超级稻软盘湿润育秧技术

(续第1期第12页)1.播前准备每667平方米大田需准备353孔秧盘80～100个、常规稻种子四五公斤或杂交稻种子1.2～2公斤。选用肥沃、疏松、透气性良好、有机质含量高、无菌偏酸性的菜园土或优质稻田土,风干捣碎,过筛备用。采用壮秧营养剂配制,按秧盘数量称取相应量的过筛干细土,按1∶5的比例加入优质有机肥,再根据使用说明加入适量的壮秧营养剂,充分混拌均匀。     

榨菜加工副产品的利用

1.有头菜尖新鲜菜头在65克以下的小菜头可连菜尖一并腌制.加工前去皮去筋,串成排块,上架风干至半干后入池,按每50公斤干原料第1次入池加盐1.5公斤踩紧,需3天.第2次入池加盐2公斤,需15天～20天.     

土样风干等处理对直接检测土壤黄萎菌的影响

对影响检测土壤黄萎菌几个主要因素的研究表明,延长培养时间能显增加土壤黄萎菌检测效果,当培养３周和４周时,黄萎菌检出率分别为８７％和９６％。黄萎菌检测量随每皿培养其中接种量的增加而增加,并非按比例增加,有达到最高极限值的趋势,数学模型Ｙ＝ｂ（１－ｒ＾２）可以通过接种量ｘ,计算出培养４周后土壤黄萎菌菌落检测数ｙ。土样无论在分析前风干,还是风干后贮存１个月,对土壤黄萎菌检测效果都有显的影响。     

风干武昌鱼中微生物变化及理化性质的分析

[目的]分析风干武昌鱼生产过程中微生物数量和理化指标的变化。[方法]按总茵数、乳酸菌、葡萄球菌和酵母茵几个大类研究其微生物变化情况;理化方面,分析了pH、水分含量、水溶性固形物、水溶性蛋白氮及挥发性盐基氮几项重要指标。[结果]乳酸菌为风干武昌鱼发酵过程中的优势菌群;各种微生物复杂变化的同时导致产品pH和水分含量下降,水溶性固形物和水溶性蛋白氮的含量增加;产品的挥发性盐基氮含量符合国家标准。[结论]该研究为风干武昌鱼的标准化生产体系的建立以及稳定生产奠定了基础。     

中藥阉鷄

我院下放韶关大队岑运璦同学,訪問了农民使用中药喂飼雄鸡,能使其睾丸萎縮达到去势目的,鸡隻肥育的方法,介紹如下: 用五倍子和白胡椒按1比1混合,充分磨碎,加水或蜜糖少許搓成白胡椒大的顆粒,风干成丸。用这种药丸喂鸡,一般6—8两大的每只喂十粒;9—12两重的每只喂12—13粒;13兩—16兩的每只喂15粒。喂飼后鸡的动态: 一、食慾行动如常,性征与阉鸡相似,臉与冠部变白色,性溫和,不啼叫,     

产蛋来航鸡能量饲养标准研究(续)

本文系重复测定白来航产蛋母鸡的能量需要,通过14只212—500日龄产蛋鸡的饲养试验与比较屠宰试验,求得每鸡每日的MEM、MEE与MEF的代谢能值,分别为194千卡,70.4千卡与1.5千卡,应用家畜营养学的析因法求得每鸡每日MET为266千卡。根据每鸡每日风干日粮采食量(RI)96.4克,即可将MET被RI除,求得每公斤风干日粮的MED等于2759千卡(产蛋率62％)。采用以上数据,即可制定母鸡不同产蛋率的代谢能需要量。本报告所得结果与第一次白来航产蛋母鸡能量需要量报告近似。     

除湿风干对土壤主要理化性质检测准确性的影响评价

自然风干制备湿土壤样品效率低下,利用风机和除湿机制造干燥的空气循环来模拟自然风干过程实现快速干燥是一条理想的途径,然而该方式对土壤理化性质的检测准确性是否有影响尚缺乏文献报道。本研究通过对比除湿风干和自然风干制备土壤的风干速度、水分、p H值、有机质含量、主要重金属(Cr、Cu、As、Mn、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg)含量等的差异性来分析除湿风干代替自然风干的可行性。结果表明,除湿风干的干燥速度更快,最终水分含量更低,而p H值、有机质含量和重金属含量则没有显著差异,因而在上述项目的检测中可采用除湿风干的方式制备湿土壤样品以提高制样效率。     

