麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛乳蛋白遗传多态性的研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对109头麦洼牦牛和100头九龙牦牛乳蛋白多态性进行分型，并采用最小二乘法分析乳蛋白多态性与泌乳性能及乳蛋白组分之间的相关性。结果表明：β-CN、κ-CN和α-La呈单态，基因型分别为AA、BB和BB型；而αs1-CN和β—Lg呈多态，αs1-CN D基因为优势基因，在麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛中的频率分别为0．8073和0．600O，β—Lg座位优势基因为β-Lg E，在麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛中的频率分别为O．977O和O．970O；麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛群体平均杂合度分别为0．1021和0．1867；在2个品种牦牛群体中，除αs1-CN基因座对九龙牦牛乳脂率有显著影响外，其余乳蛋白基因座对泌乳性能及乳蛋白相对百分含量均无显著影响。     

三个牦牛群体激素敏感脂肪酶（HSL）基因外显子Ⅰ的多态性

 【目的】探究激素敏感脂肪酶（HSL）基因在牦牛内的遗传多态性,为进一步揭示牦牛群体间遗传分化、开展牦牛肉质性状的关联分析以及HSL基因在牦牛物种中的定位、表达调控等研究提供依据。【方法】采用PCR-RFLP方法对九龙牦牛、麦洼牦牛和巴州牦牛共92头牦牛的HSL基因部分外显子I进行SmaI酶切多态性分析;统计基因频率、基因型频率大小,进行卡方（χ2）适合性、独立性检验,并计算纯合度、杂合度、有效等位基因数和多态信息含量等遗传多态参数。【结果】3个牦牛群体在HSL基因外显子I具有SmaI酶切多态性,在该酶切位点存在AA、AB和BB 3种基因型。3个牦牛群体均检测到AA和AB基因型,而BB基因型只在巴州牦牛中检测到。九龙牦牛和麦洼牦牛的AA基因型频率最高,而巴州牦牛AB基因型频率最高;A等位基因频率在3个牦牛群体中均高于B等位基因频率,为优势等位基因。适合性检验表明3个牦牛群体在该酶切位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;独立性检验表明九龙牦牛与麦洼牦牛、巴州牦牛之间表现为差异显著（0.01＜P＜0.05）和差异极显著（P＜0.01）,而麦洼牦牛与巴州牦牛之间表现为差异不显著（P＞0.05）。测序分析表明,HSL基因外显子I第70位（从PCR产物测序片段的5′端计数）发生了单碱基突变（G→A）,并导致了编码氨基酸由甘氨酸（G）变为精氨酸（R）。【结论】牦牛在HSL基因外显子I内具有SmaI酶切多态性,其多态性是因所分析序列内一单碱基突变（G→A）所致,该碱基转换导致了氨基酸由甘氨酸（G）变为精氨酸（R）;在该酶切位点,九龙牦牛、麦洼牦牛和巴州牦牛均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。九龙牦牛与麦洼牦牛、巴州牦牛之间表现为差异显著（0.01＜P＜0.05）和差异极显著（P＜0.01）,而麦洼牦牛与巴州牦牛之间表现为差异不显著（P＞0.05）。     

天祝白牦牛αs1-酪蛋白基因和κ-酪蛋白基因的PCR-RFLP研究

利用PCR—RFLP技术熏检测了天祝白牦牛αS1-酪蛋白(αS1-casein,αS1-CN)基因和κ-酪蛋白(κ-casein,κ-CN)基因部分序列的遗传多态性熏结果表明:天祝白牦牛群体αS1-CN基因表现单态,κ-CN基因存在遗传多态性。κ-CN基因PCR-RFLP位点等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0.0745和0.9255。κ-CN基因PCR-RFLP位点的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理(P>0.05)。天祝白牦牛群体内平均基因一致度、基因多样度和有效等位基因数分别为0.9311、0.0689和1.0739。     

天祝白牦牛三个功能基因部分序列的PCR-RFLP研究

采用PCR—RFLP技术，检测了天祝白牦牛αS1酪蛋白(αS1-casein，αS1-CN)基因、κ-酪蛋白(κ-casein，κ-CN)基因和生长激素(growth hormone，GH)基因部分序列的遗传多态性。结果表明，天祝白牦牛群体中αS1-CN基因PCR—RFLP位点呈单态；κ—CN基因和GH基因两个PCR—RFLP位点均呈多态性。κ—CN基因PCR—RFLP位点等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0．0745和0．9255，GH基因PCR—RFLP位点等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0．1277和0．8723；该3个位点平均基因一致度和基因多样度分别为0．8798和0．1202。     

