“鲶鱼效应”在现代图书馆管理中的应用

在阐述“鲶鱼效应”的概念及图书馆引入“鲶鱼效应”必要性的基础上,分析了图书馆管理引入“鲶鱼效应”的意义,并提出将“鲶鱼效应”应用于现代图书馆管理应用“鲶鱼效应”的具体措施。     

“职业道德”和“广结善缘”在读者服务中的应用

阐述了“职业道德”和“广结善缘”的基本理论,探讨了它们在读者服务中的应用。     

北京地区“211工程”院校图书馆古文献数据库的现状与对策

对北京地区“211工程”高校图书馆“古文献数据库”现状进行了调查与分析，并针对目前存在的问题提出了制定统一的元数据规范和数字加工标准、多种形式建库、鼓励更多高校参与古文献数字化工程、加强古文献数据库的增值性开发等相应措施。     

大学生“宅文化”与高校图书馆“阅读疗法”的实施

调查了大学生中存在的“宅”现象,探讨了高校图书馆通过“阅读疗法”帮助大学生“御宅”族树立正确的网络观和人际观的服务策略。     

增强高校图书馆员与大学生“和谐交往”的意识

阐述了高校图书馆员与其服务对象大学生关系不和谐的表现和特点，分析了产生不和谐的关键原因，指出了图

书馆的管理制度和图书馆员良好的职业道德修养是树立“和谐交往”意识的关键，提出了要正确看待“不和谐”交往关系中隐藏的和谐价值，

增强图书馆员与大学生“和谐交往”的意识。

     

《中国图书馆分类法》第四版“中国医学”类目设置质疑

从“食养、食疗”、“方剂学”、“气功”等类目设置和中西医结合类图书分类两方面详细列举了《中图法》“中国医学（R2）”类目设置重复交叉及仿分中出现的问题,并提出了具体的修订措施。     

基于“卓越医生”培养的医学文献检索教学改革

分析了“卓越医生教育培养计划”的重要性,探讨了医学文献检索课和“卓越医生教育培养计划”的关系,指出了医学教育和医学文献检索教学中存在的问题,并就医学文献检索教学改革提出了建议。     

网络信息检索行为中的“最小努力法则”

从用户心理控制、认知策略和需求目标三方面分析了“最小努力法则”在支配网络信息检索行为时的表现,即不完全理性控制、规避不确定性和结果“够用”三种倾向,并针对这些倾向提出了信息检索系统设计要提高易用性和友好性、提供有助于提高确定性的信息支持等。

     

部队医院图书馆“一卡通”使用情况评析

结合解放军第309医院图书馆管理系统将图书借阅卡合并到医院“一卡通”的使用情况,分析了医学图书馆“一卡通”的作用,以及需注意的问题。     

图书馆对学校招生“零投档”危机的响应

对普通高校招生“零投档”危机产生的根由进行了较深入的探讨,提出了图书馆对其的响应方案。     

Seven samurai to protect “our” food: the reform of the food safety regulatory system in Japan after the BSE crisis of 2001

Using the case of food safety governance reform in Japan between 2001 and 2003, this paper examines the relationship between science and trust. The paper explains how the discovery of the first BSE positive cow and consequent food safety scandals in 2001 politicized the role of science in protecting the safety of the food supply. The analysis of the Parliamentary debate focuses on the contestation among legislators and other participants over three dimensions of risk science, including “knowledge,” “objects,” and “beneficiaries.” The metaphor of “seven samurai” and the relationally situated roles of “samurai,” “bandits,” and “beneficiaries” are used to show that in the process of policy making certain moral and ethical expectations on a new expert institution for food safety were contested and negotiated to frame responsibilities and commitments of social actors for creating the food system based on trust.

