枸杞子中OTA污染检测方法的建立

建立枸杞子OTA污染的检测方法,分别用100 m L甲醇-0.1 mol/L正磷酸(10∶1)溶液、5%Na HCO3-1%PEG 8 000溶液、甲醇-水(4∶1)溶液、2%Na HCO3-15%Na Cl溶液等4种溶液提取宁夏枸杞子中OTA;取20 m L提取液过固相萃取柱(SPE),再用0.1 mol/L磷酸、双蒸水淋洗,乙酸乙酯洗脱后氮气吹干,流动相溶解;高效液相色谱法测定,条件为C18反相柱分离,乙腈-水-乙酸(99∶99∶2)为流动相,荧光检测器(激发波长330 nm,发射波长460 nm)检测。结果表明,5%Na HCO3+1%PEG 8 000溶液为最佳提取液,SPE柱纯化后,HPLC测定,平均回收率为88.6%~118.0%,变异系数为3.16%~7.54%,可以作为检测宁夏枸杞子中OTA污染的方法。     

三种萃取方法对模拟葡萄酒中单萜类化合物GC-MS分析的影响

【目的】筛选出检测单萜类化合物的较佳方法,并对相关参数进行优化,以期提高单萜类化合物的检测效率和准确性,为葡萄酒中单萜类化合物的分析鉴定提供技术支持.【方法】采用液-液萃取(LLE)、固相萃取(SPE)和顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)3种不同的萃取方法,结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析模拟葡萄酒中的4种单萜类化合物(芳樟醇、香茅醇、橙花醇、香叶醇),对不同萃取方法的重复性、检测限和回收率进行比较.【结果】与其他两种方法相比,HS-SPME法最佳,平均RSD值为1.65%,检测限为0.12~0.62μg/L,回收率92.6%~102.3%.优化的HP-SPME法萃取条件为:20mL进样小瓶中加入10mL酒样,选用DVB/CAR/PDMS纤维萃取头,60℃恒温水浴萃取30min后进GC-MS分析.用HS-SPME方法定量分析了‘贵人香’干白葡萄酒中的目标化合物,平均加标回收率(97.43%~101.66%)和精密度(4.80%~7.50%)良好.【结论】采用HS-SPME法结合GCMS更适合于葡萄酒中单萜类化合物的检测.     

固相萃取–高效液相色谱测定水稻中的洛克沙胂

通过对超声提取法中提取剂、固相萃取中淋洗液和洗脱剂、高效液相色谱中流动相的筛选,建立固相萃取–高效液相色谱定量检测水稻中洛克沙胂的方法。所建方法为：样品先经0.05 mol/L NaOH+20 g/L K2HPO4超声提取;再利用活化后的固相萃取小柱,依次采用1.5 mL 0.05 mol/L乙酸钠–甲醇溶液(pH=7)和1.5 mL甲醇淋洗及体积分数为13%的甲酸–甲醇溶液洗脱;最后利用以含0.3%甲酸的0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液和甲醇(体积比80∶20)为流动相的高效液相色谱进行定量分析;该方法在洛克沙胂质量浓度为0.01~10.00 mg/mL时线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999,检测限和定量限分别为20、67 ng/kg;洛克沙胂在水稻根、茎、叶、壳、米中的加标回收率分别为80.0%~87.2%、74.0%~80.6%、80.0%~83.7%、81.0%~90.0%和83.2%~92.7%,相对标准偏差分别为2.2%~5.9%、2.4%~4.6%、2.0%~2.6%、3.6%~5.7%和3.2%~5.5%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料中的3种雌激素

【目的】建立饲料中3种雌激素(17β-雌二醇、苯甲酸雌二醇和戊酸雌二醇)的固相萃取-高效液相色谱(SPEHPLC)测定方法。【方法】饲料样品经甲醇+水提取,固相萃取柱净化,采用Dionex C18色谱柱,以乙腈和水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长230nm,柱温30℃。【结果】3种雌激素的线性关系较好;检出限为0.5~1.0mg/kg;平均回收率为89.3%~108.0%。【结论】SPE-HPLC法操作简便、线性范围宽、检出限低、准确度高,可同时测定饲料中3种雌激素的含量。     

