白菜-辣椒轮作中磷肥的产量效应及土壤磷积累研究

 采用田间肥料定位试验研究了白菜—辣椒轮作中磷肥在蔬菜上的产量效应、土壤中磷的积累状况及磷肥的经济安全用量等。结果表明，施用磷肥显著增加了白菜和辣椒的产量，磷肥在白菜和辣椒上的产量效应符合二次式＋平台模式，磷肥在白菜和辣椒上最高产量用量为186.71 kg•hm-2, 339.00 kg•hm-2。随磷用量的增加白菜和辣椒的植株全磷量、0～20cm土壤全磷及Olsen-P均显著增加，大量施用磷肥导致蔬菜对磷的奢侈吸收。磷肥在白菜和辣椒上的经济安全用量不宜超过112.5 kg•hm-2和225.0 kg•hm-2。连续2茬施用P 450.0 kg•hm-2、675.0 kg•hm-2的土壤上种植白菜，施用磷肥无显著增产效应。     

磷肥和有机肥对白菜产量及土壤磷库的影响（征文）

采用2年的微区筒定位试验研究了磷肥和有机肥对白菜产量、白菜全磷、土壤全磷、有机磷、Olsen-P、水溶性磷及生物有效磷等的影响。结果表明，磷肥用量150～600 mg·kg-1土，白菜产量增加14.9%~21.5%； 有机肥用量33.3～133.2 g·kg-1土，白菜产量增加18.2%~25.9%；施用150、300、600 mg·kg-1磷肥和施用33.3、66.6、133.2 g·kg-1有机肥及施用有机肥基础上增施磷肥，白菜产量均无显著变化。施用磷肥和有机肥显著增加白菜的全磷量，大量施用磷肥和有机肥导致白菜对磷的奢侈吸收。随磷肥和有机肥用量的增加，土壤Olsen-P、水溶性磷、生物有效磷均显著增加；随有机肥用量的增加土壤有机磷显著增加。土壤Olsen-P与水溶性磷和生物有效磷呈显著正相关，与土壤有机磷无显著相关性。     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理.结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen-P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平.在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen-P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度.土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加.Olsen-P含量与土壤磷吸持指数(PSI)呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)呈显著正相关关系.     

黄壤旱地有机肥施用与磷肥有效性的研究

通过1999－2000年在黔中地区旱地黄壤上对有机肥和磷肥配合施用方式的试验，明确了水溶性磷肥是黄壤旱地首选磷肥品种，探明了磷肥与有机肥对植株根部土壤环境，植株体内磷水平的影响及肥料效应。同时，也探讨了有机肥与磷肥之间的交互作用。     

磷肥和有机肥施用对白菜产量及磷素径流流失潜能的影响

为给农业中持续安全施用磷肥和有机肥、科学评价土壤积累磷的环境风险提供理论依据。试验采用完全随机试验研究磷肥和有机肥施用对白菜产量以及土壤磷素组成状况的影响,并分析了土壤测试磷与磷素径流流失潜能的关系。结果表明:施用磷肥和有机肥均显著增加白菜的产量,单施不同量磷肥白菜产量增幅18.1%～23.396,单施不同量有机肥白菜产量增幅15.3%～17.7%,单位无机磷对白菜的增产量随磷肥用量增加而逐渐减少;各施肥处理之间白菜产量均无显著差异。施用磷肥显著提高土壤无机磷和全磷含量,施用有机肥显著提高土壤有机磷和全磷含量,相同磷肥用量条件下,增施M_1(75 c/hm~2)、M_2(150 t/hm~2),有机磷含量平均增加为17.6 mg/kg和26.0 mg/kg。施用磷肥和有机肥显著增加土壤Olsen-P、水溶性磷、生物有效磷含量;土壤Olsen -P与水溶性磷和生物有效磷呈显著正相关关系。施用磷肥和有机肥均显著增加土壤灌溉滞留水中可溶态磷的含量,土壤Olsen-P、水溶性磷与灌溉滞留水中可溶态磷呈极显著正相关关系。     

磷肥施用量对玉米产量、土壤无机磷及磷肥利用率的影响

采用田间小区试验方法,研究了不同磷肥施用量对玉米产量、磷吸收量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明:施用磷肥对玉米籽粒产量有一定的影响,以施磷120 kg/hm2的玉米籽粒产量最高;达到玉米籽粒理论最高产量的磷肥施用量为181.8 kg/hm2;土壤无机态磷(Olsen-P、Ca Cl2-P)含量均随着磷肥施用量的增加而显著增加;磷肥施用量对玉米籽粒及地上部磷含量的影响不明显;过量施用磷肥会降低玉米对磷肥的利用率。     