北京地区荷斯坦牛乳蛋白遗传标记应用研究

本研究选取北京市4个牛场共731头健康荷斯坦奶牛,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板状电泳（PAGE）对其乳蛋白进行分型,采用动物模型（单基因位点模型和多位点模型）来分析乳蛋白多态性与奶牛产奶性能间的关系,旨在证明乳蛋白多态性作为遗传标记进行辅助选择的可能性,动物模型遗传效应统计分析表明：单基因位点模某些乳蛋白位点的效应不是乳蛋白本身的效应,而在连锁基因的效应。β-CN位点B基因或连锁基因显著影响乳蛋白率,乳脂率;k-CN位点和β-Lg位点的B基因或连锁基因分别对乳蛋白率,乳脂率有显著效应。     

牛亚科5个群体β-Lg基因PCR-RFLP分析

应用PCR-PFLP技术,分析荷斯坦奶牛、鲁西黄牛、闽南黄牛、渤海黑牛和青海牦牛5个群体741头个体β-乳球蛋白（β-Lg）基因第4外显子和β-Lg 5′侧翼区2个基因座的多态性。结果表明：前4个群体β-Lg A、B基因频率分别为0.4125/0.5875、0.1419/0.8581、0.0333/0.9667和0.1857/0.8143,β-Lg 5′侧翼区A、B基因频率分别为0.412 5/0.5875、0.7286/0.2714、0.7328/0.2672和0.8637/0.1364;牦牛β-Lg B和E基因频率为0.0732/0.9269,未发现其他等位基因。适合性检验表明：β-Lg第4外显子在荷斯坦奶牛、鲁西黄牛和渤海黑牛3个群体中已达Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,而闽南黄牛未达到平衡状态;β-Lg 5′侧翼区位点荷斯坦奶牛群体接近平衡,其余群体均已达平衡。群体遗传学分析表明：除闽南黄牛β-Lg 5′侧翼区为低度多态外,2个位点在其余群体内均为中度多态,荷斯坦奶牛这2个位点的杂合度和期望杂合度最高,闽南黄牛最低。提示这一研究成果为开展地方遗传资源保护奠定了基础。     

牦牛EPO基因的PCR-SSCP多态性研究

以巴州牦牛、大通牦牛和九龙牦牛为对象,对促红细胞生成素(EPO)基因用PCR-SSCP方法进行了多态性检测。结果表明:大通牦牛、巴州牦牛、九龙牦牛具有较丰富的遗传多样性,表现为AA,AB和BB3种基因型,AB为优势基因型,A为优势等位基因;经χ2适合性检验,3个牦牛品种在该基因位点上均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。同时发现随着海拔高度的增加,A等位基因频率逐渐升高,BB型的频率则降低,群体杂合度和多态信息含量也逐渐降低,这种变化可能与牦牛对低氧的适应能力有一定的关系。     

中国荷斯坦奶牛CSN1S2基因第二外显子SSCP多态性与产奶性状的关系

利用PCR-SSCP分子标记技术,研究了中国荷斯坦奶牛sα2-酪蛋白基因(CSN 1S 2基因)第二外显子的多态性,并分析了其与产奶性状之间的相关性。结果表明,中国荷斯坦奶牛CSN 1S 2基因第二外显子存在A和B2个等位基因,有AA、BB和AB 3种基因型,A和B的等位基因频率分别为36.54%和63.46%,AA、BB、AB基因型的频率分别为19.2%,46.1%和34.6%,群体中多态信息含量为0.356 3,达中度多态性,遗传变异较大;CSN 1S 2基因第二外显子对产奶量和乳脂含量没有明显影响,但AA基因型个体乳蛋白含量显著高于BB和AB基因型个体(P<0.05),表明A基因对中国荷斯坦奶牛乳蛋白含量有明显影响。     

牦牛PIT-1基因第5、6外显子部分序列的克隆测序

利用PCR方法扩增了麦洼牦牛PIT-1基因第5、6外显子的部分序列,扩增片段长度为1 285 bp,克隆到PND-18载体中进行测序,结果牦牛与普通牛的PIT-1基因有97%的同源性,共有28处不同,其中在内含子5的347处有18个碱基的缺失,565处有4个碱基的插入；外显子6有一个碱基突变,并导致氨基酸由普通牛的Thr变为牦牛的Arg。对61头麦洼牦牛和30头九龙牦牛PIT-1基因部分序列进行PCR-RFLP分析,均未检测到多态性。     

麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛乳酸脱氢酶H亚基的遗传变异体

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法 ,对 1 0 9头麦洼牦牛和 1 0 0头九龙牦牛乳中的乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)同工酶进行检测。结果表明 :两品种牦牛乳中 LDH在凝胶上仅显示出由 4个 H亚基组成的 LDH1 1条区带。试验共检测到 4种 LDH1 的遗传变异体 ,按迁移率由大到小依次为 A、B、C、D,其中 D型仅存在于九龙牦牛中 ,C型在两品种牦牛中均占明显优势。麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛 LDH1 表型频率分布差异极显著     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。