测定环境水样中毒死蜱及其降解产物的固相萃取-高效液相色谱法

【目的】为检测水体及其他流体中毒死蜱及其降解物3,5,6-三氯吡啶-2-酚(TCP)残留提供简便而准确的分析方法。【方法】对固相萃取水样的pH、洗脱剂,以及高效液相色谱的流动相组成、pH、梯度洗脱条件、最佳检测波长进行了筛选,建立了环境水体中毒死蜱及其降解产物TCP的固相萃取-高效液相色谱法,并用该方法检测了10份不同来源水样中毒死蜱和TCP的质量浓度。【结果】建立的固相萃取-高效液相色谱法为:水体样品先用5mol/L盐酸调pH为4.5,过滤后取1 L滤过液经固相萃取(SPE)小柱提取、净化,用二氯甲烷-丙酮-乙腈混合液(V(二氯甲烷)∶V(丙酮)∶V(乙腈)=40∶60∶20)洗脱,然后用乙腈-超纯水(pH 3.5)梯度洗脱法对毒死蜱和TCP进行分离,于波长为230 nm下用二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测,外标法定量。该方法对毒死蜱和TCP的检出限分别为0.15 mg/L和0.30 mg/L,最小检出质量浓度均为0.001 mg/L,线性范围均为0.3~10 mg/L,添加回收率均在70%以上,相对标准偏差分别为0.7%~13.0%和2.7%~7.8%。用该方法测定了不同来源的10份水样,结果可靠。【结论】建立的固相萃取-高效液相色谱法灵敏度、准确度和精密度完全可以满足水体中毒死蜱和TCP残留检测要求,亦为其他流体中毒死蜱及TCP分析提供了参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定库尔勒香梨幼果中的4种内源激素

【目的】建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC),用于同时分离和测定库尔勒香梨幼果中的玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA_3)、生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)4种植物内源激素。【方法】经过条件筛选和优化,选用80%甲醇作为样品提取试剂。经过石油醚脱色,PVPP吸附杂质和乙酸乙酯萃取,再经Sep-Pak C18小柱纯化。采用SGE ProteCol-P C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温40℃,流速为1 mL/min,进样量10μL。流动相A为甲醇,流动相B为水(pH=3.5),流动相比例为:45%(A)与55%(B)。检测器波长为254 nm。【结果】建立了玉米素、赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸的高效液相色谱分析方法。运用该方法测得加标回收率达80.4%~91.2%,相对偏差在1.54%~8.1%,分离效果理想,实验效果稳定可靠。【结论】该方法前处理方法简便,分析速度快,具有较高的重现性和精确性。适用于香梨幼果中内源激素玉米素、赤霉素、生长素和脱落酸的测定分析。     

变波长高效液相色谱法同时检测葡萄酒中4种合成色素的研究

【目的】建立一种可同时测定葡萄酒中不允许添加的4种人工合成着色剂(柠檬黄、日落黄、胭脂红和苋菜红)的变波长高效液相色谱检验方法,为葡萄酒中不允许添加人工合成着色剂的检测提供参考。【方法】将葡萄酒样品分别用液-液萃取法、聚酰胺吸附法、直接进样法进行前处理,对变波长高效液相色谱法的检测条件进行优化,并采用该方法进行精密度和加标回收率试验。【结果】葡萄酒样品采用聚酰胺吸附法进行前处理,优化的色谱条件为:Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)反相色谱柱,流动相A液为甲醇,流动相B液为醋酸铵溶液(0.02 mol/L),流速为1.0 mL/min,梯度洗脱,变波长检测葡萄酒样品中柠檬黄、苋菜红、胭脂红、日落黄的检测波长分别为430 nm(0~2.2 min),230 nm(2.50~3.95 min),480 nm(3.95~5.00 min)和480 nm(3.95~5.00 min),柱温35℃,检测时间为5 min,进样量为20μL。对葡萄酒样进行的精密度及加标试验表明,以上4种人工色素的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.73%~1.51%,回收率为87.83%~107.42%。【结论】建立了一种能同时检测葡萄酒中4种人工合成色素的变波长高效液相色谱法,该方法简单快速,精确可靠,重复性好。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定饲用血液制品中18种β-受体激动剂

