Energy Productivity Potential Assessment of Saccharum spontaneum L.Germplasm Resources

[Objective]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources as energy plants was discussed in this paper.[Method]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources collected from the wild was assessed from the aspects of cellulose,semicellulose,lignin and crude ash contents and caloric value.[Result]The total content of cellulose and semicellulose ranged from 41.75%to 69.13%,the lignin content ranged from 2.16%to 11.75%,the crude ash content ranged from 4.79%to 9.34%and the caloric value ranged from 16.00 to 17.69 MJ/kg among the 30 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms.Compared to other plants,Saccharum spontaneum L.had higher contents of cellulose and semicellulose,a higher caloric value but lower contents of lignin and crude ash.[Conclusion]From the perspective of producing fuel ethanol with lignocellulose,Saccharum spontaneum L.has a great potential for development as an energy plant.     

Effects of Multi-enzyme Preparations on Growth Performance,Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and In Vitro Digestibility for Growing Pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzyme supplementations on performance of growing pigs, apparent total tract digestibility （ATTD） and in vitro digestibility （IVD） of nutrients. 224 growing pigs weighing 30-4-1.2 kg were allocated to fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2 g/kg enzyme preparations in growth trail. Those four diets were used for in vio＇o digestibility study. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets improved average daily gain and decreased ratio of feed/gain （P〈0.05）. Enzyme supplementations increased ATTD of dry matter, energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose （P〈0.05）. Supplementation with enzymes improved reducing sugar production and the IVD of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre, total arabinoxylans, galacturonic acid, hemicellulose and cellulose. 0.015% enzyme supplementation in diets seemed to be sufficient to achieve maximum growth performance, nutrients digestibilities and reducing sugar production. Collectively, these results suggested that the supplementation of enzymes in diet increased the digestibilities of nutrients through the promotion of NSP degradation, thereby enhancing growth performance of growing pigs.     

Effects of Altitude Change on Nutritional Quality and Elymus nutans Regularity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In order to reveal the effects of different altitudes on the nutritional quality of wild forage in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this study used Elymus nutans as the tested plants to evaluate the changes of nutrient contents and the correlation between the nutrient contents and altitudes.Four sampling sites were set up at altitudes of 2 562,2 660,2 775 and 2 905 m with the vertical distance among each sampling point was about 100 m.The results showed that the crude protein,ash and phosphorus contents of Elymus nutans decreased significantly with an increase in altitudes.The crude protein contents decreased by 1.87 % with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude protein contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0187x+63.244 (R~2=0.9557)".The crude ash contents decreased by 1.77% with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude ash contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0177x+56.144 (R~2=0.978)".Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed an overall increasing trend with the increase of altitudes,but the most obvious increase was at 2 775 m.The contents of crude fat and Ca did not change regularly with altitudes.     

Nutrient Status and Dynamics of Trifolium spp. at Different Growing Stages

The nutrient status and dynamics of three clover （Trifolium spp.） varieties at different growth stages were investigated with the crude protein content as an indicator of nutrient equilibrium. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, phosphorus （P）, and calcium （Ca） content followed a decreasing trend at the initial growing stage and increased later. NDF and Ca content peaked in May, while crude protein and P content reached the highest in May and the lowest in July. The crude ash content followed an uncertain pattern as plants growing. The ash content of both wild-type red clover （T. pratensis L.） and ＇Sativum＇ decreased at the beginning and then increased. However, the ash content of ＇Revendef white clover （T. repens L.） decreased all through the experimental period. The general trend was observed for all three clover varieties as the ash content was the highest at vegetative growing stage （May）, and the acidic detergent fiber （ADF） content increased with time. The nutrient equilibrium value was ranked as ＇Revendei＇〉wild-type red clover〉＇Sativum＇.     

