硫酸头孢喹肟在鸡体内的药物动力学研究

采用HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度,3P97药物动力学软件处理血药浓度数据,研究硫酸头孢喹肟口服和静注给药在鸡体内的动力学特征。结果表明:静脉注射主要药物动力学参数,表观分布容积(Vd)为1.16L·kg-1,分布半衰期(T1/2α)为0.29h,消除半衰期(T1/2β)为1.69h,曲线下面积(AUC)为6.57mg·(L·h)-1,消除速率CL(s)为1.53L·(kg·h)-1;口服主要药物动力学参数,T1/2α为0.52h,T1/2β为0.88h,达峰时间(tmax)为1.07h,峰浓度(Cmax)为3.63mg·L-1,AUC为9.84mg·(L·h)-1,生物利用度(F)为75.1%。证明硫酸头孢喹肟静注给药体内分布广泛,消除迅速;口服给药吸收迅速,分布广泛,但在鸡体内生物利用度稍低,但可有效控制常见细菌感染。     

恩诺沙星在杂交鲟体内的药物代谢动力学

采用高效液相色谱法,研究在单次口灌给药途径下,恩诺沙星在杂交鲟（施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii♂×达氏鳇Huso dauricus♀）体内的药代动力学。对杂交鲟单次口灌给药恩诺沙星10 mg/kg后,用3P97药代动力学分析软件对实验数据进行了分析。结果表明：恩诺沙星在杂交鲟血液、肌肉和肝脏中的药物时量曲线关系符合一级吸收的二室开放模型;该药在血液、肌肉和组织中的平均回收率分别为93.6%±1.14%、92.65%±1.5%、92.82%±1.39%,在杂交鲟不同组织中分布较广,其在血液、肌肉和肝脏的表观分布容积v/f分别为26.987、6.2298、2.1515 L/kg;恩诺沙星在杂交鲟体内消除较慢,在血液、肌肉和肝脏中的消除半衰期分别为290.139、114.9、901.835 h,总体清除率分别为0.2288、0.1047、0.02164 L/（kg.h）。鉴于恩诺沙星在杂交鲟体内消除较慢,建议养成阶段使用其它药物。     

阿米卡星脂质体在家兔体内的药动学研究

为研究阿米卡星脂质体在家兔体内的代谢动力学,给家兔一次静注阿米卡星脂质体(12.5 mg/kg),在 24 h内不同时间点取血样测定血药浓度.结果表明:药-时曲线符合一室开放模型,其主要药代动力学参数分别为:生物半衰期(t1/2β)7.39 h,表观分布容积(V)38.43 mL,药时曲线下面积(AUC)7 487.34 h·μg/mL,清除率(CLB)3.80mL/h.     

不同给药方式下培氟沙星在鲤体内的药代动力学研究

在水温为18℃下,按10 mg/kg（体质量）对体质量为（200±30）g的福瑞鲤Cyprinus carpio单次肌肉注射和混饲口灌培氟沙星,于不同时间点采集鲤血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、肾脏组织,经超高液相色谱法测定各组织中培氟沙星的浓度,并采用DAS 3.0药物代谢动力学软件的非房室模型统计矩方法分析药时数据。结果表明：混饲口灌给药和肌注给药后,培氟沙星的药时曲线下面积（ AUC）分别为88.35、139.9 mg·h/L,达峰浓度（ Cmax ）分别为2.092、3.687 mg/L,达峰时间（ Tmax ）分别为4.0、0.5 h,消除半衰期（ t1/2）分别为22.301、74.357 h,表观分布容积（ Vd ）分别为5.464、15.342 L/kg,总体清除率（ CL ）分别为0.170、0.143 L·kg/h。研究表明,肌肉注射给药较混饲口灌达峰时间短,达峰浓度高,半衰期长,生物利用度高。     

泰拉霉素在鸡体内的药物代谢动力学研究

[目的]探讨泰拉霉素在鸡体内的药物代谢动力学过程和特征及其生物利用度.[方法]给受试健康鸡分别进行静脉注射、肌肉注射及口服泰拉霉素,给药后在120h内分点心脏采血,血浆样品经乙腈-0.1％甲酸溶液(体积比为95∶5)沉淀,离心去蛋白,以HPLC-ESI-MS/MS法检测鸡血浆中泰拉霉素含量,最后采用药动学软件Winnonlin的非房室模型进行数据分析.[结果]受试鸡经静脉注射、肌肉注射和口服给药后药时数据均适合非房室模型.静脉注射给药后,血浆清除率(CL)为17.71 mL·kg-1·h-1,稳态表观分布容积(Vss)为77.15 L·kg-1,消除半衰期(t1/2)为21.65 h.肌肉注射和口服泰拉霉素后,在0.25和0.5h时,血浆浓度(Cmax)达峰值,分别为0.83和0.69 ng· mL-1,血浆中t1/2平均分别为20.96和24.33 h;生物利用度分别为92.59％和62.38％,说明肌肉注射给药较口服吸收完全,生物利用度高.[结论]泰拉霉素肌肉注射或口服在健康鸡体内表观分布容积大,吸收和分布迅速,达峰时间短,消除缓慢,生物利用度高.     

