Identification and Expression Analysis of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Family in Peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.）

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPC） is widely distributed in plants and bacteria, and catalyzes the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphate. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the regulation and control of peanut oil, with the degenerated primers and RACE-PCR approach, five PEPC genes were cloned from peanut, and designated as AhPEPC1, AhPEPC2, AhPEPC3, AhPEPC4, and AhPEPC5, respectively. The structure and phylogenetic analysis of PEPC protein indicated that AhPEPC1-4 genes encoded a typical plant-type PEPC-enzyme, and AhPEPC5 a bacterial-type. By real-time quantitative RT-PCR approach the expression pattern of each gene was detected in various tissues of normal and high oil-content peanut varieties. It was found that there was a lower expression level of AhPEPCs genes except for the AhPEPC2 in high-oil peanut than normal-oil peanut line. The results provide some fundamental information for the further investigation of plant PEPC proteins and their role in regulation of oil-content in peanut seeds.     

Fatty Acid Accumulation in Seeds of Three Seed Pumpkin Cultivars

In the literature there are many reports on the composition and properties of pumpkin seed oil; however, few is known about the effect of different stages of seed development on various fatty acid profiles in developing seeds. The objective of this study was to provide the changes of various fatty acid accumulations in seed oil obtained from the seeds of three pumpkin varieties belonging to the species Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita pepo. Unsaturated acids (oleic and linoleic) were dominant in various fatty acids, which constituted 38.9%-49.1% and 29.4%-42.7% of the total fatty acids at seed maturity for three pumpkin varieties, respectively, while other fatty acid concentrations except for palmitic acid all did not reach 10%. Different varieties exhibited greater effect on various fatty acid contents and the total fatty acid contents in the seeds of pumpkin rather than the species. On the whole, palmitic acid profiles of the seed oil in three varieties all followed the fluctuant decrease during all the stages of seed development, but palmitoleic acid and the total fatty acid profiles of the seed oil in three varieties were just the opposite. Stearic, oleic and linoleic acid profiles of the seed oil in three varieties all experienced the third pattern that fluctuated during all the stages of seed development, but no significant differences in these three fatty acid concentrations were found from the beginning to the end. Linolenic acid concentrations of three varieties were on the decline and ultimately close to zero. Myristic and arachidic acid profiles of the seed oil followed different trends in three varieties. Among them, myristic and arachidic acid profiles of the seed oil of Yinhui-1 fluctuated downward all the time until seed maturity, but those of 0238-1 and Jinhui-2 completely changed oppositely.     

Analysis on Major Agronomic Traits and Yield of Huayu Series of Peanut Cultivars under Mulched Drip Irrigation

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the appearance of major agronomic traits and yield potential of Huayu se-ries of peanut cultivars under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, so as to provide core parent materials for new peanut cul-tivar breeding in Xinjiang during Thirteenth Five-Year Plan. [Method] A total of 16 peanut cultivars of Huayu series were studied systematical y by field experiment and laboratory analysis. In addition, the main stem height, lateral branch length, pod number per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, pod length, pod width and yield of different peanut cultivar were compared. [Result] Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, the appearance of major agronomic traits of peanut cultivars in Xinjiang was bet-ter than that in Shandong areas. In Xinjiang, the yields of the peanut cultivars were increased in varying degrees. However, there were some differences in appearance of major agronomic traits, as wel as yield, among different peanut cultivars. Among al the peanut cultivars, the single-plant productivities of Huayu 22, Huayu 28 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars, and the yields of Huayu 33 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars. Meanwhile, the late two culti-vars’ comprehensive traits were excel ent. [Conclusion] In the high-yielding breeding of peanut in Xinjiang, Huayu 33 and Huayu 50 can be used as core parent materials. Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, their yield potential can be further ex-plored.     

Water deficit and cold stress on the evening primrose seed quality

Evening primrose is a valuable oilseed crop with pharmaceutical and nutritional supplementation. Due to presence of valuable and rare gamma linolenic fatty acid, research on this plant has been started since 1970s by German and Britain scientists. Information about evening primrose cultivation is going to rise. Following to pervious studies the goal of this experiment was to clarify the effect of water and temperature stresses on seed yield and seed quality. Results showed that seed yield was significantly influenced by low temperature and water deficit. Plants grown under cold stress during rosette stage produced a lower seed yield than controls. The lowest seed yield was observed in the plants grown under permanent stress. Although the oil content of seeds was not influenced by low temperature stress, water stress strongly influenced the oil content and water stress stimulates oil accumulation. Like oil content, the GLA production seems to be increased under water stress conditions.     

Genome-wide identification,molecular evolution,and expression divergence of the hexokinase gene family in apple

Hexokinase(HXK) is the first irreversible catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which not only provides energy for plant growth and development but also serves as a signaling molecule in response to environmental changes. However, the evolutionary pattern of the HXK gene family in apple remains unknown. In this study, a total of nine HXK genes were identified in the Malus×domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1. The physiological and biochemical properties, exonintron structures, conserved motifs, and cis-elements of the MdHXK genes were determined. Predicted subcellular localization indicated that the MdHXK genes were mainly distributed in the mitochondria, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome duplication(WGD) and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdHXK gene family expansion. The ω values of pairwise MdHXK genes indicated that this family was subjected to strong purifying selection during apple domestication. Additionally, five subfamilies were classified, and recent/old duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic tree analysis. Different evolutionary rates were estimated among the various HXK subfamilies. Moreover, divergent expression patterns of the Md HXK genes in four source-sink tissues and at five different apple fruit developmental stages indicated that they play vital roles in apple fruit development and sugar accumulation. Our study provides a theoretical basis for future elucidation of the biological functions of the MdHXK genes during apple fruit development.     