Intake and Digestibility of Native and Exotic Grasses Fed Ad libitum to Djallonke Sheep in South Benin

Native （Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum） and exotic grasses （Brachiaria ruzi：iensis, Panieum maximum cv. C1 and T58） consumed in tropical humid zone were evaluated by estimating their voluntary intake and in vivo digestibility. The measurements were performed with 4 male Djallonke sheep （28 kg LW） fed ad libitum in metabolic cages, during a 10-days in vivo trial, preceded by a 14-days accommodation period. Each grass was studied at 3 stages of development. The samples （distributed grasses, refusals and faeces） were analysed for organic matter （OM）, crude fibre （CF）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF）, acid detergent lignin （ADL） and crude protein （CP） contents. Voluntary digestible organic matter intake （VDOMI） and voluntary digestible crude protein intake （VDCPI） were calculated （in g kg ^-1 LW075） as synthetic parameters to compare the grasses. The chemical composition of the distributed forages varied significantly （P 〈 0.001） between species or cultivars and development stages. After 4-5 leaves per tiller stage, CP contents decreased in all species and lowest in native species. Andropogon gayanus was the most l ignified species at any stage of development. At the end of the rainy season, Pennisetum purpureum leaves and Brachiaria ruziziensis had the highest CP. For all the grasses, CP contents were higher （and CF contents lower） in the consumed material, compared to the offered forages, showing thereby the high selectivity by the sheep. Dry matter intake, OM and CP digestibility varied greatly （P 〈 0.001） between forages and development stages with high interactions between these factors （P 〈 0.001）. Voluntary digestible organic matter intake and VDCPI were the highest （P 〈 0.05） for native Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum. There was a relationship between digestibility and intake parameters, and ADL content of the grasses seems to be an important factor determining at least digestibility.     

Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.     

The effects of fermentation and adsorption using lactic acid bacteria culture broth on the feed quality of rice straw

To improve the nutritional value and the palatability of air-dried rice straw, culture broth of the lactic acid bacteria community SFC-2 was used to examine the effects of two different treatments, fermentation and adsorption. Air-dried and chopped rice straw was treated with either fermentation for 30 d after adding 1.5 L nutrient solution(50 m L inocula L–1, 1.2×1012 CFU m L–1 inocula) kg–1 straw dry matter, or spraying a large amount of culture broth(1.5 L kg–1 straw dry matter, 1.5×1011 CFU m L–1 culture broth) on the straw and allowing it to adsorb for 30 min. The feed quality and aerobic stability of the resulting forage were examined. Both treatments improved the feed quality of rice straw, and adsorption was better than fermentation for preserving nutrients and improving digestibility, as evidenced by higher dry matter(DM) and crude protein(CP) concentrations, lower neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and NH3-N concentrations, as well as higher lactic acid production and in vitro digestibility of DM(IVDMD). The aerobic stability of the adsorbed straw and the fermented straw was 392 and 480 h, respectively. After being exposed to air, chemical components and microbial community of the fermented straw were more stable than the adsorbed straw.     

野生及人工养殖暗纹东方鲀肌肉营养成分的比较分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for artificially feed research.[Method] The nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed.[Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the artificially reared.The content of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus was 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.The essential amino acid index(EAAI)was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus.[Conclusion] The muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were all high quality food full of animal protein,while the protein nutritive value of wild Takifugu obscurus was higher than that of the artificially reared.     

Comparison of Nutrient Components in the Muscle of Wild and Artificially Reared Takifugu obscurus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for artificially feed research.[Method] The nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed.[Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the artificially reared.The content of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus was 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.The essential amino acid index(EAAI)was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus.[Conclusion] The muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were all high quality food full of animal protein,while the protein nutritive value of wild Takifugu obscurus was higher than that of the artificially reared.     

野生及人工养殖暗纹东方鲀肌肉营养成分的比较分析(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Takifugu obscurus and provide the scientific basis for artificially feed research.[Method] The nutrient components and nutritive qualities in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were comparatively analyzed.[Result] The contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude ash,total amino acids,essential amino acids and half essential amino acid in the muscle of wild Takifugu obscurus were all higher than those of the artificially reared.The content of four delicious amino acids in the muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus was 17.59% and 14.44%(percentage of dry weight),respectively.The essential amino acid index(EAAI)was 52 and 40 separately,and the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids met the FAO/WHO standard.Valine was the first limiting amino acid of Takifugu obscurus.[Conclusion] The muscle of wild and artificially reared Takifugu obscurus were all high quality food full of animal protein,while the protein nutritive value of wild Takifugu obscurus was higher than that of the artificially reared.     

