水旱轮作制下稻田精准施肥技术应用效果

根据水旱轮作区稻田土壤养分空间变异情况,应用地理信息,推荐施肥等技术进行信息化土壤养分管理,并通过田间试验对养分咨询系统提供的施肥量进行验证.结果表明,推荐施肥与当地常规施肥比,水稻可增产291～662 kg·hm-2,节省肥料开支179元·hm-2,增收790～1 569元·hm-2.通过减少氮肥用量,增施有机肥,在不降低水稻产量的前提下,可有效提高土壤有机质,改善土壤生态环境,降低施肥对环境污染的潜在风险.     

系统测土施肥技术在冬小麦上的应用效果

田间试验结果表明 ,实施系统测土施肥比农民习惯施肥每公顷平均增产小麦 6 4 9 5kg ,平均增产率 9 4 % ;同时还可以改善小麦品质 ,每公顷可节约肥料投资 138 97元 ,增加纯效益 871 2 2元 ,还保持了土壤养分平衡 ,维持了地力。     

寒地大豆测土配方施肥效果分析

为验证大豆测土配方施肥效果,更好地为农业生产服务,进行了田间校正试验,结果表明,大豆推荐施肥处理较习惯施肥处理每公顷增产159kg,增产比5.97%,每公顷增加效益570.75元。大豆对土壤养分的依存率为78.3%,推荐施肥处理的产量比目标产量低178.5kg/hm2,与目标产量的吻合度为94.1%。     

基于GIS与GPS的水稻施肥试验研究

2008年通过GPS定位在广西柳江县基隆村水稻种植区8.69ha的水田上采集10个土壤样品,分析其碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,同时运用GIS空间分析功能对土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾进行空间插值分析,并依据所得土壤养分含量选择4块水稻田进行精准施肥与常规施肥对比试验,探讨在高度分散的农业生产管理模式下水稻精准施肥技术。田间试验结果显示,4田块精准施肥均比常规施肥增产,平均增产稻谷331.5kg/ha,增产率为5.6%;且节省肥料投入,每公顷平均减少肥料开支579.0元,综合稻谷增产值及肥料节支费用,每公顷平均增收1276.1元。     

豫北区夏玉米精确定量施肥技术

经过多年来的试验研究,夏玉米精确定量施肥技术已臻完善,施用面积逐年扩大,不仅增产效果显著,肥料投入成本同比每公顷下降200元以上,具有显著的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益。一、技术原理根据斯坦福公式,应施的肥料养分量等于作物需要吸收的养分量减去土壤可提供的养分量。按照该理论,夏玉米需要吸收的养分量=计划产量×玉米单位产量养分吸收量;土壤养分供应量(每公顷)=土壤养分含量(mg/kg)×0.15×15×土壤养分利用系数;每公顷施肥量(kg)=应施肥料养分量÷(肥料养分含量×肥料养分利用率)。二、技术参数单位产量养分吸收量:每100千克玉米…     

莲藕测土配方施肥肥料效应试验示范

按照初步制定的武汉市蔡甸区莲藕土壤主要养分丰缺指标及肥料养分施用指标进行配方施肥。结果表明,相比习惯施肥,该配方施肥肥料利用率平均提高了8.7个百分点,增施每千克N、P、K总养分的莲藕增产量(农学效率)达15.0kg,每公顷平均增产11.3%,产投比平均达9.2∶1.0,每公顷平均新增纯收入5554.5元。     

棉花平衡施肥建议

<正> 随着棉花综合管理措施的推广和产出的增加,棉田肥力状况和土壤养分状况也随之变化。为此,改革施肥配方,推广平衡施肥已成为提高棉花产量,改善棉花品质,实现连续增产、稳产,增加经济效益的重要措施。一、棉田土壤养分丰缺状况。为摸清棉田养分丰缺状况,我市农业局对不同地区的189块棉田进行     

测土推荐施肥适用技术路线的研究

根据中国的土壤养分空间变异研究中反映的变异系数信息,分析了按代表性混合土样推荐施肥的方法可能出现的失误概率,提出了失误概率与变异系数之间的定量关系.研究结果表明,目前土壤主要养分的变异系数一般在30％以上,与现行的以共性为基础的测土推荐施肥技术路线比较,个性化测土蕴藏着接近50％的增产潜力.建议根据允许的施肥偏差,选择变异系数临界值;根据当地土壤养分空间变异情况选择适用的测土推荐施肥技术路线.     