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶在兔体内的药代动力学研究

用重氮化-偶合比色法,测定了兔(n=6)单剂量快速静注磺胺间甲氧嘧啶50mg/kg的血药浓度,对其在兔体内的动力学特征进行了分析,符合无吸收因素二室开放模型.其主要药动学参数平均值:消除半衰期(t1/2β)为2.06h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为0.798lmg.h.mL~(-1),表观分布容积(Vd)为188.19mL/kg,血中有效浓度维持时间[Tcp(ther)]为4.82h.     

甲氧氯普胺在家兔体内的药物动力学

研究甲氧氯普胺在家兔体内的药物动力学过程。按5mg/kg的剂量给家兔静脉注射给药,用紫外分光光度法研究甲氧氯普胺注射液在家兔体内的血药质量浓度。结果表明,甲氧氯普胺在家兔体内的药物动力学符合开放性二室模型。其最佳药-时曲线方程为ρ=1 048.38e-5.737 9t+48.0e-0.301 6t;分布相半衰期(t1/2α)为(0.120 9±0.003 1)h,消除相半衰期(t1/2β)为(3.320 8±0.256 9)h,药-时曲线下面积(AUC)为(6.144 1±0.539 8)mg/(L.h),体清除率(CLB)为(1.454 2±0.145 9)L/(kg.h),表观分布容积(Vd)值为(1.945 2±0.337 1)L/kg。结果显示,甲氧氯普胺在家兔体内分布快、分布广、代谢较快。     

不同水温联合用药中恩诺沙星在鲤体内的药代动力学及残留的影响

为比较水温对没食子酸与恩诺沙星联合用药后恩诺沙星在福瑞鲤体内的药代动力学及其残留消除规律的影响,采用对照试验,将福瑞鲤随机分为高温组(26±1)℃和低温组(20±1)℃,没食子酸与恩诺沙星按质量比10∶1配伍后单次混饲口灌给药,用量为体质量2 mg/kg(以恩诺沙星计),血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、肾脏各组织样品中的恩诺沙星含量经高效液相色谱法测定。数据经DAS 3.0药物代谢动力学软件的非房室模型统计矩方法分析。结果表明:恩诺沙星在血浆中高温组达峰时间T_(max)(0.75 h)早于低温组(4 h),且高温组达峰浓度C_(max)、药时曲线下面积AUC、表观分布容积Vz均大于低温组,分别为1.966 mg/L、130.122 mg/(L·h)、16.9 L/kg和1.610 mg/L、102.795 mg/(L·h)、3.186 L/kg。在鱼体肌肉、肝胰脏、肾脏中的药物浓度均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。高温组各组织中的药物在达峰前均高于低温组相应组织含量,而达峰后,高温组较低温组消除更快。表明水温对与没食子酸联用后恩诺沙星的吸收、分布、消除代谢均有较大促进作用。     

磺胺噻唑在山羊体内的药物动力学研究

【目的】研究磺胺噻唑在山羊体内的药物动力学过程,为该药在兽医临床的合理应用提供依据。【方法】用磺胺噻唑对照品配制标准溶液,建立磺胺噻唑的紫外测定方法。给6只山羊分别静脉注射剂量为70mg/kg的磺胺噻唑钠,于注射前和注射后5,10,15,30,45,60,120,180,240和300min分别颈静脉采血,测定血药质量浓度,用残数法拟合药-时曲线,计算其药物动力学参数。【结果】磺胺噻唑在山羊体内的药物动力学符合二室模型。药物动力参数消除相初始质量浓度B为(198.37±64.63)mg/L,分布相半衰期t1/2α为(0.05±0.04)h,消除相半衰期t1/2β为(0.89±0.21)h,表观分布容积Vd为(0.15±0.07)L/kg,体内消除率CL(s)为(0.28±0.08)mg/(kg·h),有效血药浓度维持时间为(1.58±0.58)h。【结论】磺胺噻唑在山羊体内为短效药物。     

甲磺酸培氟沙星在山羊体内的药物动力学研究

分析了甲磺酸培氟沙星(Pefloxacine Mesylate,PM)在成年山羊体内的代谢动力学过程。山羊单剂量快速静注PM10 mg/kg,8 h内不同时间14次颈静脉采血,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果表明,PM在山羊体内的药物动力学配置符合无吸收因素二室开放模型。其药-时曲线最佳方程为:C=9.3680e-5.6806t 9.4885e-0.4393t;主要药物动力学参数:分布半衰期t1/2α=0.1678±0.1298 h,消除相半衰期t1/2β=1.6322±0.3189 h,药-时曲线下面积AUC=24.7542±6.4560μg.mL-1.h,表观分布容积Vd=0.9676±0.1498 L.kg-1,体清除率CLB=0.4219±0.0832 L.kg-1.h-1。结果显示PM在山羊体内分布迅速而广泛,消除较快。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。