Effect of Selenium on Root Oxidizing Ability and Yield of Rice under Ferrous Stress

To study the effects of selenium on root oxidizing ability and yield of rice under ferrous stress, a pot culture experiment was conducted, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the concentration of malonaldelyde (MDA) were determined. The root oxidizing ability and yield characters of rice were examined. Results showed that appropriate amount of Se enhanced the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the oxidizing ability of rice roots significantly, reduced the concentration of MDA, increased 1000-grain weight of rice, F=26.96^**, decreased empty and blighted grain rate, increased the rice yield, F=11.53^**, and enhanced the rice resistance under ferrous stress.     

铅镉复合污染对水稻生长及产量的影响

[目的]探讨铅镉复合污染对水稻生长、产量及品质的伤害及机理。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同程度的铅镉复合污染对水稻生长发育及产量品质的影响。[结果]铅镉低浓度胁迫能够促进水稻生长,高浓度抑制水稻的株高;铅镉胁迫显著降低了水稻的分蘖数,随着胁迫浓度增加,分蘖数下降幅度增大;铅镉胁迫显著降低了水稻每盆穗数、结实率、千粒重和产量,低浓度胁迫下每穗总粒数显著增加,高浓度胁迫下每穗总粒数显著降低;铅镉低浓度胁迫下糙米率和精米率显著增加,高浓度胁迫下糙米率和精米率显著降低,整精米率随处理浓度的增加而显著下降;水稻籽粒中铅镉含量与土壤中铅镉浓度成显著正相关,土壤铅镉含量达到中高浓度时,水稻籽粒铅镉含量严重超标,铅镉最高超标达333%和122%。[结论]该研究为污染地区水稻栽培技术体系的建立提供依据。     

Effects of Farm Yard Manure and Lime on Cadmium Uptake by Rice Grown in Two Contaminated Soils of Chittagong

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of farm yard manure （FYM） and lime （calcium carbonate） on reducing the uptake of Cd by rice in two Cd contaminated soils of Chittagong. The effects of farm yard manure, lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime （FYM ＋ Lime） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth, Cd uptake by rice and 0.1 N HC1 extractable Cd in soil were investigated. Results showed that addition of lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly decreased 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the city sewage soil. Application of farm yard manure significantly decreased Cd concentration in rice in the city sewage soil. Lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly reduced Cd concentration in rice m both the contaminated soils. Lime was more efficient than farm yard manure in reducing the uptake of Cd by rice.     

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alleviating Cadmium Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Nitric oxide （NO） is a gaseous signaling molecule in plants that plays a key role in mediating a wide range of physiological processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, an NO donor, on cadmium （Cd）-induced oxidative stress and Cd uptake in rice plants. Rice plants were exposed to Cd stress (0.2 mmol L^-1 CdCl₂) and different concentrations of SNP (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mmol L^-1). A SNP concentration of 0.1 mmol L^-1 （SNP10） significantly reduced the Cd-induced decrease in shoot and root dry weights and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. The addition of NO also reduced the malondialdehyde （MDA）, hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） and ascorbic acid （ASA） concentrations. However, the reduction in glutathione （GSH） concentration was inhibited by NO treatment. Moreover, NO prevented the Cd-induced increase in antioxidative enzyme activity. The amount of Cd accumulation in rice plants was also influenced by the addition of NO. The NO supplied by the SNP enhanced the Cd tolerance of the rice by increasing the Cd uptake by the roots and decreasing the Cd accumulation by the shoots. However, the application of potassium ferrocyanide （Cd+Fe） or sodium nitrate and nitrite （Cd+N） （without NO release）, did not exhibit the effects of the SNP. Furthermore, the effects of the SNP were reversed by the addition of hemoglobin （an NO scavenger）. Our results suggested that exogenous NO was involved in the resistance of rice to Cd-toxicity.     

Effect of SHAKTI and KUBOTA power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield under Sawah production system in Nigeria

The use of the power tillers （walking tractors） are increasingly popular in Nigeria among farmers adopting Sawah rice production technology. This study compares the effects of two types of power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield. because soil properties determine to a large extents rice yield. Data on soil properties and rice yield were collected and subjected to t-test statistics. The results show that, significant differences exit for all the physical properties of soils rice yields from fields where the two power tiller were used with yields from rice field where SHAKTI was used was higher than KUBOTA. It is important that farmers using these models of power tillers for rice production should not only focus on the purchase cost of these power tillers but their overall efficiency in order to achieve the desired high level of yield.     