兴宁市水稻测土配方施肥指标体系应用研究

根据土壤养分水平应用测土配方施肥指标体系进行推荐施肥可获得最佳产量和最佳效益,产量为9 300 kg/hm2,除地力后每元肥产谷为1.39 kg,每元肥净增值为4.17元;比按当地习惯施肥除地力后每元肥产谷增加0.05 kg,每元肥净增值增加0.15元,增产增值效果好。试验表明,兴宁市测土配方施肥指标体系基本符合当地地力水平,推荐施肥量基本合理,可在实际生产中应用。     

基于GIS与GPS的中国农村精准施肥的方法研究

在利用GIS和GPS研究土壤养分空间变异的基础上,以农户作为精准施肥的单元,探讨在中国农村进行精准施肥的途径。结果表明,不同农户地块养分存在一定空间变异性,由此导致相邻农户施肥量存在差异性,而采用农户为单元的施肥推荐既可以避免土壤养分空间变异造成的推荐施肥偏差,又可考虑中国农村分散经营的实际的状况,从而使土壤养分管理更加精细化。     

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.     

Simulation of Cotton Production for Precision Farming

Most crop simulation models do not directly consider the spatial variability of inputs nor do they produce outputs that show the expected spatial variability of yield across a field. If such models were available for precision farming, then researchers could much better evaluate the effects of soil sampling densities to determine the number of samples necessary to adequately model a particular field. The objectives of this study were: (1) to design and implement a spatial simulation methodology for examining details of precision farming and (2) use this to evaluate the effects of different soil sampling resolutions on predicted yield and residual nitrates through spatially variable nitrogen applications. The GOSSYM/COMAX cotton growth model/expert system and the GRASS geographic information system were used to develop a spatial simulation that produces spatially variable outputs. Inputs to the model were collected from a 3.9-ha cotton field. Soil nitrate, a primary driver in fertilizer recommendations, was sampled on a 15.2-m regular grid for depths to 15 cm and on a 30.5-m regular grid at six 15-cm depth intervals (down to 90 cm). COMAX was used to determine spatially variable fertilizer recommendations. GOSSYM was used to simulate perfect application of these recommendations and predicted spatially variable yield and residual nitrates. Reductions in sampling density or resolution were simulated by systematically reducing the amount of data available to COMAX for calculating spatially variable fertilizer recommendations. GOSSYM subsequently used these recommendations (based upon less and less knowledge of soil nitrates) to simulate the effects of differing sampling resolutions on predicted yield and residual nitrates. For recommendations based upon a 15.2-m grid of inputs, 41.4 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer produced 801.7 kg/ha of cotton and left an average of 9.4 ppm of nitrate in the soil profile. For a 30.5-m grid, 42.8 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer resulted in a yield of 811.2 kg/ha and residual soil nitrate of 8.3 ppm. For 45.7-m and 61.0-m grids, the results were 43.3 kg/ha and 41.2 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer, 755.3 kg/ha and 794.3 kg/ha of cotton, and 11.5 ppm and 8.1 ppm of residual soil nitrate, respectively. This study concluded that crop simulations and geographic information systems are a valuable combination for modeling the effects of precision farming and planning variable rate treatments. Simulation results indicate that excessive fertilization, while potentially damaging to the environment, may also have a negative impact on yield.     

Spatial variability of soil properties and yield of a grazed alfalfa pasture in Brazil

Knowledge of the spatial variability of soil properties and of forage yield is needed for informed use of soil inputs such as variable rate technology (VRT) for lime and fertilizers. The objective of this research was to map and evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties, yield, lime and fertilizer needs and economic return of an alfalfa pasture. The study was conducted in a 5.3 ha irrigated alfalfa pasture in Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil that was directly grazed and intensively managed in a 270-paddock rotational system. Alfalfa shoot dry matter yield was evaluated before grazing. Soil samples were collected at 0–0.2 m depth, and each sample represented a group of 2 or 3 paddocks. Apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured with a contact sensor. The cost of producing 1 ha of alfalfa was estimated from the amount of lime and fertilizer needed and was then used to estimate the total cost of production for the dairy system. The alfalfa dry matter yield was used to simulate the pasture stocking rate, milk yield, gross revenue and net profit. The spatial variability of soil properties and site-specific liming and fertilizer needs were modeled using semi-variograms with VESPER software, the soil fertility information and economic return were modeled with SPRING software. The results showed that geostatistics and GIS were effective tools for revealing soil and pasture spatial variability and supporting management strategies. Soil nutrients were used to classify the soil spatial distribution map and design site-specific lime and fertilizer application maps. Spatial variation in forage and spatial estimates of stocking and milk yield are adequate pasture management tools. Spatial analyses of needs, forage availability and economic return are management tools for avoiding economic problems, as well as potential environmental problems, caused by unbalanced nutrient supplies and over- or under-grazing.     