磷肥施用量对玉米产量、土壤无机磷及磷肥利用率的影响

采用田间小区试验方法,研究了不同磷肥施用量对玉米产量、磷吸收量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明:施用磷肥对玉米籽粒产量有一定的影响,以施磷120 kg/hm2的玉米籽粒产量最高;达到玉米籽粒理论最高产量的磷肥施用量为181.8 kg/hm2;土壤无机态磷(Olsen-P、Ca Cl2-P)含量均随着磷肥施用量的增加而显著增加;磷肥施用量对玉米籽粒及地上部磷含量的影响不明显;过量施用磷肥会降低玉米对磷肥的利用率。     

不同有机肥和磷肥施用量对直缘乌头产量的影响

目的:研究有机肥和磷肥不同梯度施肥水平对直缘乌头产量的影响。方法:采用单因素随机设计研究有机肥和磷肥对直缘乌头块根商品产量、苗块根产量及总产量的影响。结果:直缘乌头商品块根产量与有机肥施用量呈正相关关系,有机肥施用量高于2 00kg/667m2对苗块根的产生没有显著差异,在中等以下的土壤肥力条件下,有机肥最佳施用量为3 00kg/667m2。直缘乌头栽培对磷肥较为敏感,过量磷肥易对商品块根的生长可产生肥害,磷肥最佳施用量为30kg/667m2。结论:施用适量的有机肥和磷肥可显著提高直缘乌头产量。     

磷肥与有机肥配施对冬小麦产量的影响

采用裂区试验设计,在大田露地条播条件下,研究了磷肥不同用量与有机肥配施对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,在施N 150 kg/hm2的基础上,施P2O5150 kg/hm2、配施精鸡粪7500 kg/hm2（干重）处理的冬小麦产量最高,折合产量为5589.29 kg/hm2,较不施磷肥和精鸡粪的处理增产38.86%。     

磷肥用量对河套灌区玉米产量·土壤磷含量的影响

[目的]为了探讨不同磷肥用量对河套灌区玉米产量、土壤有效磷含量的影响。[方法]采用田问试验和室内分析化验相结合的方法,在内蒙古五原县连续2年进行不同磷肥用量试验。[结果]施磷可明显提高玉米产量。随着磷肥用量的增加,磷肥利_用率、农学效率、经济效益均呈逐渐下降趋势,土壤中3种磷素形态表现为Olsen-P〉CaCl2-P〉DTP。随着磷肥施肥量的增加,土壤Olsen—P、CaCl2-P、DTP呈二次型曲线增加趋势。[结论]河套灌区种植玉米经济施磷量为150kg／hm^2,生产100kg籽实吸磷量平均在0．77kg左右,随着施磷量的增加,土壤磷残留逐渐增加。     

Effect of Phopshate Fertilizer and Manure on Crop Yield, Soil P Accumulation, and the Environmental Risk Assessment

Phosphorus （P） applied from fertilizer and manure is important in increasing crop yield and soil fertility; however, excessive uses of phosphate fertilizer and manure may also increase P loss from agricultural soils, posing environmental impact. A long term experiment was conducted on a calcareous soil （meadow cinnamon） in Hebei Province, China, from 2003 to 2006 to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilizer and manure on the yield of Chinese cabbage, soil P accumulation, P sorption saturation, soluble P in runoff water, and P leaching. P fertilizer （P2O5） application at a rate of 360 kg ha^-1 or manure of 150 t ha^-1 significantly increased Chinese cabbage yield as compared to the unfertilized control. However, no significant yield response was found with excessive phosphate or manure application. Soil Olsen-P, soluble P, bioavailable P, the degree of phosphorus sorption saturation in top soil layer （0-20 cm）, and soluble P in runoff water increased significantly with the increase of phosphate fertilizer and manure application rates, whereas the maximum phosphorus sorption capacity （Qm） decreased with the phosphate fertilizer and manure application rates. Soil Olsen-P and soluble P also increased significantly in the sub soil layer （20-40 cm） with the high P fertilizer and manure rates. It indicates that excessive P application over crop demand can lead to a high environmental risk owing to the enrichment of soil Olsen-P, soluble P, bioavailable P, and the degree of phosphorus sorption saturation in agricultural soils.     