割手密种质资源的营养价值评价

测定43 份割手密种质营养期干物质粗脂肪粗蛋白中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分钙和磷等8 个营养指标,以粗蛋白,粗脂肪中性洗涤纤维,酸性洗涤纤维和磷钙作为判断指标,用层次分析法对其营养价值进 行评价,结果表明,营养价值最高的为A49广西,其干物质粗蛋白粗脂肪粗灰分中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维 钙和磷的含量分别为32.35%,7.20%,4.06%,8.07%,75.81%,50.72%,0.23%和0.16%;营养价值最低的为A3(广东)其 干物质粗蛋白粗脂肪粗灰分中性洗涤纤维酸性洗涤纤维钙和磷的含量分别为32.24%,4.62%,0.51%,6.38%, 46.40%,40.02%,0.15%和0.09%,各种质材料间的粗蛋白含量差异显著,最高的A48(9.11%)是最低的A14(3.72%)的 2.4 倍并将43 份种质分为高营养型中等营养型和低营养型3 类旨在为割手密作为饲草应用提供理论依据。     

Energy Productivity Potential Assessment of Saccharum spontaneum L. Germplasm Resources

[Objective]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources as energy plants was discussed in this paper.[Method]The energy productivity potential of Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasm resources collected from the wild was assessed from the aspects of cellulose,semicellulose,lignin and crude ash contents and caloric value.[Result]The total content of cellulose and semicellulose ranged from 41.75%to 69.13%,the lignin content ranged from 2.16%to 11.75%,the crude ash content ranged from 4.79%to 9.34%and the caloric value ranged from 16.00 to 17.69 MJ/kg among the 30 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms.Compared to other plants,Saccharum spontaneum L.had higher contents of cellulose and semicellulose,a higher caloric value but lower contents of lignin and crude ash.[Conclusion]From the perspective of producing fuel ethanol with lignocellulose,Saccharum spontaneum L.has a great potential for development as an energy plant.     

枸杞叶草粉营养价值的研究

枸杞叶是茄科枸杞属植物枸杞的茎叶,其活性成分和营养成分种类与枸杞子基本相同,具有较高的药用价值和营养价值。本文测定了枸杞叶草粉干物质、粗灰分、粗纤维、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙、总磷的含量,并与部分能量饲料、蛋白饲料和苜蓿草粉相应含量进行比较分析,研究其营养价值。结果表明:枸杞叶草粉干物质含量为90.98%,粗蛋白32.32%,粗脂肪1.10%,粗纤维7.8%,无氮浸出物34.76%,粗灰分15%,钙2.16%,总磷0.43%。其干物质含量高于能量饲料、蛋白饲料和苜蓿草粉,粗蛋白高于能量饲料和苜蓿草粉,粗脂肪低于三者,粗纤维含量介于蛋白饲料之间,无氮浸出物与蛋白饲料和苜蓿草粉相当,粗灰分和钙高于三者,总磷介于三者之间。综上所述,枸杞叶草粉具有较高的营养价值。     

17份落花生种质资源营养价值评价

对17份落花生营养期干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物、磷和钙含量进行测定。结果表明:17份落花生粗蛋白质范围为15.23%~17.12%,平均值为16.04%;粗纤维范围为19.56%~22.33%,平均值为20.85%;粗脂肪范围为5.15%~6.47%,平均值为5.73%;粗灰分范围为7.16%~9.37%,平均值为8.34%;无氮浸出物范围为32.16%~38.29%,平均值为32.51%;磷含量范围为0.20%~0.32%,平均值为0.27%;钙含量范围为1.24%~1.72%,平均值为1.50%。以粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维和无氮浸出物作为判断指标,应用层次分析法对其营养价值进行评价,营养价值最高的是来自福建莆田的A05(070113039平托落花生),为15.74%,最低的为A09(Amarillo平托落花生),为14.82%。通过对落花生营养价值的评价,旨在为落花生品种选育及利用提供理论依据。     

高丹草品种品质性状与产量的相关分析

研究通过对从外省区引入新疆的几个高丹草品种品质性状和鲜生物产量的相关分析表明:粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维与鲜生物产量呈一定的正相关,粗蛋白、粗脂肪与干物质含量呈一定的正相关.综合分析表明,甘露2号和先锋两个高丹草品种相对其他品种具有明显优势,其中甘露2号鲜生物产量76 300 kg/hm2,干生物产量26 500 kg/hm2,粗蛋白含量8.77;,粗脂肪含量1.57;,粗纤维含量30.53;;先锋鲜生物产量74 766.67 kg/hm2,干生物产量25 395.43 kg/hm2,粗蛋白含量8.78;,粗脂肪含量1.42;,粗纤维含量33.88;.     