双城土壤养分空间变异与玉米分区施肥技术研究

采用全球卫星定位系统(GPS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对黑龙江省双城市粮田耕层土壤进行了空间变异特征和分区施肥研究.结果表明,黑龙江省西南部玉米主产区黑钙土养分含量比较丰富,硼含量较高,氮含量较低.土壤中B、N、S、P的空间分布具有明显的变异性.土壤中B元素空间分布的偏斜程度较大.土壤养分偏斜程度与土壤养分变异系数之间存在密切的线性相关关系,相关系数R=0.9674.玉米分区平衡施肥取得了显著效果,较习惯施肥平均增产851 kg/hm2,平均增产率10.9%,平均增收610元/hm2.     

化肥减量有机替代对新疆滴灌棉花产量及土壤养分的影响

【目的】 研究新疆滴灌棉花合理的化肥减施量和有机肥替代量,为棉花优质高产、产业可持续发展提供理论支撑。【方法】 采用田间小区滴灌栽培试验, 化肥减量微生物菌剂替代对新疆滴灌棉花产量及其构成因素与土壤养分的影响。【结果】 与习惯施肥(CF)相比, 优化施肥减氮30%增施微生物菌剂(OPT+M-N30%) 处理的棉花籽棉产量、皮棉产量、单铃数及衣分有不同程度的提高, 其中棉花单铃数和籽棉产量分别提高16.42%, 5.09%。且OPT+M-N30%处理的土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量均高于其余施肥处理, 较农民常规施肥增加了7.74%、5.97%、1.70%。【结论】 优化施肥减氮30%增施微生物菌剂处理有利于提高棉花产量和土壤养分含量,表现较好的经济效益。     

干旱区棉花秸秆还田和施肥对土壤氮素有效性及根系生物量的影响

【目的】本研究探讨干旱区棉田土壤氮素转化过程及对棉花根系生物量的影响,明确棉田土壤氮素有效性对农业管理措施的响应,为棉田制定高产高效管理措施,实现棉花高产优质低成本及环境友好生产服务。【方法】在定位试验条件下,采用裂区设计,以秸秆不还田(S0)与秸秆还田(S1)为主区,4种施肥处理(不施肥(F0)、施氮磷钾化肥(F1)、施有机肥(F2)、施氮磷钾化肥+有机肥(F3))为副区,分析了秸秆还田和施肥对土壤氮素有效性的影响,探讨了棉田土壤氮素转化过程,包括净矿化速率、净硝化速率、总硝化速率和反硝化速率的变化,明确了土壤有效氮含量和棉花根系生物量对秸秆还田和施肥措施的响应。【结果】(1)秸秆还田和施肥显著增加了土壤净矿化速率、总硝化速率和反硝化速率,棉花不同生育时期不同施肥处理间各指标的变化不同,但秸秆还田下施肥处理间差异不显著,在盛花期均有最大速率;(2)秸秆还田和施肥显著增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮含量,但秸秆还田下施肥处理间差异不显著,棉花盛花期和盛铃期土壤无机氮含量显著高于收获期;(3)秸秆还田显著降低了棉花根冠比,对根系生物量、细根/粗根比影响不显著,施肥显著增加了根冠比、根系生物量及细根生物量,施肥处理之间差异不显著。综上所述,秸秆还田能增加土壤净矿化速率、净硝化速率、总硝化速率、反硝化速率、硝态氮、铵态氮和可吸出无机氮含量以及根系生物量。有机肥无机肥配施有最大的土壤净矿化速率、净硝化速率、总硝化速率、反硝化速率、硝态氮和可吸出无机氮含量。有机肥无机肥配施也有最大的根系生物量和粗根细根比。【结论】秸秆还田和施肥有利于促进土壤氮素转化过程,增加土壤有效氮含量,对根系生长及生物量产生影响。在干旱区实施秸秆还田,结合有机无机肥配施技术有利于加速土壤养分转化,提高肥料利用效率,增加有效养分含量,促进作物根系生长和地上部碳同化能力。     

