试论林业有害生物的综合管理

1.IPM发展的历史回顾 对于有害生物,人类已经提出了10多种防治策略,如综合防治(IC)、有害生物综合管理(IPM),有害生物总体治理(TPM)、有害生物区域治理(APM)、有害生物合理治理(RPM)、有害生物生态管理(EPM)、强化生物因子的综合冶理(Bio-IPM)、以生态学为基础的有害生物学治理(EBPM)、有害生物可持续控制策略(SPM)、植物医学(Phystomedicine)和森林健康(Forest Health)等.在这些防治策略中,有害生物综合管理(IPM)的影响最大,并随着社会的发展和经济、技术水平的提高不断的发展和完善.     

有害生物综合防治(IPM)在白蚁防治上的应用

简要论述了IPM的基本观点以及IPM的经济阈值理论在我国白蚁防治上的应用     

我国实施IPM的影响因素及对策

在分析影响我国有害生物综合治理(Integrated pest management,IPM)实施的各种问题,如农户对IPM技术的需求、IPM推广服务体系、IPM应用基础理论及技术研究、农药市场和社会环境等问题的基础上,提出了相应的对策.认为IPM不仅是一个应用生物学、生态学问题,其实施过程涉及社会各相关领域,为了全面推进IPM在生产中的应用,必须进一步加强IPM应用基础理论的研究,开发符合IPM要求的新技术,完善推广服务体系,加强农药生产、销售与使用的管理,创造有利于IPM实施的社会环境等.     

青海农田IPM浅谈

本文论述了农田有害生物综合治理对农业可持续发展的重要性，青海省农田草害治理、小麦病虫害防治实施IPM取得的成效．并对加强我省农田有害生物治理及防治对策进行了探讨．     

转基因技术在IPM中的应用

植物转基因和微生物重组技术的一系列突破,开拓了作物有害生物综合治理（Integrated Pest Management,IPM）技术的新领域和新途径.文章对转基因技术在抗有害生物基因工程育种、新一代微生物农药开发、天敌的转基因增效策略和有害生物转基因遗传防治等方面的应用进展进行了综述.     

风险规避及收入对农户采纳有害生物综合治理(IPM)技术的影响

收入因素对农户采纳有害生物综合治理(IPM)技术的影响方向和显著性目前尚无统一结论.分析认为,在既定收入水平上,农户的风险态度影响农户的IPM采纳行为,而不同类型的风险规避类型又改变收入因素影响农户采纳IPM技术的方向和显著性.因此,对农户采纳IPM技术行为的研究应建立在对农户风险态度的考察基础之上,通过路径分析以便更好地探寻其影响机理.     

论世界持续农业（SA）与有害生物综合治理（IPM）

本文重点介绍了世界持续农业（SA）的基本内容和有害生物综合治理（IPM）的新概念及传统农业向持续农业转变的主要限制和对策。阐述了IPM在未来持续农业中的作用和地位。     

阜南县沿淮绿色农业生态园区的建设思路及IPM技术的实施

通过对阜南县沿淮农业区的调查研究,论述了建立绿色农业生态园区的优越条件,结合农田有害生物综合治理(IPM)技术,提出建设园区的指导思想及措施。     

美国南部有害生物综合防治

美国南部区域应用的 IPM技术措施多种多样，包括了从利用山羊放牧来防治杂草的简单措施，到利用最复杂的现代基因工程技术措施。其突出特点是： (1)对有害生物的防治强调控制其发生的环境条件； (2)加强农作物病虫的防治决策； (3)采取局部施药措施，特别是杂草和土传病害，通过田间的 GIS分析来局部施药。 一、以环境保护为 目标的 IPM项目 　　在美国的每个州， IPM项目都强调使用标准的喷雾器械，避免使用大量不必要的农药。佛罗里达州举办了 IPM培训班，培训公园和风景区的管理人员，据统计，自在各个公园及风景区实施 IPM项目…     

构建自然调控(NPR)体系 拓展园林植保发展空间——关于城市园林有害生物治理问题的几点思考

针对当前城市园林有害生物治理对策与防治实践明显脱节的现状,分析园林绿化特质和植保实际状态,提出以“IPM—NPR”策略为基点,以园林植物为轴心,以寄主植物与有害生物协调共存为目的,以系统工程、资源意识、灾害意识、源头治理、过程治理、末端治理为内容,构建适合城市园林特色的园林有害生物治理体系,拓展园林植保发展空间。     

