土壤中精喹禾灵残留测定及微生物降解研究

建立了高效液相色谱法对土壤中除草剂精喹禾灵残留的测定方法,并研究了其微生物降解特性。结果表明,采用C18柱和DAD检测器,以甲醇和0.2%磷酸水溶液(274∶,V/V)为流动相,在波长234 nm进行检测,土壤中精喹禾灵的回收率为88.4%～90.4%,相对标准偏差低于6.75%。未灭菌土壤中精喹禾灵的降解速率比灭菌土壤中快,接种优势微生物后精喹禾灵的降解速率明显加快,表明微生物是土壤中精喹禾灵降解的主要因素。     

苯醚甲环唑在土壤中的降解动力学及其影响因子

研究了苯醚甲环唑在北京、萧县、杭州及长沙4个地区土壤中的降解动力学,并探讨了土壤微生物、温度、含水量及药剂质量分数对其降解的影响.结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在4个地区土壤中的降解半衰期为11.63～21.77 d.土壤微生物对苯醚甲环唑降解起主导作用,灭菌土壤降解半衰期是非灭菌条件下的6.09倍;15～40℃范围内,温度升高,土壤中苯醚甲环唑降解加快,15～25℃降解速率增加幅度较大;士壤含水量过高(150%)和过低(25%)都不利于苯醚甲环唑降解,而土壤中药剂质量分数的增大对苯醚甲环唑降解则起阻碍作用.     

二甲戊乐灵在土壤中的吸附及微生物降解

通过振荡平衡法和室内培养法分别研究了二甲戊乐灵在土壤中的吸附和降解规律。结果表明，二甲戊乐灵在棕壤中容易被吸附，且解吸困难，其吸附属于物理性吸附。二甲戊乐灵在土壤中的降解主要是土壤微生物的作用，其在灭菌土壤中降解速率很慢。土壤含水量的多少对其降解速率有一定影响。30％FC下二甲戊乐灵在灭菌及未灭菌土壤中的半衰期分别为182．4d和162．2d；75％FC下的灭菌土壤中半衰期为97．63d，是其在未灭菌土壤中半衰期35．36d的2．76倍；在120％FC下灭菌土壤中的半衰期为87．74d，是其在未灭菌土壤中半衰期31．80d的2．76倍。     

稻瘟灵在土壤中的降解及其影响因子

在室内模拟条件下,采用气相色谱法研究了稻瘟灵在贵州不同地区土壤中的降解规律.结果表明:稻瘟灵在土壤中的降解过程均符合一级动力学,其降解速率与土壤性质、环境因子及其浓度有关;稻瘟灵在灭菌土壤中的降解半衰期大于未灭菌土壤,即土壤微生物是影响稻瘟灵降解的主要因素;土壤中稻瘟灵的降解速率随着稻瘟灵浓度的升高而逐渐变慢,当浓度达到一定剂量时,其降解半衰期趋于稳定;稻瘟灵在不同类型土壤中的降解速率随着pH值的降低而加快,pH值和田间持水量对稻瘟灵的降解有较大影响.对土壤中微生物生长有利的环境因子,对稻瘟灵的降解有促进作用.     

敌草胺在植烟土壤中的降解规律

为了探明除草剂敌草胺的残留污染风险与控制途径,为其安全使用提供参考,采用高效液相色谱法研究了敌草胺在贵州植烟土壤中的降解动态及影响因素。结果表明:1)敌草胺在植烟土壤中的降解过程均符合一级动力学特征,降解速率与土壤性质、环境因素及其浓度有关。2)影响敌草胺在土壤中降解的因素主要是有机质含量,土壤中敌草胺的降解速率随有机质含量的升高而加快。3)外界环境条件和敌草胺施用水平对其降解速率的影响也较大,即环境温度越高、湿度越大、喷施的敌草胺浓度越低,则降解速率越快。4)敌草胺在灭菌土壤中的半衰期大于未灭菌土壤,即微生物是敌草胺在植烟土壤中降解的主要途径。     