不同盐胁迫处理下番茄种子萌发期的耐盐性研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during seed germination under simple salt sodium chloride and double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress were studied by Petri dish culturing.[Result] As the two kinds salt concentration increased,the germination regularity,the germination rate,the germination index and the growing vigor index of tomato seedlings decreased,but the germination losing rate increased.When salt concentration was from 0.2% to 0.4%,there was little difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress.However,when salt concentration was from 0.6% to 1.0%,the difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress was significant.[Conclusion] Salinity tolerance of tomato seeds under double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress was higher than that under simple salt sodium chloride stress.     

Study on the Optimum Moisture Amount Added to Brown Rice once during the Wet Conditioning

In the experiment, the brown rice whose moisture content was 12.5% was used as raw material. The brown rice was grouped, then moisturized differently and milled. While milling, the energy consumption, the rate of broken rice and the crack rate were tested. It is confirmed that the stress crack owing to the moisture added to the brown rice can be avoided when the moisture amount added once is limited to no more than 1.5%. It is also proved that the energy consumption can be reduced, the yielding rate of rice can be increased and that the quality of rice can be imoroved.     

The Difference in Growth and Four Microelement Concentrations Between Two Rice Genotypes Differing in Grain Cadmium-Accumulating Capacity

A pot experiment was conducted with two rice genotypes having different Cd concentrations in their grains to study the effect of soil Cd level on biomass, Cd and Fe, Zn, Cr and Pb accumulation in different plant parts. Cd was added into soil to form 4 levels, i.e.,0, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg kg^-1, respectively. The results showed that the Cd-induced reduction in biomass accumulation varied in both genotypes and growth stages. The Cd-induced reduction in biomass became less with the progress of growth, and Xiushui63, a genotype with relatively higher grain Cd concentration, was more severely inhibited than Xiushui217,a relatively lower Cd concentration. Both Cd concentration and accumulation in the various plant parts increased substantially with the increase of Cd levels. The difference between two genotypes in Cd concentration and accumulation became more pronounced with increased Cd level as well as prolonged duration of exposure. Xuishui63 had much greater Cd accumulation than Xiushui217, in particular at late growth stage. Xuishui63 had a remarkably higher Cd translocation of roots to shoots than Xiushui217 in all Cd levels.The effect of Cd addition on four microelement concentrations in straw and milled riceal so varied in genotypes and Cd levels. Without Cd addition, Xiushui63 was significantly lower than Xiushui217 in the concentrations of all four elements in straw, while the case was just opposite in milled rice. Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations decreased in milled rice with the increase of Cd level, although the reduction extent differed in two genotypes.The results indicated that Cd concentration in rice grain is primarily dependent on the shoot Cd concentration, which is in turn mainly determined by Cd translocation from roots to shoots.     

Genotypic Difference in the Responses of Seedling Growth and Cd Toxicity in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The experiment was carried out to study the genotypic difference in the responses of seed germination, growth and physiological characters of rice seedlings to Cd toxicity. The result showed that the germination was slightly stimulated under low Cd concentration （0.01-1.5 mM Cd）, while severely depressed under higher Cd concentration （2.0 mM）. Rice seedlings exposed to 0.01 mM Cd showed slight increases in plant height, root volume, biomass and chlorophyll concentration. These parameters were significantly reduced when Cd level in the medium was increased to 0.5 mM, and meanwhile corresponding increase in superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities, and MDA （malondialdehyde） content was observed. However, SOD and POD activities declined when plants were exposed to 1 mM Cd when compared with those under 0.5 mM Cd. Cadmium addition lowered Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots and shoots. There was significant genotypic difference in the response of these parameters to Cd stress. Under Cd stress, Xiushui 110 had the least inhibition of growth and increase in MDA content, higher shoot Cd concentration, and greatest increase in POD and SOD activities, indicating its higher tolerance to Cd toxicity, while Bing 9914 had the greatest reduction of growth, and Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents, but greatest increase in MDA content, and least increase in activities of antioxidative enzymes, indicating its sensitivity to Cd toxicity.     