【背景】饲用血液制品是一种非常规动物源性饲料原料,由家畜或家禽的血液凝成块后经高温蒸煮,压除汁液、晾晒、烘干后粉碎而成,主要用于畜牧养殖。但由于动物养殖过程中存在非法使用β-受体激动剂的现象,一些含有β-受体激动剂的血液制成饲用血液制品可能成为对人类健康潜在的危害源头。为了降低安全风险,研究饲用血液制品中β-受体激动剂的方法是十分必要的。β-受体激动剂检测方法主要有酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)法、高效液相色谱(HPLC)法、气质联用(GC-MS)法和液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法等。目前所有方法或标准大多针对商业成品饲料或动物源性食品,缺乏对饲用血液制品中β-受体激动剂的检测技术进行相关的研究。【目的】为了研究和监控饲用血液制品中β-受体激动剂的情况,研究建立了固相萃取结合液相色谱-串联质谱检测饲用血液制品中18种β-受体激动剂的方法。【方法】称取2 g(精确至0.01 g)血液制品样品于50 mL离心管中,准确加入20 mL乙酸铵提取液(pH=5.2)和50μLβ-葡萄糖苷酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶,漩涡混合均匀,于37℃水解过夜(应大于16h),然后8 000 r/min离心5 min,取5 mL上清液转移至另一离心管中,加入0.5mL高氯酸溶液,漩涡混合30 s,然后于8 000r/min离心5min,上清液备用。PCX固相萃取小柱依次用3 mL甲醇,3 mL水活化。取上清液过柱,用3 mL水和3 mL甲醇淋洗,抽干,用3 mL氨水甲醇溶液洗脱,洗脱液于50℃氮气吹至近干,用1.0 mL 0.1%甲酸水+乙腈溶液(95+5)溶解,过0.22μm滤膜。进Waters TQ液相色谱串联质谱仪检测,使用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(100 mm,2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱。乙腈和0.1%甲酸溶液做流动相,梯度洗脱。质谱电离方式采用电子喷雾离子源,正离子检测方式,多反应监测(HRM)。喷雾电压为3.5 kV;雾化气温度为480℃;源温度为150℃;雾化气流速为600L·h-1;锥孔气流速为5 L·h-1。脱溶剂气、锥孔气、碰撞气均为高纯氮气。【结果】18种β-受体激动剂在5—100μg·L-1呈良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.99—0.999之间。在血粉、血浆蛋白粉、血球蛋白粉三种基质中在5、10和50μg·kg-1三个添加水平上的平均回收率为65.1%—110%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%,批间变异系数小于20%。检出限为低于5ng·g-1。【结论】从方法回收率、精密度结果及实际样品的检测结果来看,该方法适用于血液制品中β-受体激动剂的监测。     

葡萄酒香气成分萃取中固相微萃取纤维的选择

【目的】针对葡萄酒香气成分气相色谱分析的要求,比较了3种固相微萃取纤维萃取葡萄酒香气成分的效果。【方法】选用常用的PA、PDMS/DVB、PDMS 3种固相微萃取纤维进行葡萄酒香气成分的富集、浓缩处理,然后用GC-MS检测香气成分。通过对不同固相微萃取纤维萃取香气成分的数量、化学种类以及各类化合物累积峰面积标准化值的比较,评价供试固相微萃取纤维萃取葡萄酒香气成分的效果。【结果】3种固相微萃取纤维萃取出的葡萄酒香气成分中,高级醇、化学酯和有机酸是主要成分,萜烯醇、β-大马酮、挥发性酚和呋喃酮等是微量成分。不同固相微萃取纤维萃取的化合物存在明显差异,PA萃取出化合物49种,PDMS萃取出53种,PDMS/DVB仅萃取出38种。累积峰面积标准化值分析表明,PA萃取高级醇、有机酸、3-甲硫基-1-丙醇、2(3H)-二氢呋喃酮、2,4-二季丁基苯酚的灵敏度高;PDMS萃取化学酯类、萜烯醇和β-大马酮的灵敏度高;PDMS/DVB几乎萃取各类化合物的灵敏度都低。【结论】在供试的3种固相微萃取纤维中,PDMS是萃取富集绝大多数葡萄酒挥发性成分的最佳纤维。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测粮食中赭曲霉毒素A

为了测定多种粮食样品中的赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxins A,OTA),建立了一种固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱的检测方法。小麦、玉米、大豆和大米样品经乙腈-水(体积比80∶20)提取后,采用氨基固相萃取柱进行富集和洗脱,高效液相色谱串联质谱法进行检测。结果表明,不同粮食中赭曲霉毒素A在0.5~10.0μg/kg线性关系良好,相关系数(r)为0.999,定量限和检出限分别为0.50μg/kg和0.25μg/kg,日内和日间精密度的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.71%~3.53%和0.69%~1.58%,重复性的相对标准偏差为3.72%~5.56%,加标回收率为83.2%~98.6%,相对标准偏差为2.26%~6.25%。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。