Growth and Eco-Physiological Performance of Cotton Under Water Stress Conditions

A cotton cultivar Xinluzao 8 was grown under four levels of water stress treatments （normal irrigation, slight, mild and severe water stress） from the initial reproductive growth stage in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, in 2002, to evaluate the growth and eco-physiological performances. Under water stress conditions, the transpiration ability decreased while the leaf temperature increased. Although the relative leaf water content decreased as water stress increased, the differences among the treatments were small, indicating that cotton has high ability in maintaining water in leaf. The stomatal density increased as water stress increased, while the maximum stomatal aperture reduced only in the severest stressed plants. The time of the maximum stomatal aperture was delayed in the mild and severe stressed plants. When severe stress occurred, the stomata were kept open until the transpiration decreased to nearly zero, suggesting that the stomata might not be the main factor in adjusting transpiration in cotton. Cotton plant has high adaptation ability to water stress conditions because of decrease in both stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance from soil-to-leaf pathway. The actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ） decreased under water stress conditions, while the maximum quantum yield of PS Ⅱ did not vary among treatments, suggesting that PS II would not be damaged by water stress. The total dry weight reduced as water stress increased.     

Canopy morphological changes and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments

Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.     

Alternate row mulching optimizes soil temperature and water conditions and improves wheat yield in dryland farming

Straw mulching allows for effective water storage in dryland wheat production. Finding a suitable straw mulching model that facilitates wheat growth was the objective of this study. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two straw mulching patterns(FM, full coverage within all the rows; HM, half coverage within alternate rows) and two mulching rates(4.5 and 9.0 t ha~(–1)) on soil moisture, soil temperature, grain yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of winter wheat in northern China, with no mulching(M0) as the control. Results showed that mulching increased the soil water storage in all growth stages under high mulching rates, with a stronger effect in later growth stages. Water storage under the HM model was greater in later stages than under the FM model. Soil water content of HM groups was higher than that of FM groups, especially in surface soil layers. Evapotranspiration decreased in mulched groups and was higher under high mulching rates. Aboveground biomass during each growth stage under the HM model was higher than that under M0 and FM models with the same mulched rate, leading to a relatively higher grain yield under the HM model. Mulching increased WUE, a trend that was more obvious under HM9.0 treatment. Warming effect of soil temperature under the HM pattern persisted longer than under the FM model with the same mulching rates. Accumulated soil temperature under mulched treatments increased, and the period of negative soil temperature decreased by 9–12 days under FM and by 10–20 days under HM. Thus, the HM pattern with 9.0 t ha–1 mulching rate is beneficial for both soil temperature and water content management and can contribute to high yields and high WUE for wheat production in China.     

Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on the grain yield and resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties,and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops.The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai(HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties,winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels,and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain.A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1),2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3),with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots.Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH,the super high productivity level;HH,the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level;FP,the farmer productivity level;ISP,the inherent soil productivity level).The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years,which were due to the significant effects of DVRT.Compared with CT,grain yields,partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP_N),and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0,14.5 and 19.0%.Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes.General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield,PFP_N and WUE not only as a single factor,but also along with other factors(year and productivity level) in interaction manners.In addition,PFP_N and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons.These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.     

Effects of Ridge-Mulching with Plastic Sheets for Rainwater-Harvesting Cultivation on WUE and Yield of Winter Wheat