羊火腿风干成熟期间质构特性 和系水力的变化研究

【目的】 通过控制羊火腿风干成熟条件,缩短羊火腿生产周期并检测风干成熟期间的剪切力、质构特性和系水力,为风干羊火腿的工业化生产和品质提高提供理论依据。【方法】 以在实验室自制干腌风干羊火腿的股二头肌为材料,采用梯度调控风干方法,确定在风干成熟过程中最适风干温度、湿度及风速等工艺参数,测定分析羊火腿风干成熟期间剪切力、质构特性、水分和系水力等指标的变化。【结果】 羊火腿风干成熟期间系水力呈下降趋势;剪切力值呈上升趋势(P<0.05);硬度、胶着性、凝聚力、咀嚼性呈上升降趋势(P<0.05)。黏性、弹性、回复性呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。【结论】 羊火腿风干成熟期间火腿质地变得致密,质构变硬,系水力下降,火腿嫩度降低。通过调控羊后腿风干成熟期间的温度、湿度和风速,羊火腿的生产周期缩短至传统工艺的六分之一。     

肉羊的一般管理技术

1羊群组织羊场养殖中,按羊品种、性别、年龄来划分养殖单元。每个单元中繁殖母羊30~40只,种公羊由羊场统一养殖,并采取羊场内人工授精。如无统一养殖种公羊,每单元根据饲养繁殖母羊数配备种公羊,一般每30只繁殖母羊配备1只种公羊。一般基础母羊群都是由1~5岁组成,各占比例为15~20%,利用年限5~6岁。2羔羊去角最好选择7~14日龄,体况良好健康无病的羔羊,经鉴定后再进行。其方法有外科手术法、电灼法和碱棒法,     

常见作物如何正确使用“金宝贝”菌肥

(1)拌种。将每667m2金宝贝菌肥0．5～1kg加适量水拌匀，荫干或风干后播种，催芽后拌种应避免伤芽。     

膜下滴灌模式下棉花不同生育阶段土壤水分的空间变异性研究

[目的]以膜下滴灌棉田为材料,研究棉花不同生育期土壤水分的空间变异规律.[方法]采用均匀网格法布点方式,测定了滴灌棉田苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的各个采样点0～20、20～40和40～60 cm三个不同深度的土壤含水率.[结果]膜下滴灌模式下的棉田土壤水分的空间变异性,相对于整个生育期,各层土壤水分的空间变异性随着棉花的生长而增大.相对于整个生育期的不同垂直深度,各层土壤水分的空间变异性是随着采样土层深度的加深而减小.[结论]由于表层土壤水分受人为等因素影响,0～20 cm层土壤水分的空间变异性比较复杂.     

Optimised Spatial Sampling Scheme for Soil Electriclal Conductivity Based on Variance Quad-Tree （VQT） Method

The acquisition of precise soil data representative of the entire survey area,is a critical issue for many treatments such as irrigation or fertilization in precision agriculture.The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability of soil bulk electrical conductivity(ECb)in a coastal saline field and design an optimized spatial sampling scheme of ECb based on a sampling design algorithm,the variance quad-tree(VQT)method.Soil ECb data were collected from the field at 20m interval in a regular grid scheme.The smooth contour map of the whole field was obtained by ordinary kriging interpolation,VQT algorithm was then used to split the smooth contour map into strata of different number desired,the sampling locations can be selected within each stratum in subsequent sampling.The result indicated that the probability of choosing representative sampling sites was increased significantly by using VQT method with the sampling number being greatly reduced compared to grid sampling design while retaining the same prediction accuracy.The advantage of the VQT method is that this scheme samples sparsely in fields where the spatial variability is relatively uniform and more intensive where the variability is large.Thus the sampling efficiency can be improved,hence facilitate an assessment methodology that can be applied in a rapid,practical and cost-effective manner.     

不同植被土壤好气性自生固氮菌的时空变化格局及其菌株的初步筛选

主要分析了青皮天然林与木麻黄人工林等其他植被类型在土壤好气性自生固氮菌数量分布方面的差异及较强固氮能力菌株的分离和筛选.在石梅湾的8种不同植被类型样地,于不同季节取样4次,每次均取0～10 cm及10～20 cm两个土层的根际土与根外土,用改良阿须贝培养基、MPN法计数土壤好气性自生固氮菌并初步筛选具有较强固氮能力的菌株.结果表明:本区土壤好气性自生固氮菌的时间分布极不均匀,且空间分布明显受到时间的影响.从时间分布来看,在一个年周期中,4月固氮菌数量最多,而7月最少,两者差异显著,此后数量又逐渐增加;从空间分布来看,随采样时间不同,植被、取样深度、植物根系、样地地势等条件均对土壤好气性自生固氮菌数量分布也有所不同,这些条件归根到底是通过改变土壤的氮素营养供给,土壤的水、热、气条件来影响固氮菌的分布;同时各植被类型的好气性自生固氮菌数量季节变化幅度也有异,处于高级别演替阶段青皮过伐林及混交林的季节变化明显小于较低演替阶段的灌丛、次生青皮林及木麻黄林.研究还分离了15个具有潜在固氮能力的菌株,并筛选出4个固氮能力较强的菌株,为进一步在海防林的建设及青皮林的保护中研究利用植物促生菌做了初步探索和准备.     