Analyses of the Temporal Development and Yield Losses due to Sheath Blight of Rice （Rhizoctonia solani AG 1.1 a）

Sheath blight of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 1. 1a, has become the most important disease and caused serious yield losses in some major rice-growing regions in China in recent years. In the present study, field plot experiment was conducted to examine the relationships between disease intensity and inoculum density （ID）, the seasonal disease epidemic dynamics, and yield reductions due to disease damages. Results from the experiment demonstrated that the areas under progress curves of disease severity and those of percent rice tillers diseased were positively and closely related to the relative initial ID of the pathogen. The inoculum density-disease （IDD） relationships were simulated and the impractical linear models were obtained. Both logistic and Gompertz functions could be used to simulate the disease progress dynamics in time, but the progress curves of the disease severity were modeled better by the Gompertz than by logistic function. However, the Richards function was found to be the best in simulating the disease progress curves when a most appropriate value was chosen for the shape parameter m by using the computer software Epitimulator. Sheath blight infection decreased rice yield very significantly and a yield reduction of 40% was recorded in rice crop with the highest inoculum density. Rice yield was linearly and negatively correlated with the disease severity and the percent tillers affected. The simulated models for all these relationships were computed through executing Epitimulator software and were presented in this paper.     

不同土地利用方式下球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与有机碳及土壤质地的关系

[目的]揭示土地利用方式对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)的影响.[方法]测定了海南岛5种主要土地利用方式下GRSP、土壤有机碳(Soil oaganic carbon)与土壤质地(Soil texture)在0～10、10～20、20～50cm3个土壤层次中的分布情况.[结果]相对于保持较好的次生林,4种不同耕作土壤的GRSP与有机碳含量均有所下降.GRSP在海南岛5种主要土地利用方式土壤中的含量为0.53～4.80 mg/g,占有机碳的百分比为7.9%～23.4%,是碳库的重要组成部分.GRSP占有机碳的比例在不同土地利用方式下差异显著,在土层之间差异不显著,GRSP和有机碳含量在土壤剖面上垂直分布较明显.GRSP与有机碳、砂粒含量呈显著正相关,与粉粒和粘粒呈显著负相关.[结论]砂粒含量在很大程度上决定了CRSP的含量,壤土相对粘土更有利于GRSP的累积. Abstract： [Objective] The aim was to reveal the effects of different land use types on soil composition.[Method]GPRS,Soil organic carbon content and soil texture in 3 depths(0-10,10-20,20-50 cm)of 5 main kind of selected land use type were examined in Hainan. [Result] The results showed that GRSP and SOC content of four artificial land use types decreased compared with the natural sacondary foreSt land,the GRSP content of all samples ranged from 0.53-4.80 mg/g,accounting for 7.9%-23.4% of the SOC,which means that GRSP was one important component of SOC pool in soil.The ratio of GRSP to SOC was signiflcantly different among land use types but the depths.GRSP and SOC exhibited obvious vertical distribution pattern.GRSP was significantly positively related to SOC and sand content but negatively related to silt and clay content. [Conclusion] The sand content determined the GRSP content significantly and Joarn was better matrix for GRSP accumulation than clay.     

陆地棉与海岛棉两个末端氧化酶差异的比较

[目的]研究陆地棉与海岛棉2个末端氧化酶的差异,为陆海杂交育种材料选择提供理论依据.[方法]选用7份陆地棉、4份海岛棉为供试材料,比较了陆地棉和海岛棉不同发育阶段的抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化的差异性.[结果]陆地棉和海岛棉2种末端氧化酶在整个发育进程中有相似的变化规律,AAO活性前期低后期高,且前期出现峰值;PPO活性表现为2个波峰,PPO前期活性高于后期,海岛棉PPO第1个波峰明显高于第2个波峰,陆地棉差异不大.[结论]海岛棉与陆地棉AAO、PPO活性在7月4日和8月6目的量存在差异,有可能为陆海杂交后代选育提供理论指导. Abstract： [Objective] This study was to reveal the differences in two terminal oxdiases,so as to provide theoretical basis for the selection of upland and sea-land hybrid materials.[Methods]Using 7 shares of upland cotton cuttivars and 4 shares of sea-land cultivars as experimental materials,the change differences in AAO and PPO activities during whole growth period of the materials tested were studied.[Results]Two terminal oxdiases both in upland and sea-land cotton cultivars assumed similar change laws during whole growth period.AAO activity assumed a low-high trend,and there is a peak at the early stage.PPO activity presented two peaks,and that at the early stage was higher than at the late stage;the first peak is obviously higher than the second for sea-land cultivars,and two peaks are not remarkably different for upland cultivars.[Conclusion] The differences in AAO and PPO activities of sea-land and upland cotton cultivars observed on Jul.4th and Aug.6th,may provide guidance for the selection of upland and sea-land hybrids.     

