率分别在施药6 d和7 d后达到90%以上,其消解动态方程分别为Ct=1.184 5e-0.339 5t、Ct=5.257 5e-0.390 5t,半衰期为1.7~2.0 d。抗蚜威在黄瓜及土壤中的残留量随着时间延长而递减,符合一级反应动力学方程。     

水生植物对水体中放射性锶的富集动态

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究了水生植物卡州萍、水葫芦和金鱼藻对水体中 89Sr的富集动态。结果表明 :水体中 89Sr的比活度由于水生植物和底泥的吸收或吸附作用随时间而减少 ;水生植物对水体中的 89Sr均具有一定的的富集能力 ,CF值多在 1 0～ 2 0之间 ,最大不超过 3 0 ,经综合比较 ,其中水葫芦的富集能力优于卡州萍和金鱼藻 ,因此可选用水葫芦作为净化水体中放射性锶的生物材料。此外 ,底泥对水体中的 89Sr也具有较强的吸附与固着能力。     

异丙威在大白菜和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

异丙威乳油按商品推荐使用剂量30~50g/hm2进行田间试验表明,施药7d后,异丙威在大白菜和土壤中消失率达90%以上,其消解动态方程分别为Ct=3.9679e-0.3579t,Ct=1.7345e-0.3819t,半衰期为1.8~1.9d。异丙威在大白菜和土壤中的残留量随着时间延长而递减,符合一级反应动力学方程。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。