Soil Nutrient Relationships with Topography as Influenced by Crop

Variable-rate fertilizer application is often based on grid soil sample data from a single year of data in an annual crop rotation. The objectives of this study were to determine if crop history influences spatial dependence (the degree of spatial variability) of nutrients in a rotation including both annual crops and alfalfa, and to compare grid-based and topography-based sampling strategies for representing within-field nutrient levels. A site in the Red River Valley of North Dakota was observed over three years from 1994–1996. The site was divided into one field of continuous alfalfa (Medica sativa L.) and an adjacent field seeded to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1994, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 1995 and alfalfa in 1996. Samples were taken from a 16.2-ha site each fall in a 33-m grid and analyzed for NO₃-N, P, SO₄-S and Cl. Topography was determined by measuring elevation in a 33-m grid with a laser-surveying device. Spatial dependence was determined by calculating the semivariogram and using regression analysis to assess the relationship between the semivariogram and the semivariogram model. Spatial dependence of NO₃-N and P was strongest following spring wheat and barley, while spatial dependence for SO₄-S and C1 was strongest for vigorous stands of alfalfa. When the continuous alfalfa stand declined following winter kill, NO₃-N and P spatial dependence intensified. Topography based sampling was correlated with the 33-m grid by giving each 33-m sampling location its value as directed by a topography sampling, then correlating that topography based value with the original 33-m sampling value. Topography-based sampling was correlated with the 33-m sampling grid for all nutrients following spring wheat and barley, but not in continuous alfalfa until the stand began to decline in vigor. Following alfalfa seeding in the annual crop field, topography relationships with NO₃-N and P decreased, while topography relationships with SO₄-S and Cl increased. Topography samplings of sulfate-S and chloride were most highly correlated to 33-m grid values in vigorous alfalfa. Lack of NO₃-N spatial dependence in the vigorous alfalfa stands suggests that a composite or field average soil test might be sufficient to provide soil NO₃-N information under similar conditions.     

旱田改水田对黑土pH、电导率及酶活性的影响

为了探明黑土旱田改为水田后土壤酶活性的变化,通过5点采样法取样,对旱田和水田土壤的酸碱度、电导率及土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和纤维素酶活性进行了测定。结果表明,旱田改为水田后,土壤pH和电导率显著上升,脲酶和转化酶的活性明显提高,脱氢酶活性显著降低,但对过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶影响不大。相关性分析结果表明,土壤理化性质的改变能影响土壤酶的活性,同时土壤酶之间可以相互作用,共同影响着土壤的生物化学过程。     

The impact of various sprinkler irrigation patterns on spatial soil moisture variation in Vertisols

The objective of this research was to assess the effect of soil cracks on soil moisture distribution under various sprinkler irrigation applications and to identify the optimal irrigation strategy that enhances soil moisture distribution and reduces water drainage for the upper soil layer 0–250 mm. The assessment was made for six irrigation events: the first two were for 10 and 46 mm water applications using a hand shift-set sprinkler system. The second set was for 43 and 19 mm water applications using the lateral move system with fixed sprayer heads and the third pair of events were for 43 and 32 mm water applications using the lateral move system with rotating sprinklers. The experiments were conducted on two adjacent fields at the University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia. Each field was divided into 2 m × 2 m grids that covered 62 sampling locations. For each event, the initial soil moisture content (SMC) was measured at each sampling location before irrigation. After irrigation, catch can readings were recorded for each sampling location. After 12 h overnight, the second set of soil moisture measurements was taken at each location. The area1 distribution of SMC for the studied applications was quantified. An attempt was made to identify the relationship between the applied water uniformity using catch cans and the soil moisture uniformity using gravimetric water content measurements. The study also took into consideration variables that could affect the soil physical and hydrological properties including the field slope, the soil texture, the infiltration rate, the salt content and the soil organic matter content of the two fields. Since the soils were cracking clay Vertisols, further analyses were conducted on the crack dynamics, size and distribution using image analysis techniques. The research findings demonstrated that the cracks were the main contributors to water drainage below 250 mm soil depth due to the micro-run off from the crust surface to the cracks. The cracks ranged from a few millimeters to more than 40 mm in width. It was observed that the cracks which were wider than 15 mm remained open after irrigation for the specified application rates. Improving the irrigation system application uniformity did not always result in higher uniformity of the surface SMC (0–250 mm). The event that best enhanced soil moisture distribution and thus improved soil moisture recharging was observed after the sixth irrigation event when the field received 32 mm water application. The soil was at a relatively high initial SMC of 25%, (which represented 43.3% of the plant available water range) and the sprinkler water uniformity was rather high above 87% Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CUc). At this SMC, the extent of soil cracking is limited.     