A field experiment was conducted in a manural loesial soil in middle of Shaanxi Province of China, a sub-humid area prone to drought, to study the effects of rainwater-harvesting cultivation on water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat. Ridge-furrow tillage was used, the ridge being mulched by plastic sheets for rainwater harvesting while seeding in the furrows. Results showed that from sowing to reviving stage of winter wheat, water stored in 0-100cm layer was significantly decreased whereas that in 100-200cm layer did not change. Compared to the non-mulching, plastic mulch retained 6.5mm more water as an average of the two N rate treatments, having a certain effect on conservation of soil moisture. In contrast, at harvest, water was remarkably reduced in both the 0-100cm and the 100-200cm layers, and mulched plots consumed 34.8mm more water as an average of the two treatments: low N rate (75kg N ha^-1) with low plant density (2300000 plants ha^-1) and high N rate (225 kg N ha^-1)with high plant density (2800000 plants ha^-1) , in 0-200cm layer than those without mulching, the former being beneficial to plants in utilization of deep layer water. Mulching was significant in harvesting water and in increase of yield. Mulched with plastic sheets, biological and grain yields were 22.5 and 22.6% higher for the average of the high N rate than for the low N rate,and the high N rate with low plant density was 29.8 and 29.1% higher in both biological and grain yields than that of the low N rate with low plant density. With high N rate and high plant density, the mulched biological and grain yields were 39.5 and 28.9% higher than the corresponding treatments without mulching. Of the treatments, that with high N rate and low plant density was the highest in both biological and grain yields, and the water use efficiency reached 43.7kg mm^-1 ha^-1 for biological yield and 22 kg nn^-1 ha^-1 for grain yield, being the highest WUE reported in the world up to now.     

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. To evaluate the evapotranspiration （ET） of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area, field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008, in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County, Beijing, China, with different irrigation depths. Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer. The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount, while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount. Soil evaporation （Es） was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity. Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.     

Effects of Tillage Practices on Water Consumption,Water Use Efifciency and Grain Yield in Wheat Field

Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.     

Crisis of Water Resources on the Ulan Buh Desert Oases, Inner Mongolia, China-A Case Study of Dengkou County

Hetao Plain, composed of hundreds of oases, is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Most crops, especially wheat and corn, depend on irrigation, thus water availability is a key issue for grain productivity on this land. The Yellow River is the main water source for irrigation and a crisis of water resources for agricultural use occurs because of increasingly reduced river flows and water-using competition with industry and human residential use. In order to understand the current situation and distribution of water resources on these oases, we collected 20-yr’s data of river runoff, irrigation volumes, infiltration and precipitation to examine the relationships between water resources distribution and its agricultural use. We found that the oasis in Dengkou county was short of water resources with a water deficit rate of 5.14% in 2010. Based on the trend of the data, water deficit will continue to increase as the population grows in the future. Water resource is a limiting factor to agricultural development in this region and proper management of water use and strategies for water resource conservation are urgently needed. Especially, based on our results we suggest that current irrigation methods need to be greatly improved to save the water that was lost from evaporation.     

Study on Transpiration and Stomatal Conductance Characteristics of C3 and C4 Plant

The transpiration experiment was done under greenhouse conditions with a C3 plant sweet pepper （Capsicum annuum Linn.） and two C4 plants, sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.Moench） and maize （Zea mays Linn.）. Three species were irrigated with three different water treatment levels of 100%, 66% and 33% which gave a comparison of tolerance and adaptation to irrigation and two different levels of water stress. The measurements of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were done between 8.00 a.m. and 16.00 p.m. with measurements about each 1.5 h with an infrared gas analyzer. The results showed that Z. mays probably due to a higher leaf area had very low values and was significantly different （LSD pairwise comparison） from C. annuum and S. bicolor. The hypotheses that C4 plants and C3 plants have different transpiration rates and stomatal conductance could not be shown with the results. However, the hypotheses that for the same species, the highest values in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were with the 100% irrigation treatment and the lowest values were with the 33% irrigation treatment could be accepted due to the results of this trial.     

A simulation of winter wheat crop responses to irrigation management using CERES-Wheat model in the North China Plain

To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain(NCP), where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency(WUE) responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications(full irrigation) using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years(1981–2014). The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation: 100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index(HI) and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage(T3) resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage(T1) improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.     

湖南省畜禽养殖污染年排放量调查分析

新中国建国60年来,江苏水利事业取得了巨大的成就;未来10年,江苏水利要基本实现现代化.目前,江苏水利与经济社会发展对水利的要求相比,与交通电力通讯等行业和兄弟省市相比,还存在许多不足.从技术方面看,江苏水利的技术创新成果较少,新技术应用不多或应用不当,水利技术对水利发展的支撑作用还不明显.其原因在于,对水利自身规律认识不足,对水利技术重视不够,水利体制机制的制约,水利技术发展能力欠缺等方面.今后一个时期,江苏要实现水利现代化,需要在水环境保护和改善技术,水利规划技术,水资源高效和综合利用技术,水利信息化与自动化技术,水利管理技术等方面取得突破.而认清江苏水利技术状况,明确水利技术发展的指导思想,建立水利技术发展工作体制和机制,加大人才培养力度,强化建设阶段的技术进步,转变水利发展方式等方面,是提升技术对江苏水利现代化支撑作用的基本途径.     