典型土壤中除草剂甲基磺草酮降解特性研究

农产品质量和安全是一项重要的民生问题,环境介质中农药的迁移、转化与降解行为已成为环境科学的重要议题。以除草剂甲基磺草酮为研究对象,进行了甲基磺草酮在3种典型土壤中的室内模拟降解试验和自然光照降解研究,以灭菌土壤为对照,详细分析了甲基磺草酮在土壤中降解和大自然光照降解的主要影响因素。结果表明,甲基磺草酮在3种供试土壤中的光照降解速率依次为宜兴水稻土淮南水稻土盐城盐碱土,其不灭菌降解半衰期分别为12.16、27.73、34.68 d,灭菌降解半衰期分别为38.51、86.64、138.63 d,光照半衰期为8.56、18.73、25.67 d,所有降解均遵循一级动力学方程。与灭菌对比,非灭菌土壤明显具有较快的降解速率,说明土壤中微生物是甲基磺草酮降解的重要影响因素之一;同时,自然光照对甲基磺草酮的降解有一定的促进作用。土壤理化性质一定程度上影响了土壤微生物活性和群落结构,最终影响除草剂在土壤中的降解行为。     

"精喹禾灵"乳油在越橘果实及土壤中的残留动态

为了评价"精喹禾灵"在越橘除草上使用的安全性,本试验采用气相色谱法(GC),对"精喹禾灵"在越橘果实及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量进行了研究.结果显示:"精喹禾灵"在越橘果实中的平均回收率为76.58%～89.16%,相对标准偏差为1.25%～4.36%;在土壤中的平均回收率为80.26%～92.24%,相对标准偏差为2.36%～3.70%,符合农药残留分析要求.残留动态结果表明:果实中"精喹禾灵"降解速率比土壤中快,施药14 d后果实和土壤中残留量极少;在越橘果实中的半衰期为1.14 d,在土壤中的半衰期为2.3 d.建议"精喹禾灵"在越橘除草施药中的使用剂量为5%的"精喹禾灵"乳油稀释200倍,采用喷雾施药方法,在越橘开花后最多施药3次,施药间隔为5 d,果实安全采收期距最后施药间隔时间在12 d以上.     

土壤环境条件对灭幼脲微胶囊残留降解的影响1）

研究了土壤微生物、含水量和温度对灭幼脲微胶囊降解的影响。结果表明：土壤微生物对灭幼脲微胶囊的降解起主导作用,在未灭菌的土壤中,包埋1、3、5个双层灭幼脲微胶囊的降解速率常数均为灭菌土壤中的7倍以上。土壤温度和湿度均可影响灭幼脲微胶囊降解,包埋1、3、5个双层灭幼脲微胶囊的降解速率常数随土壤含水量和温度的升高而增大。当含水率从40％上升到80％时,包埋1、3、5个双层灭幼脲微胶囊在土壤中的降解速率常数分别增长了1．81、1．82、1．82倍。当温度从15℃上升到35℃时,包埋1、3、5个双层灭幼脲微胶囊的降解速率常数分别增长了2．07、2．06、2．07倍。灭幼脲微胶囊最适降解土壤温度为25～35℃,最适土壤含水量为60％。     

五氯硝基苯在土壤中的降解

研究了在控制条件下,ＰＣＮＢ 在土壤中的降解规律及影响因素。结果表明,土壤中ＰＣＮＢ 降解符合一级反应动力学关系。土壤中微生物对ＰＣＮＢ 降解过程有强化作用, 使未灭菌土壤中ＰＣＮＢ 降解反应表观活化能降低,反映了生物降解的特点;在４ ℃～３０ ℃范围内,随着温度升高对微生物激活作用的增强,从而使ＰＣＮＢ 降解速率加快。     

微生物对腐霉利在土壤中降解的影响研究

为了进一步加强腐霉利自然降解机制的研究,在实验室条件下,研究了微生物对土壤中腐霉利降解的影响。结果表明:在施用56 d后,腐霉利在土壤中的消解率均在90%以上。腐霉利在土壤中的降解动态规律符合一级动力学模型。腐霉利在灭菌和未灭菌土壤中的半衰期分别为14.1、9.4 d。微生物的参与有利于腐霉利在土壤中的降解。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

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