基于GIS的三江源地区土壤侵蚀综合分析

以通用土壤侵蚀模型为基本思路,选择三江源地区作为研究对象,采用GIS方法对该地区不同土壤侵蚀类型的程度进行了半定量评价.评价结果表明,三江源地区水力侵蚀主要集中在东南和南部的玉树、囊谦、班玛、久治等地区的高山和极高山地区,其侵蚀程度和地形、降水、河流和人类活动等因素分布相关;冻融侵蚀主要分布在三江源区的西北大部分地区,全区中等侵蚀程度以上的地区约占全区面积的1/2以上. Abstract： In this paper,based on the common soil erosion model,the Three-River Headwaters region was select for study object.GIS methods are applied to conduct Semi-quantitative assessment for different types of soil erosion,and some results are concluded.The water erosion occurs in High Mountain and extra-high mountain of Yushu,Nangqian,Banma and Jiuzhi County in the southeast and south of the Three-River Headwaters region.The degree of erosion is prone to topography,precipitation,river and human activity.The freeze-thaw erosion mainly distributes in the northwest of the Three-River Headwaters region.The area of middle and above middle erosion degree accounts for roughly 50%.     

杭嘉湖平原水稻主产区土壤重金属状况调查及风险评价

  目的  进一步了解杭嘉湖平原水稻Oryza sativa主产区嘉兴市稻田土壤重金属污染及水稻生产安全现状。  方法  于2018年选择嘉兴市典型水稻主产区域开展调查分析。在水稻收获期进行土壤和水稻协同采样,测定土壤和大米样品中镉、铅、铬和砷等4种重金属元素质量分数,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法及生态风险预警指数法等对水稻土重金属污染水平及污染风险进行评价。  结果  研究区域土壤镉、铅、铬和砷质量分数变幅分别为0.01~1.92、17.60~34.80、47.00~123.00、3.97~9.89 mg·kg?1,平均质量分数分别为0.36、25.78、72.73和7.55 mg·kg?1;土壤重金属镉质量分数超过水稻生产的土壤安全阈值(GB/T 36869?2018《水稻生产的土壤镉、铅、铬、汞、砷安全阈值》)的样本比例占31.82%;4种重金属的潜在生态风险由强至弱依次为镉、砷、铅、铬,区域整体上表现为轻微潜在生态风险;部分土壤镉质量分数超标,但水稻籽粒镉质量分数均没有超标。  结论  研究区稻米各项指标均符合GB 2762?2017《食品中污染物限量》,土壤总体上处于安全水平。在今后的水稻生产管理中仍需加强动态监测,关注土壤镉形态转化和有效性的变化,充分保障水稻粮食生产安全。图1表8参29     

选冶矿厂周边土壤中几种重金属污染状况调查分析

通过对云南个旧某选矿、冶炼厂周边土壤中Pb、Cd、Cr和Zn含量的测定,分析了选矿、冶炼厂周边土壤中重金属污染状况。结果表明,Cr的含量在25.25～218.82mg/kg,Pb的含量在383.49～3085.89mg/kg,Cd的含量12.25～119.14mg/kg,Zn的含量在677.56～5842.26mg/kg。以云南省背景值为评价标准综合污染指数为130.84,以国家环境质量二级标准为评价标准,综合污染指数为48.04。该区域受到Pb、Cd、Cr和Zn等4种重金属污染,污染严重。     

Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ单一及复合污染下土壤酶生态抑制效应及生态修复基准研究

由于土壤酶活性可有效地反映土壤重金属的污染程度,因此,本文通过研究Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对土壤酶(脱氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶和蔗糖酶)活性的影响,以期选取合适的土壤酶指标作为Cd、Pb污染的生物标记物,为建立Cd、Pb污染生态修复的基准提供科学依据。研究结果表明,不同的土壤酶活性对Cd、Pb的敏感性各不相同,并且酶活性随土壤重金属浓度增加表现为叠加效应或拮抗效应。Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对脲酶活性抑制作用显著,Cd、Pb复合污染对脲酶活性表现为叠加效应,因此,脲酶可作为土壤Cd、Pb污染的生物标记物。通过半数生态剂量模型研究发现:Cd、Pb污染下,50%脲酶活性受抑制的毒性阈值分别为2273和2703;Cd污染土壤的生态修复基准值为1.33mg·kg-1,Pb污染土壤的生态修复基准值为106mg·kg-1。     

珠三角主要工业区周边蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染调查分析

采集珠三角地区主要工业区周边蔬菜产地土壤,研究土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)5种重金属的含量与分布特征。参照国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,对其重金属污染现状进行评价。结果表明:232份土壤样品中,Cd、Hg、As、Cr的超标率分别为45.06%、7.73%、5.15%和1.29%,未见Pb超标;37.34%的土壤受到不同程度的污染,Cd污染情况最为严重,Hg污染次之;土壤污染以单一重金属污染为主,未出现3种及以上重金属复合污染。各地污染状况呈现区域差异,东莞地区受污染的样品比例较大,珠海和广州的污染情况相对较轻。该区域的土壤重金属污染形势不容乐观,其可能给农业生产带来的风险应引起重视。     

土壤及灌溉水中Cd和Pb含量与蔬菜重金属富集的关联度分析

采用随机定点抽样方法,对郑州地区土壤、灌溉水以及蔬菜中重金属Cd及Pb进行检测,研究栽培土壤和灌溉用水对蔬菜产品重金属富集的影响。结果表明:土壤中Cd和Pb含量与菠菜、大白菜、小白菜、生菜、萝卜中Cd和Pb的含量存在显著正相关关系,与油麦菜中Cd和Pb的富集量达到了极显著正相关;灌溉用水中Cd和Pb含量与小白菜中的含量相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平,而与其他几种蔬菜Cd和Pb含量的相关性未达到显著水平(油麦菜中Cd除外)。同时还利用单项污染指数和综合污染指数的评价方法,探讨了郑州地区6种蔬菜受Cd和Pb污染的情况,结果显示,有4种蔬菜基本属于清洁水平,而菠菜和生菜开始遭受轻度污染。     

耐Pb、Cd真菌对污染土壤中Pb、Cd形态的影响

土壤中重金属的污染已经越来越引起人们的重视．微生物修复因其具有效果好、投资省、费用低、易于管理与操作、不产生二次污染等，日益受到人们的关注，成为污染土壤修复研究的热点。从Pb、Cd污染蔬菜土壤中筛选出2株耐高浓度Pb、Cd的真菌1号（耐pb）和2号（耐Pb和Cd复合污染），经鉴定分别为产黄头孢霉（Cephalosporium chrysogenum）和头孢霉属（Cephalosporium）。将这两种菌接种到Pb、Cd污染的土壤中．均能促使土壤Pb、Cd向生物有效性低的形态转化，从而降低其在土壤中的毒性。     

不同母质发育水稻土对Cd、Pb吸附解吸特性及其影响因子分析

为了解Cd、Pb在土壤中迁移转化规律,探明不同水稻土对Cd、Pb吸附解吸的影响,以红壤、紫色土母质发育的水稻土为对象,研究Cd、Pb在两种土壤中的吸附解吸行为,分析红壤、紫色土对Cd2+、Pb2+吸附解吸特性及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,两种土壤对Cd2+的吸附用Langmuir、Freimdlich模型均有较好拟合,相关系数在0.95以上;而Pb2+的吸附则用Freimdlich模型拟合较好,相关系数在0.99以上。随着溶液中Cd2+、Pb2+含量的增大,红壤、紫色土对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附量增大;解吸量亦随吸附量的增加而增加。红壤、紫色土对Cd2+、Pb2+的最大吸附量分别为2871.34 mg/kg和4353.69 mg/kg,10914.65 mg/kg和14249.07 mg/kg;最大解吸率分别达到3.12%和2.43%,1.02%和0.33%。紫色土对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附量大于红壤,解吸率低于红壤;同等浓度下,红壤、紫色土对Pb2+的吸附量高于Cd2+。研究表明土壤粘粒、有机质、CEC含量是影响红壤、紫色土吸附解吸差异的主要因素。