河北省水资源变化及可持续性评估

为探究河北省水资源的变化趋势及可持续性,通过梳理2004—2018年河北省水资源动态变化,根据水资源供需现状,引入水资源生态足迹及承载力模型,分析多年水资源盈亏状况。结果表明,相较2004—2011年,虽然2012—2018年水资源总量平均值变化不大,但年际间的波动增强,变异系数增加;在用水结构方面,用水总量稳中有降,农业用水比例虽然逐年降低,但所占比例仍然很大,2004—2018年造成618.28亿m3的总水资源亏缺量;从供水结构的角度,地表水供水的比例逐年增大,但仍以地下水供水为主,导致地下水埋深持续增加;水资源生态足迹分析显示,河北省多年水资源生态足迹整体呈下降趋势,承载力呈缓慢上升趋势。总体来看,河北省用水压力依然很大,但正向好的趋势发展。科学有效的节水方式是促进水资源持续向好发展的保障,采用多种节水措施并行,加快构建新的用水结构,尽早达到水资源采补新平衡。     

鲁北地区咸水安全高效灌溉技术研究

笔者通过对山东省鲁北地区咸水资源分析,结合国内外成水灌溉研究进展,提出适合山东的成水灌溉技术,并通过近几年在在陵县的咸水灌溉试验,总结了成水安全高效补灌灌溉制度。     

吉林省松花江干流区水资源可利用量分析

根据吉林省松花江干流区1997年水资源开发利用情况和对该区域水资源可开发利用量的分析比较,无论是地表水还是地下水,其开发潜力还很大,在相当一段时期内,在现实水资源利用水平下,可以满足国民经济发展的用水开发需要。     

水资源费问题分析

为对当前我国正在进行的水价改革提供理论参考。介绍了对水资源费性质的不同观点，回顾了水资源费的理论和实践，认为水资源费是一种税，是一种政府行为和管理措施。在此基础上提出了水资源费的定价方法，可以作为水资源研究、测算的指导。     

缓解我国水资源危机的若干对策

我国正面临着严重的资源型缺水和污染型缺水 ,唤起全民的节水、护水意识决不是权宜之计 本文从节流、治污、惩污、多渠道开源以及加强和完善水管理体系等方面 ,提出了缓解我国水资源危机的若干对策     

城镇居民生活用水水价及水价结构分析

采用比较的方法,分别对国内外城镇居民生活用水现行水价的组成、运行情况和水价结构进行了对比分析,提出我国城镇居民生活用水水价应由3部分组成,即水资源费、工程水价、环境水价;环境水价的征收应根据各地区的工农业发展和人口的增长速度来商定;水价结构应逐步由单一水价结构向两部制水价结构过渡,最终实现两部制水价;水价和水价结构的政策调整,要做好宣传工作,尽快被用户接收,实现水价和水价结构优化,达到水的供需平衡,节约用水,净化环境和水源的目的,使城市水资源的可持续开发利用得到保证。     

我国饮用水污染现状及防治对策

中国的饮用水资源，已遭到了不同程度的污染，其中饮用水污染主要是水源的污染和居民生活饮用水的二次污染。针对中国饮用水水质状况，国家提出了一系列饮用水水质标准并已实施。在现阶段，应加强对水源的管理，增加新的水处理工艺等措施，来改善居民饮用水的污染状况。     

内蒙古农牧学院地下水的水质分析

对内蒙古农牧学院地下水的水质进行了分析,得出了水质符合生活饮用水的水质标准,水质是比较好的结论。     

辽西山区水文地质特征

本文根据辽西山区地下水的赋存条件,水理性质和水力特征,将地下水划分为4种基本类型:松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水、碳酸盐岩类机溶水和其它岩类裂隙水。在此基础上又着重分析(?)地下水的富水程度,埋藏条件,水质特征和水资源评价。