中国4大湖泊大鳞副泥鳅群体遗传多样性分析

为保护大鳞副泥鳅种质资源,制定合理的野生资源保护策略,并为大鳞副泥鳅良种选育确定合适的育种基础群体,通过第二代测序技术自主开发并合成微卫星引物400对,经验证后随机采用其中的17个多态性微卫星标记对太湖、洪泽湖、洞庭湖和巢湖等4大湖泊的野生大鳞副泥鳅群体进行遗传多样性分析。检测到各基因座的平均观测等位基因和有效等位基因数分别为9.5和5.5个。平均期望杂合度为0.566 5,平均Fst值为0.219 4(0.2),Nm为0.889 4(1),表明4个大鳞副泥鳅群体间遗传交流较少,存在着较高程度的遗传分化。4个大鳞副泥鳅群体的等位基因数为5.4~6.2(平均5.8),观测杂合度0.273 2~0.386 4,期望杂合度0.562 9~0.589 3,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.550 3~0.575 4,表明4个群体具有丰富的遗传多样性。4个大鳞副泥鳅群体间的遗传距离为0.528 3~0.967 7,洪泽湖和太湖群体间的遗传距离最小(0.528 3),而太湖和巢湖群体间遗传距离最大,亲缘关系相对较远。基于遗传距离的聚类结果显示4个群体先聚为2个分支,其中太湖和洪泽湖群体聚为一支,洞庭湖和巢湖群体聚为另一支,这与4个大鳞副泥鳅野生群体的地理分布一致。中国4大湖泊大鳞副泥鳅自然群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,每个群体宜作为独立的保护单元进行保护。4个大鳞副泥鳅群体中太湖群体和洪泽湖群体的遗传多样性最高,可作为进一步遗传选育的基础群体。     

泥鳅选育品系、大鳞副泥鳅选育品系及其杂交子代的生长和形态差异分析

【目的】旨在探究属间杂交对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅生长性能及形态的影响。【方法】试验选取分别经2代群体选育的泥鳅(M)与大鳞副泥鳅(P)优良个体为亲本,通过人工繁殖建立了泥鳅自交M(泥鳅♀×泥鳅♂)、大鳞副泥鳅自交P(大鳞副泥鳅♀×大鳞副泥鳅♂)、正交MP(泥鳅♀×大鳞副泥鳅♂)与反交PM(大鳞副泥鳅♀×泥鳅♂)4个试验群体,并对其生长性能及形态差异进行了比较。【结果】4个群体生长性能比较结果表明:在2,3,4,5,12月龄等生长阶段,4个群体生长速率差异趋势相似,且MP与PM在生长性能上差异显著(P0.05),MP生长速率显著高于PM、M(P0.05)、显著低于P(P0.05),PM生长速率显著高于M(P0.05)、显著低于P(P0.05)。可数性状的分析结果表明,MP群体与PM群体鳍条数目皆偏向于M亲本。可量性状和框架结构数据的聚类分析结果表明,MP与PM聚为1支,再与M聚为1支,最后与P聚为1支;主成分分析概括出方差贡献率较大的3个主成分,累积贡献率为78.806%,其中主成分1方差贡献率为43.000%;在27个测量参数中挑选21个对主成分1贡献较大的参数建立4个群体的判别函数,判别准确率为83.33%～93.33%。【结论】综上所述,杂交后代生长性状体现出了明显的超单亲(泥鳅)优势,且两种杂交泥鳅形态相近,均与泥鳅更相似。研究结果为杂种泥鳅的鉴定、育种及养殖提供了科学依据。     

不同地域泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的染色体倍性比较与分析

采用流式细胞仪对安徽蚌埠，湖北荆州，上海崇明、南汇、松江、金山6地的泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的血液细胞和成熟精巢进行了染色体倍性检测，并对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅二倍体DNA相对含量进行比较。结果表明：①二倍体是泥鳅最主要的倍性形式，四倍体泥鳅出现的频率仅占总样本的1．12％，雄性和雌性泥鳅都发现了四倍体，这表明四倍体倍性与性别无关，与地域有关；②实验检测的四倍体均为泥鳅。未检测到大鳞副泥鳅存在四倍体，各地均未检测到泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的天然三倍体；③由于同一地域的泥鳅存在不同的倍性，故不能认为出自某一地域的泥鳅就仅有某种特定的倍性形式；④有部分样本流式细胞仪检测的DNA相对含量介于泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅之间，这可能是由于在自然环境下，泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅杂交，染色体发生交换所致。     

大鳞副泥鳅Sox基因保守区的克隆与特征分析 

为探讨大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)的性别决定与分化机制,采用Sox基因HMG盒保守区的2对简并引物,SoxN与Sox9,用以扩增大鳞副泥鳅的基因组DNA,并对其性腺组织进行RT-PCR分析。SoxN引物扩增基因组DNA共获得pdSox1、pdSox2、pdSox3、pdSox4、pdSox11、pdSox14、pdSox19、pd-Sox21等13个Sox基因,分属SoxB与SoxC类群;Sox9引物扩增基因组DNA共获得pdSox8、pdSox9等5个Sox基因,属于SoxE类群,这5个Sox基因均含有一个内含子,且内含子的起始位置一致。基于Sox基因HMG盒蛋白质的遗传距离构建的NJ系统进化树表明,大鳞副泥鳅18个Sox基因在小鼠或斑马鱼中均能找到相应的Sox直系同源基因,其中,pdSox4、pdSox8、pdSox9、pdSox11、pdSox14、pdSox19等6个基因存在基因加倍现象,具有2个或2个以上的拷贝。用Sox9引物对大鳞副泥鳅的性腺进行RT-PCR扩增和测序分析,结果表明,在精巢中表达的是pdSox9a,在卵巢中表达的是pdSox8a。以上结果表明,pdSox8与pdSox9是大鳞副泥鳅的性别相关基因,它们可能在大鳞副泥鳅的性别分化中发挥作用。     