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting(RFRH) planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons(2012–2013 and 2013–2014) to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0(I1), 60 mm(I2) and 120 mm(I3) with RFRH planting pattern and a control(CK) irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter(ADM), nitrogen nutrition index(NNI), radiation use efficiency(RUE), water use efficiency(WUE), and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in I3 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in I3 averaged 3 235 kg ha~(–1) and 8.85 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1), respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in I2 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in I2 averaged 3 089 kg ha~(–1) and 9.63 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1), respectively. Compared to I3, I2 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. I2 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.     

Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Library from the Pulp of Coconut （Cocos nucifera L.）

To investigate the gene expression profile of endosperm development, a cDNA library was constructed and characterized from the pulp of coconut at different developmental stages. The constructed cDNA library incorporated approximately 1 × 10^7 clones in total, and the size of the insertion fragments ranged from 800 to 2 000 bp. Sequencing results of 100 randomly picked clones showed that the recombination rate was 96%. In subsequent sequence analysis, 41 clones （41%） were homologous to known function proteins, and 23 clones showed high amino acid identity （more than 80%） with the corresponding genes of different plants. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that oleosin and globulin genes are pulpspecific expression, and have differential expression level in different developmental stage. Clone 29, recognized as homologous to KIAA1239 protein （Homo sapiens）, was observed to occur nine times, indicating that this gene may be over-expressed during the endosperm development stage. However, the homologous protein was found only in mammals, and the detailed function is still unknown. Elucidation of the functional characterization of these genes will be carried out immediately.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

猪场空气细菌数量与猪高热综合征的相关性研究

自2001年入夏以来,浙江、上海等许多地区的猪群中流行以持续高热、气喘、皮肤发红为主要特征的猪"高热综合征",给养猪业带来了巨大的损失.但到目前为止,其主要病原依然未被确定.为了研究空气中细菌含量与该病的发生和严重程度之间的关系,我们对浙江省几个不同规模、不同发病情况的猪场的空气细菌含量进行了测试.结果发现:该病的发生及严重程度与猪舍内空气的细菌含量存在着明显的正相关性.     

树冠圆满度对树木生长的影响及作用研究

树冠是树木的重要组成部分,其数量指标———树冠圆满度不仅客观地反映了树木占有生长空间的状况及竞争能力,而且对树木的生长过程和树木的形状都有着非常重要的影响。研究结果表明:在树木直径、树高较小(或年龄小)时,其树干材积也较小,而树冠圆满度较大,随着直径、树高的增加,其树干材积随之增加,但树冠圆满度逐渐变小。所以,树冠圆满度与直径、树高及树干材积之间存在着紧密的相关关系,其相关指数(R)基本上在0 80以上,而形数与树冠圆满度之间呈正相关。     

加强向海水库的管理 大力发展向海旅游产业

吉林省通榆县向海水库为通榆县水利事业发展做出了突出贡献。分析向海水库发展的现状,认为要加强对向海水库的管理,因地制宜,通过向海这一品牌发展旅游经济。     

论从犯原因力的判断

从犯的原因力是指成立从犯所必需的因行为人的行为与其他人的犯罪行为之间产生的内在的必然联系。从犯是否成立,要经过一般性判断、具体性判断和排除性判断三个环节。一般性判断主要考虑是否具有成立从犯所要求的主观要件和客观要件,具体性判断涉及事前判断与事后判断、主观判断和客观判断、应然判断与实然判断,排除性判断主要考虑刑法分则的特殊规定和刑法总则中的但书。     

基于信息理论的生态网络灵敏度分析

将信息理论与物流模型的研究挂接 ,定义了生态系统的信息熵和信息流量。以各分室输出量占总体的份额作为系统选择该分室的概率。通过对系统聚合度和冗余度的分析 ,推导了二者对各分室的灵敏度。对黑龙江省双城市双城镇永和村的物流模型进行了灵敏度分析。计算结果表明 ,籽粒和土壤分室对系统的稳定性起重要作用 ;而调整畜牧业的结构 ,改变农肥的投入量等 ,可以有效地改善系统的物流情况 ,使系统向良性循环     

刺五加种胚生长发育规律的分析

为解决刺五加种子休眠难以打破,一般情况下种子出苗率很低的难题,对当年生刺五加种胚的生长发育规律进行了研究.结果表明,种胚生长发育表现出S形生长曲线,即前期缓慢生长期,中期快速生长期,及再次缓慢生长的生理后熟期.各个时期所需要的适宜温度和时间各不相同,在种子处理的各个阶段及时调整好适宜温度时,裂口率可达70%以上,裂口籽发芽率可达90%以上.     

屯垦戍边环境变化分析

兵团成立50多年以来,特别是改革开放以来,兵团屯垦戍边的环境已经发生了很大的变化,本文对屯垦戍边的政治、经济、文化、军事环境的变化进行分析,在此基础上提出兵团屯垦戍边的目标、内容、管理体制和形式要与这种环境的变化相适应,以促进兵团屯垦戍边事业在新的环境下更上一层楼,更好履行屯垦戍边的使命。     

从经济学的视野看合同法的功能

从经济学角度而言,完备的合同必须具备四方面条件:完全竞争的市场;完全的理性;无外部负效应;零交易成本。但这些条件均不具有现实性。合同法的功能就是纠正合同的非完备性,使之趋于完备。在此分析基础上,对我国《合同法》的立法目的进行了审视。