不同有机肥料对土壤有机磷组分的影响

采用培养试验的方法研究了牛粪、猪粪、麦秸 3种有机肥料对黄褐土有机磷组分含量的影响。结果表明 :施用有机肥料能明显提高土壤高活性、中活性和中稳性有机磷含量 ,特别是中活性有机磷含量 ,3种有机肥料对土壤有机磷含量的影响大小排序为牛粪 >猪粪 >麦秸。施用有机肥料后 ,土壤有机磷含量在培养的前 2 0天逐渐升高 ,其后逐渐降低 ,变化较明显的是中活性有机磷。     

有机肥替代氮肥的水稻产量效应研究

[目的]明确水稻生产上有机肥替代化学氮肥量。[方法]以常规化肥施用为对照,研究有机肥替代不同比例氮肥对水稻产量和经济效益的影响。[结果]有机肥替代100%化学氮肥处理水稻产量最低,较其他施肥处理减产2.3%~8.6%,常规施肥处理和有机肥替代20%化学氮肥处理产量相当,通过提高水稻产量构成中的有效穗数和穗实粒数来提高水稻产量,且随着有机肥替代化学氮肥量增加呈显著降低趋势。产值和纯收入以常规施肥最高,有机肥替代20%化学氮肥处理与其相当。[结论]综合水稻产量和经济效益结果,以有机肥替代20%化学氮肥处理施用效果最佳。     

有机肥基追肥比例对有机水稻产量的影响

在有机肥施用总量一定的条件下,不同基追肥比例田间效果试验结果表明:以基施20%、追施80%时有机水稻产量最高,达6 574.5 kg/hm2。随着有机肥基施比例的增加,产量逐渐下降。     

高磷土壤施用磷肥对小白菜和苋菜产量及肥料利用率的影响

采用土培试验,在高磷(O lsen-P为117 mg/kg土)条件下种植小白菜和苋菜,施用0 mg/kg,50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg磷肥(P2O5),探讨高磷土壤施用磷肥对小白菜和苋菜产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:与不施用磷肥相比,在高磷土壤上施用50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg磷肥(P2O5)并未提高小白菜和苋菜产量,施用400 mg/kg磷肥(P2O5)对小白菜有显著增产效果,但对苋菜没有增产效果;随磷肥施用量的增加,小白菜和苋菜地上部磷积累量都有增加的趋势,施用400 mg/kg磷肥(P2O5)处理小白菜和苋菜地上部磷积累量均最高,且分别显著高于对应的不施用磷肥处理;小白菜各施磷肥处理间磷肥利用率均没有显著差异,施用50 mg/kg磷肥(P2O5)处理的磷肥利用率为6.70%,小白菜其它施磷肥处理和苋菜的所有施磷肥处理磷肥利用率均低于5.00%;随着磷肥施用量的增加,小白菜体内磷利用效率下降;与不施磷肥处理相比,各施磷肥处理苋菜体内磷素利用效率没有下降。     

Effect of Applying Chicken Manure and Phosphate Fertilizer on Soil Phosphorus Under Drip Irrigation in Greenhouse

【Objective】 Aiming at the problem of phosphorous accumulation in greenhouse soil, the effects of applying chicken manure and phosphorus fertilizer on phosphorus accumulation in soil under drip irrigation were studied.【Method】 The solar greenhouse in North China Plain using drip irrigation was taken as research object. Five treatments were designed, including no fertilizer (CK), single phosphate (P₁), single chicken manure (OM), chicken manure and reduced phosphate fertilization (OM+P₁), chicken manure and habitual phosphate fertilization (OM+P₂), to reveal the enrichment and transformation, migration and distribution in vertical section of soil at different growth stages and availability of inorganic phosphate form in soil.【Result】 The results showed that the combination of chicken manure and phosphate fertilizer significantly increased the accumulation and residue of total phosphorus, available phosphorus (Olsen-P) and inorganic phosphorus in soil. In the soil layer of 0-20 cm, total phosphorus content decreased with the development of cucumber growth period, highest in seeding stage and lowest in late fruiting stage period. Under different fertilization treatments, total phosphorus contents were significantly different, and the sequence of each growth period was OM+P₂ treatment>OM+P₁ treatment>P₁ treatment>OM treatment>CK treatment. The Olsen-P contents at different levels in the soil profile varied greatly. In seedling stage, the range was 44.43-86.08 mg·kg ^-1 at soil of 0-20 cm, 6.51-10.05 mg·kg ^-1 at soil of 20-40 cm, and there was very little variability in soil layer lower than 40 cm. The effect of water on the movement of phosphorus was slight under the condition of drip irrigation in greenhouse. So Olsen-P mainly concentrated in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, which accounted for 68.76-87.78% of the available phosphorus in soil profile of 0-100 cm in each growth period. Compared with CK, the other treatments increased the proportion of Olsen-P in total phosphorus by 1.23%-2.47%. The sequence of inorganic phosphorus content of different forms in soil layer of 0-20 cm was Ca₁₀-P>Ca₈-P>O-P>Ca₂-P>Al-P>Fe-P, among which, the proportion of Ca-P was the highest (79.55%-83.35%). As the amount of phosphorus fertilizer increased, so did the accumulation of phosphorus. The contents of Ca₈-P, Ca₂-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca₁₀-P under fertilization treatments were all significantly higher than that under CK, with Ca₈-P increased the most, followed sequentially by Ca₂-P, Al-P and Fe-P. Phosphate fertilizer would be converted into Ca₈-P through Ca₂-P soon after it was applied into the soil, which accumulated in the soil in a slow manner. Among all forms of inorganic phosphorus, Ca₈-P accumulated the most, Al-P and Fe-P also accumulated to a certain extent.【Conclusion】 Traditional excessive fertilization caused phosphorus remaining in the soil in the forms of Ca₈-P, Al-P and Fe-P, resulting in the accumulation of soil phosphorus and waste of phosphorus fertilizer. On the basis of 30,000 kg·hm ^-2 chicken manure, adding phosphate fertilizer had no significant effect on increasing yield but obviously increased the residual accumulation of phosphorus. If only chicken manure was applied, the dosage should not exceed 30 000 kg·hm ^-2. If inorganic phosphate fertilizer was combined, the amount of chicken manure should be reduced, while the inorganic phosphate fertilizer rate should be less than 300 kg·hm ^-2. The specific amount and proportion of fertilizer application need further study and discussion.     