基于测土配方施肥的秭归县玉米施肥措施研究

[目的]为了提出推荐施肥措施。[方法]通过在秭归县玉米主产区开展测土配方施肥试验,研究该区域玉米施肥效果。[结果]测土配方施肥相比习惯施肥方式表现出明显的增产增收、提高肥料养分利用率等效果。玉米平均增产606．0kg／hm2,增产率8．9％;新增产值平均1272．0元／hm2,减氮增钾减少肥料投入平均321．0元／hm2,平均增加纯收入1593．0元/hm2;配方施肥相对习惯施肥均为减氮减磷增钾施肥,平均分别减施纯氮、P_2O_5、K_2 O79．5、13．5,9．0kg／hm2,实际化肥施用量总计减少246．0kg／hm2。[结论]对初步制定的秭归土壤养分丰缺指标和玉米作物肥料养分施用指标进行了较合理的调整和修订。     

膜下滴灌棉田土壤氮素变化特征及合理施氮量

通过2a田间滴灌试验,在6个不同施氮梯度水平下,研究施氮量与土壤无机氮储量、氮素盈余率的关系。结果表明,随着施肥量增加,土壤剖面60~100cm NO_3~--N质量分数显著增加,峰值达5.70mg/kg;土壤剖面0~100cm土层无机氮总储量在年际间呈累积增加趋势,并与施氮量的相关性随施肥期进程而增强。氮素养分平衡值与施氮量均呈指数函数变化规律,相关性强,显著高于其他氮素指标;氮素盈余率和施氮量的关系可以通过线性函数模型来拟合。选择优化施氮量,有利于降低棉田土壤无机氮的残留量,从而降低硝态氮向90cm以下土壤淋洗的风险。以棉花产量为指标,通过施氮量与氮素养分平衡值的关系得到的氮肥投入量为357.61~375.54kg/hm~2。综合考虑棉花高产和环境安全,南疆巴州棉区的合理施氮量为285.30~375.54kg/hm~2。     

泗阳县玉米测土配方施肥试验

为明确测土配方技术在泗阳地区玉米生产过程中的实际效果，通过田间试验对玉米生育期、产量构成和效益等进行了对比分析。试验结果显示：采用14.8-9-8的肥料配比能显著提升玉米肥料利用率，提高产量和收益。相较常规施肥，测土配方施肥对玉米生育期影响较小，但玉米穗粒数和千粒重提升效果显著，分别提升了1.88%和3.89%；测土配方施肥的氮、磷、钾肥利用率和养分平均利用率分别为40.77%、28.02%、51.18%，相较常规施肥分别提升了11.55%、4.07%、21.46%，养分平均利用率提升了12.36%；测土配方施肥籽粒产量为9535.04kg/ha，相较常规施肥增产429.99kg，增产率为4.72%，纯收益每公顷提升1269.60元。     

基于GIS丘陵土壤分区的水稻施肥配方研究

 【目的】分析弋阳县土壤养分分布状况,划分弋阳县土壤肥力等别,绘制肥力等别图;创建施肥建议模型,得出各区明确而可行的水稻最佳经济效益施肥方案并得到相应施肥方案图。【方法】基于弋阳县2006—2008三年测土数据和基础地理数据,结合GIS 软件形成养分专题图、坡度图和高程图,分析丘陵县域土壤养分含量分布与地形的关系。结合耕地地力调查数据,进一步对该县土壤进行养分综合等级分区。在分区的基础上,选取能代表各区土壤肥力特性的水稻“3414”肥料试验,利用SAS软件对各“3414”试验数据进行肥料效应方程的拟合,结合方程求解各区水稻最佳经济效益和对应的施肥量、施肥比例。【结果】中、高含量的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾主要分布在平原及低坡度区;低含量的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾主要分布在丘陵、低山、岗埠地带。弋阳县耕地主要肥力等别区共9区,各区水稻最佳经济效益为8 313—13 500元/hm2,对应的氮、磷、钾施肥量高低有别,施用比例为1.0﹕0.18—0.49﹕0.48—0.85。【结论】丘陵县域土壤养分含量分布变异较大,与地形分布相关。采用宏观GIS和建模技术,结合土壤分析数据和田间试验数据,针对不同分区提出各区的施肥建议。