Soil Sampling Techniques for Alabama,USA Grain Fields

Characterizing the spatial variability of nutrients facilitates precision soil sampling. Questions exist regarding the best technique for directed soil sampling based on a priori knowledge of soil and crop patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate zone delineation techniques for Alabama grain fields to determine which method best minimized the soil test variability. Site one (25.8 ha) and site three (20.0 ha) were located in the Tennessee Valley region, and site two (24.2 ha) was located in the Coastal Plain region of Alabama. Tennessee Valley soils ranged from well drained Rhodic and Typic Paleudults to somewhat poorly drained Aquic Paleudults and Fluventic Dystrudepts. Coastal Plain soils ranged from coarse-loamy Rhodic Kandiudults to loamy Arenic Kandiudults. Soils were sampled by grid soil sampling methods (grid sizes of 0.40 ha and 1 ha) consisting of: (1) twenty composited cores collected randomly throughout each grid (grid-cell sampling) and, (2) six composited cores collected randomly from a 3×3m area at the center of each grid (grid-point sampling). Zones were established from (1) an Order 1 Soil Survey, (2) corn (Zea mays L.) yield maps, and (3) airborne remote sensing images. All soil properties were moderately to strongly spatially dependent as per semivariogram analyses. Differences in grid-point and grid-cell soil test values suggested grid-point sampling does not accurately represent grid values. Zones created by soil survey, yield data, and remote sensing images displayed lower coefficient of variations (%CV) for soil test values than overall field values, suggesting these techniques group soil test variability. However, few differences were observed between the three zone delineation techniques. Results suggest directed sampling using zone delineation techniques outlined in this paper would result in more efficient soil sampling for these Alabama grain fields.     

The use of scaled semivariograms to plan soil sampling in sugarcane fields

Spatial sampling designs used to characterize the spatial variability of soil attributes are crucial for science studies. Sample planning for the interpolation of a regionalized variable may use several criteria, which could be best selected from an estimated semivariogram from a previously established grid. The objective of this study was to optimize the procedure for scaled semivariogram use to plan soil sampling in sugarcane fields in the Alfisol and Oxisol regions of Jaboticabal Town in S?o Paulo State, Brazil. A scaled semivariogram for several soil chemical attributes was estimated from the data obtained from two grids positioned on a sugarcane field area, sampled at a depth of 0.0?C0.5?m. The research showed that regular grids with uniform intervals did not express the real spatial variability of the soil attributes of Oxisols and Alfisols in the study area. The calculated final sampling density based on the scaled parameters of the semivariogram was one sample for each 2?ha in Area 1 (convex landscape) and one sample for each 1?ha in Area 2 (linear landscape), as indicated by SANOS 0.1 software. The combined use of the simulation programs and scaled semivariograms can be used to define sampling points. These results may help in soil fertility mapping and thereby improve nutrient management in sugarcane crops.     

Variograms of Ancillary Data to Aid Sampling for Soil Surveys

To provide reliable estimates for mapping soil properties for precision agriculture requires intensive sampling and costly laboratory analyses. If the spatial structure of ancillary data, such as yield, digital information from aerial photographs, and soil electrical conductivity (EC) measurements, relates to that of soil properties they could be used to guide the sampling intensity for soil surveys. Variograms of permanent soil properties at two study sites on different parent materials were compared with each other and with those for ancillary data. The ranges of spatial dependence identified by the variograms of both sets of properties are of similar orders of magnitude for each study site. Maps of the ancillary data appear to show similar patterns of variation and these seem to relate to those of the permanent properties of the soil. Correlation analysis has confirmed these relations. Maps of kriged estimates from sub-sampled data and the original variograms showed that the main patterns of variation were preserved when a sampling interval of less than half the average variogram range of ancillary data was used. Digital data from aerial photographs for different years and EC appear to show a more consistent relation with the soil properties than does yield. Aerial photographs, in particular those of bare soil, seem to be the most useful ancillary data and they are often cheaper to obtain than yield and EC data.     

南通市城市土壤铅污染特征研究

对南通市城市五大功能区的土壤进行采样测定,对南通市城市不同功能区的土壤铅含量进行分析和评价。结果表明。南通市城市土壤总体未受到严重的铅污染,但工业区受到中度污染,商业区和老居民区受到轻度污染,风景区和农业区未受到明显污染。说明南通市城市交通运输和工业“三废”是土壤中铅污染的主要来源。