温室滴灌条件下施用鸡粪和磷肥对土壤磷素的影响

【目的】 针对温室土壤磷素积累的问题,定位研究滴灌条件下施用鸡粪和磷肥对土壤磷素积累的影响。【方法】 以中国华北平原日光温室为研究对象,采用滴灌方式灌溉,设置不施肥（CK）、单施磷肥（P₁）、单施鸡粪（OM）、鸡粪和减量磷肥配合施用（OM+P₁）、鸡粪和习惯量磷肥配合施用（OM+P₂）共5个处理,研究不同施肥方式对黄瓜土壤无机磷各形态的转化积累、不同生育时期在土壤垂直剖面的运移分布及其有效性的影响。【结果】 鸡粪和磷肥配施显著增加了土壤中的全磷、有效磷（Olsen-P）及无机磷的积累和残留。在0—20 cm土层中,全磷含量随着黄瓜生育时期的推进呈下降趋势,苗期最高,产瓜末期最低。不同施肥处理下,土壤全磷含量明显不同,各生育时期顺序均为OM+P₂处理>OM+P₁处理>P₁处理>OM处理>CK处理;土壤剖面各层次有效磷含量差异很大,苗期0—20 cm土层有效磷含量范围为44.43—86.08 mg·kg ^-1,20—40 cm土层含量范围为6.51—10.05 mg·kg ^-1,40 cm以下土层黄瓜各个生育时期有效磷含量差异很小。在温室滴灌条件下水分对磷的运移影响较小,土壤有效磷主要集中在0—20 cm土层,各生育时期0—20 cm土层有效磷占土壤剖面0—100 cm土层有效磷的68.76%—87.78%。与CK相比,其他施肥处理均提高了有效磷占全磷的比重,提高范围为1.23%—2.47%。0—20 cm土层中不同形态无机磷的含量为Ca₁₀-P>Ca₈-P>O-P>Ca₂-P>Al-P>Fe-P,其中,Ca-P所占比例最大,为79.55%—83.35%。随着磷肥用量增加,磷的积累量也增加,Ca₈-P、Ca₂-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Ca₁₀-P含量均比不施磷的处理显著提高,以Ca₈-P增加最多,其次是Ca₂-P、Al-P和Fe-P;磷肥施入土壤后很快会经由Ca₂-P转化为Ca₈-P,而以缓效态累积在土壤中,各形态无机磷中以Ca₈-P积累最多,Al-P和Fe-P也有一定量的积累。【结论】 传统过量施肥造成磷素以Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P等形态残留于土壤中,造成了土壤磷素的积累和磷肥的浪费。在30 000 kg·hm ^-2鸡粪的基础上增施磷肥并无显著增产效应,却显著增加了土壤磷素的残留积累量。如果只施鸡粪,用量不宜超过30 000 kg·hm ^-2;如果配施无机磷肥,则鸡粪减量,且无机磷肥在300 kg·hm ^-2的基础上减量,具体施肥量及配施比例有待进一步研究探讨。