蔬菜根结线虫综合防治研究进展

详细介绍了国内外蔬菜根结线虫综合防治的研究进展情况。对蔬菜根结线虫的生物习性、危害症状、鉴定方法进行了总结归纳,从农业防治、化学防治和生物防治等方面对蔬菜根结线虫的防治措施进行了重点分析,强调了综合治理对蔬菜根结线虫防治的重要性,并探讨了蔬菜根结线虫综合治理的发展趋势。     

信息素在害虫综合治理中的研究进展

信息素主要以化学手段研究生态系统中信息物质的产生、转运、传导、接受及作用机理,是当前国际化学生态学界最活跃的研究领域之一。本文综述了目前国内外化学生态学领域中信息素在害虫防治中的应用研究进展,及利用昆虫性信息素、聚集信息素和植物利己素、互利素等进行害虫综合治理的应用研究现状。同时展示了化学信息素在未来害虫综合治理中的应用前景及化学信息素的研究方向。     

以释放捕食螨防治害螨为主的柑橘害虫综合防治的经济性评价

释放捕食螨防治柑橘害螨是有效的生物防治技术措施之一。通过连续6年对该项技术进行试验示范,获得了详细的投入成本数据,对以释放捕食螨防治害螨为主的柑橘害虫综合防治技术的经济性进行了评价,结果表明该技术防治效果良好,明显降低了害虫防治成本,经济效益明显提高。     

微生物杀虫在害虫综合治理中的应用研究概况

文中对国内外微生物杀虫在害虫综合治理中的应用研究现状进行了综述。就病毒杀虫、细菌杀虫、真菌杀虫、原生动物微孢子虫杀虫、线虫杀虫等方面分别进行了概括。综合资料表明我国微生物治虫前景可观，有待进一步开展应用研究。     

Participatory research in integrated pest management: Lessons from the IPM CRSP

Integrated pest management has emerged as an important means of managing agricultural pests. Since the mid-1980s, the emphasis in IPM has shifted toward biologically-intensive and participatory research and extension approaches. Finding better means for solving pest problems is high on the agenda for most farmers, and farmers often have significant pest management knowledge and interest in IPM experimentation. This paper describes an approach to participatory IPM research that is being implemented by the IPM Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CSRP). The approach emphasizes on-farm research with an extrapolation domain beyond the single farm, and in some cases beyond the local region or country. It considers many factors beyond the farm and research station that influence the generation and adoption of IPM technologies and strategies. It emphasizes linkages among farmers, scientists, consumers, bankers, marketers/processors, and policy makers in IPM research priority setting, conduct, and evaluation. The interdisciplinary approach described in the paper is illustrated with a case study from the Philippines. Lessons and conclusions draw on its recent application in other sites as well.     

Light-evoked changes in the interphotoreceptor matrix

The normal function of vertebrate photoreceptor cells depends on multiple interactions and transfer of substances between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but the mechanisms of these interactions are poorly understood. Many are thought to be mediated by the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), a complex extracellular matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors and lies between them and the RPE. Histochemical, immunocytochemical, and lectin probes for several IPM constituents revealed that components of the IPM in the rat undergo a major shift in distribution or molecular conformation after the transition between light and dark. In the light, various IPM constituents concentrated in bands at the apical and basal regions of the outer segment zone; in the dark, they distributed much more uniformly throughout the zone. The change in IPM distribution was triggered by the light-dark transition; it was not a circadian event, and it was not driven by a systemic factor. The light-evoked change in IPM distribution may facilitate the transfer of substances between the photoreceptors and the RPE.     

Farmers’ willingness to pay for community integrated pest management training in Nepal

The concept of community integrated pest management (IPM), which is well developed in Indonesia and Vietnam, was recently introduced in Nepal. However, it has not been widely practiced, due mainly to lack of financial and technical support. This study determined an individual’s willingness to pay (WTP) for community IPM training. Determinants of WTP were identified; and sample average estimates, opportunity costs of training, and probability values were used to estimate WTP for a group of households. Estimated WTP revealed that individuals were in favor of community IPM, hence it could be implemented with the support of local villagers. Community IPM demand functions showed that individuals’ knowledge and awareness of pesticide pollution are crucial for implementation. The annual welfare gained by providing five days community IPM training was calculated to be US $25.23 per household. Kishor Atreya has a Master’s degree in Environmental Science and is currently working at Alternative Development and Research Center (ADRC) as Research Director. ADRC – Nepal is a national non-governmental organization dedicated to interdisciplinary research for alternative development. His research interests are in development of agri-environmental indicators, land and water quality, land use change and degradation, agricultural intensification and environment, and economic valuation of environmental pollution.