三叶草不同生长时期营养动态变化规律的研究

对3种三叶草不同生长期营养物质含量的动态变化进行初步研究,并以粗蛋白为标准对其营养均衡价作对比。结果表明,不同三叶草组织中粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、P和Ca含量都随着生长期的推移呈先下降后上升趋势。其中中性洗涤纤维和Ca的含量在结实后期(10月)最高;粗蛋白和P含量在生长初期(5月)最高;在盛花期(7月)最低。粗灰分含量随着生长期的推移而呈现不同的变化规律。野生型红三叶和普通红三叶的粗灰分含量先降低后升高,瑞文德的粗灰分含量则是随着生长期的推移而一直下降,3种三叶草的粗灰分含量在生长初期(5月)最高;酸性洗涤纤维的含量则随着生长时期的推移呈现上升的趋势。3种三叶草营养均衡价(NB)依次为:瑞文德>野生型红三叶>普通红三叶。     

喂食玉米秸秆对黄粉虫经济指标的影响

[目的]降低饲养黄粉虫经济成本及提高玉米秸秆的利用率。[方法]在室内研究了不同比例的玉米秸秆对黄粉虫半干物质中体内粗蛋白、粗脂肪、Ca、P、干物质、粗灰分的含量及黄粉虫体重的影响。[结果]与对照全麦麸、纯精料相比,采用加入30%～60%玉米秸秆饲喂黄粉虫能极显著提高黄粉虫体内半干物质中的粗蛋白含量,但是不利于黄粉虫体重和体内粗脂肪的积累;其中配方V（50%玉米秸秆＋50%精饲料）有利于干物质、粗灰分的积累;配方VII（70%玉米秸秆＋30%精料）和配方VIII（70%光大发酵剂处理过的玉米秸秆＋30%精料）有利于粗蛋白、Ca和P的积累;并且经不同方式处理后的玉米秸秆,对黄粉虫体内粗蛋白等营养指标的影响也存在着差异性。[结论]适量添加玉米秸秆能促进黄粉虫体内粗蛋白、粗灰分、干物质、Ca及P的积累,但是不利于黄粉虫生长及粗脂肪的积累。     

大麦‘花22’不同生育期的饲用品质及呕吐毒素含量

为了明确大麦‘花22’不同生育期的饲用品质。以‘花22’为材料,分别在拔节期、灌浆后期、乳熟期和完熟期进行刈割,测定其常规营养成分、脂肪酸组成、氨基酸组成及呕吐毒素含量。结果表明：从拔节期至完熟期,随着生育期的延长,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙、磷含量显著下降(P<0.05);干物质和木质素含量显著增加(P<0.05)。脂肪酸组成中C18:3n3含量、氨基酸组成中的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量、呈味氨基酸均显著下降(P<0.05)。粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量呈阶段性波动,其中从拔节期至灌浆后期,粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量显著增加(P<0.05),灌浆后期期达到最大值,之后显著下降(P<0.05)。完熟期检测出呕吐毒素含量为560.50 μg/kg,拔节期、灌浆后期和乳熟期未检测出呕吐毒素。综上各生育期比较,拔节期‘花22’的营养品质最好,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量达到最大值(20.44%、4.71%),粗纤维含量最低(20.40%)。拔节期‘花22’的营养品质与黑麦草相近,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。灌浆后期、乳熟期和完熟期‘花22’的营养品质显著低于黑麦草(P<0.05)。拔节期、灌浆后期‘花22’的营养品质高于带穗玉米秸秆,完熟期的‘花22’的营养品质低于带穗玉米秸秆。在闽北种植的‘花22’完熟期不能作为青饲料使用。     

常绿岩垂草饲料营养价值研究

[目的]分析常绿岩垂草和过江藤的饲料营养价值。[方法]剪取过江藤和常绿岩垂草的地上茎叶,测定其营养指标,并与常用饲草进行比较,分析其作为饲草的开发价值。[结果]与过江藤相比,常绿岩垂草具有明显的速生与丰产能力。常绿岩垂草的粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、赖氨酸、维生素C、Ca、Fe含量明显高于过江藤,粗蛋白和全P含量明显低于过江藤。与常用饲草黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、谷草、玉米秸杆相比,常绿岩垂草具有较高的粗脂肪、粗灰分含量和较低的粗纤维、粗蛋白质含量。[结论]常绿岩垂草具有较高的饲料开发价值。