Choosing and rejecting cattle and sheep: changing discourses and practices of (de)selection in pedigree livestock breeding

This paper examines the discourses and practices of pedigree livestock breeding, focusing on beef cattle and sheep in the UK, concentrating on an under-examined aspect of this—the deselection and rejection of some animals from future breeding populations. In the context of exploring how animals are valued and represented in different ways in relation to particular agricultural knowledge-practices, it focuses on deselecting particular animals from breeding populations, drawing attention to shifts in such knowledge-practices related to the emergence of “genetic” techniques in livestock breeding which are arguably displacing “traditional” visual and experiential knowledge’s of livestock animals. The paper situates this discussion in the analytical framework provided by Foucault’s conception of “biopower,” exploring how interventions in livestock populations aimed at the fostering of domestic animal life are necessarily also associated with the imperative that certain animals must die and not contribute to the future reproduction of their breed. The “geneticization” of livestock breeding produces new articulations of this process associated with different understandings of animal life and the possibilities of different modes of intervention in livestock populations. Genetic techniques increasingly quantify and rationalize processes of selection and deselection, and affect how animals are perceived and valued both as groups and as individuals. The paper concludes by emphasizing that the valuation of livestock animals is contested, and that the entanglement of “traditional” and “genetic” modes of valuation means that there are multiple layers of valuation and (de)selection involved in breeding knowledge-practices.     

Non-governmental organizations,strategic bridge building,and the “scientization” of organic agriculture in Kenya

This paper contributes to the growing social science scholarship on organic agriculture in the global South. A “boundary” framework is used to understand how negotiation among socially and geographically disparate social worlds (e.g., non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foreign donors, agricultural researchers, and small-scale farmers) has resulted in the diffusion of non-certified organic agriculture in Kenya. National and local NGOs dedicated to organic agriculture promotion, training, research, and outreach are conceptualized as “boundary organizations.” Situated at the intersection of multiple social worlds, these NGOs engage in “strategic bridge building” and “strategic boundary-work.” Strategic bridge building involves the creation and use of “boundary objects” and “hybrid forms” that serve as meeting grounds for otherwise disconnected social worlds. Strategic boundary-work involves efforts to “scientize,” and thereby legitimize, organic agriculture in the eyes of foreign donors, potential research collaborators, the Kenyan state, and farmers. Examples of strategic bridge building and boundary-work are presented in the paper. The Kenyan case illustrates that different social actors can unite around a shared objective – namely, the promotion and legitimization of organic agriculture as an alternative to the Green Revolution (GR) technological package.

Reflexivity and the Whole Foods Market consumer: the lived experience of shopping for change

There has been widespread academic and popular debate about the transformative potential of consumption choices, particularly food shopping. While popular food media is optimistic about “shopping for change,” food scholars are more critical, drawing attention to fetishist approaches to “local” or “organic,” and suggesting the need for reflexive engagement with food politics. We argue that reflexivity is central to understanding the potential and limitations of consumer-focused food politics, but argue that this concept is often relatively unspecified. The first objective of this paper is to operationalize reflexivity and advance understanding of reflexivity as an important tool for understanding the lived experience of food shopping. Our second objective is to explore the range of reflexivity observed in a mainstream “shopping for change” market sector. To do this, we draw from in-depth interviews with shoppers at Whole Foods Market (WFM)—a retail venue with the stated goal of making consumers “feel good about where [they] shop.” This group is chosen because of our interest in investigating the reflexivity of consumer engagement with the corporatized arm of ethical consumption—a realm of concern to food scholars as alternative agricultural initiatives are absorbed (both materially and symbolically) into corporate institutions. Our analysis suggests that shopping at venues like WFM is primarily motivated by traditional consumer pleasures, even for politicized consumers, a finding that poses serious limitations for a consumer-regulated food system.     

Continuity and Change in Pastoral Livelihoods of Senegalese Fulani

Based on fieldwork in northern Senegal, this paper shows how some pastoralists in Ferlo have managed to use market opportunities as a means to maintain their “pastoral way of life” Increased market involvement has enlarged the field of opportunities for pastoral activities as well as the vulnerability of these activities. This has given rise to a dialectic process of diversification and specialization. The paper is concerned with the portfolio of livelihood activities pastoralists use in order to respond to adverse socio-economic and environmental conditions. Depending on the possibilities and values of a household, a certain combination of activities is chosen and this may change from one year to another. Hence, the activities are used in a dynamic way within households. On the basis of pastoral livelihood activities, four ideal types of pastoral livelihood strategies can be constructed: “agro-pastoralism,” “Tabaski pastoralism,” “commercial pastoralism,” and “non-herding pastoralism.” These four types illustrate how pastoralists re-invent their livelihoods in order to continue a pastoral way of life. Hanne Kirstine Adriansen is a post doctoral fellow of development studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies. Her training is in human geography and she has fieldwork experience from West Africa and the Middle East. Her research interests include pastoral populations, dryland management, community development, and the philosophy of science and the role of values in research.     