河南地区大鳞副泥鳅和泥鳅的年龄与生长

2012年10月于河南郑州采集大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)385尾、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)177尾,通过鳞片和耳石磨片对其进行年龄鉴定以及生长相关研究。结果表明,鳞片和耳石磨片均适合用于大鳞副泥鳅和泥鳅年龄与生长研究;2种鳅类均有5个年龄组,1~3龄居多;体长和鳞径呈直线相关,表达式分别为LP=4.4602r+5.3128、LM=8.5110r+3.0081;体长与体质量呈幂函数关系,雌雄群体之间无显著性差异,表达式分别为WP=0.008L3.051、WM=0.009L2.992,属等速增长类型;体长生长规律可以用von Bertalanffy方程表示,表达式分别为LP=21.84[1-e-0.129(t+3.638)]、LM=28.02[1-e-0.097(t+3.521)];大鳞副泥鳅2龄之前生长较快,而泥鳅3龄之前生长较快,快速生长期长。建议在河南地区大鳞副泥鳅和泥鳅野生资源捕捞最小规格为13cm。     

泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅杂交子代与其亲本形态特征比较

采用形态学测定与统计分析相结合的方法,观察和测定泥鳅♀×大鳞副泥鳅♂(D×P)和大鳞副泥鳅♀×泥鳅♂(P×D)及其亲本的形态差异、可数性状及可量性状,研究泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅杂交子代及其亲本的形态差异。结果显示,正反交子代(D×P和P×D)外观相似,同时具有双亲的一些特征,如尾柄处皮褶发达,与大鳞副泥鳅相似,而身体上的花纹与泥鳅更相似,大多为圆形斑点,兼有少部分条纹。在体型方面,2种杂交子代体型介于泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅之间,较大鳞副泥鳅更圆。聚类分析和主成分分析显示,2种杂交泥鳅形态相近,均与大鳞副泥鳅更相似。判别分析综合准确率达到94.1%,可以有效鉴别这2种泥鳅和它们的杂交种。泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅正反交均可获得存活子代,且孵化率、畸形率和早期存活率与自交组没有显著性差异(P0.05)。     

苏州地区泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅年龄与生长的初步研究

选取鳞片作为泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的年龄鉴定材料,并对两种鱼进行了常规生物学测定.结果显示,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的体长与鳞径均呈直线相关,其相关式分别为泥鳅L=99.577R + 9.743 5(r=0.997);大鳞副泥鳅L=74.445R + 9.644 2(r=0.995).两种鱼体长与体重均呈幂函数关系,相关式分别为泥鳅W =0.011 8L2.8644(r=0.899)和大鳞副泥鳅W=0.014 6L2.8135(r = 0.923).体长、体重的生长规律能较好地用von Bertalanffy方程进行拟合(P<0.01),其表达式分别为泥鳅:Lt=25.90[1-e-0.191(t+0.806)],Wt=135.90[1-e-0.191(t+0.806)]3;大鳞副泥鳅:Lt =25.59[1-e-0.201(t+0.731)];Wt =169.45[1-e-0.201(t+0.731)]3.3龄以前两种鱼的体长生长速度较快,两种鱼的体重生长拐点年龄分别为4.95龄和4.73龄.     

基于判别分析的泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅识别

[目的]为科学识别形态特征相似的泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅。[方法]在对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅形态特征研究的基础上,经逐步判别分析,筛选颌须/头长、皮褶长/体长、体高/体长3项形态指标建立识别泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅的判别函数。[结果]结果表明:该函数的判别正确率达94%。[结论]在实际工作中,只需测量颌须、皮褶长、体高、体长4项形态指标,利用判别函数就能快速、简便地确定类别的归属;利用形态指标建立鱼体的判别函数实现对鱼类别的科学、快速判别是可行的,对于指导生产实践以及科学研究都具有重要价值。     

我国三种野生泥鳅遗传多样性的微卫星分析

本研究采用5个微卫星分子标记技术对我国黑龙江泥鳅(M.mohoity)、北方泥鳅(M.bipartitus)、泥鳅(M.anguillicaudatus)进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,三种泥鳅的5个微卫星基因座共检测到等位基因数27个,微卫星基因座的等位基因数范围为3~7个。5个微卫星基因座在三种泥鳅的多态信息含量都达到了高度多态的水平,平均PIC值在0.526~0.722之间,说明三种泥鳅具有丰富的遗传多样性。黑龙江泥鳅、北方泥鳅和泥鳅的观测杂合度Ho分别为0.978,0.889和0.742,期望杂合度He分别为0.683、0.781、0.721。三种泥鳅的遗传距离为0.189~0.559,泥鳅和北方泥鳅群体间遗传距离最小为0.189,亲缘关系较近,而泥鳅和黑龙江泥鳅群体间遗传距离最大为0.559,亲缘关系较远。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验P值。得出所有个体在5个微卫星位点上都无偏离现象。聚类结果显示黑龙江泥鳅、北方泥鳅、泥鳅群体分为二支,泥鳅和北方泥鳅聚为一类,之后两者再与黑龙江泥鳅聚为一类。     

大鳞副泥鳅卵和泥鳅精子杂交受精细胞的观察

大鳞副泥鳅和泥鳅杂交的受精细胞学过程,证实异源的泥鳅精子能够进入大鳞副泥鳅的卵子中,诱导星光并形成雄性原核。雌雄原核相互接触并融合形成合子核。全部过程有正常的受精细胞学程序和卵裂方式,由此产生的后代兼具父,母本双方的遗传性状。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。