Formation causes and recovery of the “Black Soil Type” degraded alpine grassland in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The formation causes and ecological rebuilding of the “Black Soil Type” degraded alpine grassland are summarized. The formation of the “Black Soil Type” degraded grassland was caused mainly by climate warming, decreasing glaciers, overgrazing, and damage by rats. The ecological restoration of the “Black Soil Type” degraded alpine grassland relies not only on grassland building, but also on reasonable management and planning of grassland resources. Guaranty measures for developing the alpine grassland animal husbandry in a healthy way include intensifying the educational investment in pasture regions, practicing long-term contracts for grassland, and strengthening the grassland legislation. The authors believe that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ecosystem has a special characteristic intertia or “inert gases”, which weaken the self-renewing capability of the ecosystem and makes its structure frail. The inertia characteristic may be the important reason that makes ecological rebuilding so difficult; in addition, other problems need to be studied deeply to provide scientific bases for the ecological building in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(6): 652–656 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

Evaluation of an algorithm for automatic detection of broad-leaved weeds in spring cereals

Lack of automatic weed detection tools has hampered the adoption of site-specific weed control in cereals. An initial object-oriented algorithm for the automatic detection of broad-leaved weeds in cereals developed by SINTEF ICT (Oslo, Norway) was evaluated. The algorithm (“WeedFinder”) estimates total density and cover of broad-leaved weed seedlings in cereal fields from near-ground red–green–blue images. The ability of “WeedFinder” to predict ‘spray’/‘no spray’ decisions according to a previously suggested spray decision model for spring cereals was tested with images from two wheat fields sown with the normal row spacing of the region, 0.125 m. Applying the decision model as a simple look-up table, “WeedFinder” gave correct spray decisions in 65–85% of the test images. With discriminant analysis, corresponding mean rates were 84–90%. Future versions of “WeedFinder” must be more accurate and accommodate weed species recognition.     

The use and abuse of participatory rural appraisal: reflections from practice

Over the course of the 1990s, donor enthusiasm for participation came to be institutionalized in a variety of ways. One particular methodology—Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)—came to enjoy phenomenal popularity. New aid modalities may have shifted donor and lender concern away from the grassroots towards “policy dialogue.” But “civil society participation,” “social accountability,” and “empowerment”—some of the issues PRA grapples with—retain a place in the new aid discourse. PRA and its variants also continue to be used by government agencies, non-governmental, and community-based organizations in local-level assessment, planning, monitoring, and evaluation, as well as in national-level poverty assessments. It has sometimes been conflated, by donors and critics alike, with doing participatory development, and has elicited critiques that often go far beyond the bounds of the methodological. Yet these critics have tended to be academics with little experience as practitioners or facilitators. In this article, we draw on an action research project with PRA practitioners. We explore, through their critical reflections, some of the conundrums and contradictions faced by those who were active as PRA practitioners in the early 1990s. We suggest that the story of PRA’s success and of subsequent concerns about abuse and misuse by mainstream development institutions offers broader lessons with continued salience for development.     

Distance,density, local amenities,and suburban development preferences in a rapidly growing East Tennessee county

Changing land-use patterns and amenity-driven migration have brought agriculture back into people’s lives, but there is a disconnection between the realities of production agriculture and romantic images attached to farming. To the extent that “rurality” is attached to farming, people may desire to live in rural places, but they may be unprepared for the realities of living near a working farm. Greater numbers of communities are facing “either/or” outcomes regarding the conversion of “open space” land to residential or commercial uses versus landscape preservation. This study explored the perceptions and preferences of a community regarding the conversion of a hypothetical parcel of open space to a working dairy or to a residential subdivision. Results suggest that the opportunity costs of foregoing open space for residential development are high, with implications for valuing the conservation of traditions that are tied to the land versus conversion of land solely for development purposes.