利用标准类别指数评价法评价北京主要水系河流水质

2003年春季对北京市五大水系的12条河流共49个监测断面的主要水质指标进行了取样监测，并采用标准类别指数法进行了水质现状评价，同时对污染原因作了分析。结果表明，潮白河除牛栏山环岛桥下游水体为超V类外，大部分河段满足相应水体功能要求；永定河从官厅水库到珍珠湖以及永引入水口和妫水河中游大路以下水质较差，为超河均不满足相应水体功能要求，水质为V类或者超V类；大清河水系除小清河以及大石河下游营村和拒马河中游张妨镇以下河段被严重污染，其余河段均满足水质功能要求。     

湘江长沙枢纽工程建设对湘江长沙段水质状况变化的分析

文章收集了湘江长沙段4个常年水质监测断面数据,根据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)标准,采用单项标准指标法评价水源地水质状况,发现各监测断面水质类别基本符合相应目标要求。研究表明,湘江长沙段仍存在水质污染问题,且该流域各污染物浓度与湘江水位关系密切,但整体水质未见恶化,工程的建设对其影响不大,工程运营后该段水体营养化污染的风险变大。     

青弋江流域水质评价及时空变化特征分析

采用单因子评价法、模糊综合评价法和主成分分析法对青弋江流域7个监测断面2017—2019年6项水质指标的监测数据进行分析,识别了流域的主要水质指标,得出青弋江流域的综合水质状况和水质时空变化趋势.结果表明:青弋江流域整体水质为优,主要水质指标为NH3-N和TP;下游因工业污染源较多,水质最差,上游主要污染源为林地腐殖质等带来的N、P污染,随着水体自净中游水质优于上游;汛期由于雨水冲刷带来的农业面源污染加重,水质劣于其他月份,随着对流域污染源排放管控的加强,流域水质随时间推移呈优化趋势.     

基于因子分析法的沱江流域地表水水质的综合评价

沱江是长江上游的一个重要支流,其水质安全对维持成都平原及周边地区正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用因子分析评价的方法,对沱江流域15个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价,结果表明：沱江的下游和上游地表水水质受到了较严重的污染,中游的地表水水质处于良好的状态。     

丹江口水库核心水源区典型流域农业面源污染特征

为分析丹江口库区农业地表径流及其水质污染特征,识别流域水质污染风险变量,探究主要潜在污染物时空排放规律,估算流域污染负荷并分析污染物来源贡献,应用因子分析方法,通过周年常规监测,对核心水源区典型小流域的地表径流及其水质污染特征进行了分析,并探讨了其时间差异性。同时采用平均浓度法估算了流域内面源污染负荷量和各污染源类型对主要潜在因子负荷的贡献率。结果表明:流域内水体浊度、色度及流量在上游与下游间存在显著差异,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、pH和电导率在不同监测断面间差异不显著;TN、TP、COD和流量是影响库区水质、造成污染风险的主要潜在因子;5—9月,随着降雨量和流量的增加,同步出现农业面源污染排放高峰。流域内,上、中、下游流域监测断面TN年负荷量分别为4.94、11.04、20.43 t,TP年负荷量分别为0.17、0.50、0.68 t,COD年负荷量分别为29.02、68.78、118.27t。农业生产及生活对TN贡献较大,规模化养殖对TP贡献较大,二者联合对COD负荷贡献率达到76%。研究表明,大量氮磷随水土流失进入水体是引起小流域面源污染负荷偏高的主要原因,加大对农业生活区和规模化畜禽养殖的控制管理,构建植被缓冲带等减少水土流失措施,对有效防治丹江口核心水源区典型小流域的面源污染具有重要作用。     

基于因子定权分析法的松花江流域地表水水质综合评价

松花江水质安全对维持东北地区正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。研究选取了具有代表性的30个监测断面,收集2006—2008年监测数据,选择反映流域水环境特征指标的氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和5日生化需氧量(BOD5)作为水质评价因子,运用因子分析定权法的水质评价模型评估流域水质状况。结果表明:水质模型计算综合评价结果基本与实测水质状况相吻合,松花江流域水质状况不容乐观,总体趋势为河流上游由于无污染或受到的污染较小,水质良好,综合水质等级为Ⅰ~Ⅲ级;到中下游由于分布的大中城市较多,工业、农业与生活污水大量排放,水质逐渐变差,综合水质等级达到Ⅳ级甚至劣Ⅴ级。     

辽河流域干流水质特征分析与评价

根据国家《地表水环境质量标准》,采用单因子评价方法,对辽河流域干流28个断面水质进行分析和评价。结果表明,辽河流域水质污染严重,水质超标区域主要分布在辽河干流的上游和下游,主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、挥发酚和重金属元素。其中,高锰酸盐指数在辽河上游老山头断面超标倍数为Ⅴ类水体标准的17.3倍。辽河干流39%的河段为Ⅲ类水体,21%的河段为Ⅳ类水体,Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类水体的比例高达40%。     

宁夏永宁县三沙源水库水质评价研究

以三沙源水库流域不同区段(上游、水库、波浪坝、下游)作为研究对象,选取影响水体水质的监测指标,以国家《地表水环境质量标准》作为参考依据,应用TOPSIS法综合评价不同区段水体水质情况。结果表明:三沙源水库流域不同区段水质pH均在8.0左右,呈偏弱碱性;溶解氧、亚硝酸盐指标达到I类水质的要求;总氮和氨氮的指标值均较高,超过Ⅴ类水质的要求,其中水库区段的值最高;TOPSIS法水质综合评价排序依次为三沙源水库上游波浪坝下游水库。由此可知,三沙源水库流域污染物主要为含氮类物质,污染较为严重的是水库区段,是未来需要重点保护的对象。     

阿什河流域非点源氮污染的δ15N源解析研究

农业活动往往沿着河流而发展,其产生的氮污染极大地影响了流域水质量。选择以种植业为主的阿什河作为典型流域,利用水质、土壤监测技术和¹⁵N稳定同位素示踪技术,对流域水体氮污染、种植业土壤氮特征以及氮污染来源进行解析。结果表明阿什河水质总氮浓度较高,氮污染较严重;位于上游的采样点水质较好,中游开始到下游水质逐渐恶化。种植业对于流域水体氮污染的影响根据水期以及种植周期的不同而有着不同的影响方式:平水期以种植业非点源氮污染为主要污染源的区域主要分布在中下游处,其δ¹⁵N值为0.46%～0.77%,表现为人工合成化肥和农田退水造成的土壤有机氮污染;丰水期以种植业非点源氮污染为主要污染源的区域较多,其δ¹⁵N值集中在0.19%～0.40%;上游地区以人工合成化肥为主要污染源,中下游以雨水及灌溉冲刷种植区土壤而形成的土壤有机氮来源为主。枯水期也有部分地区受到以人工合成化肥为主要污染源的氮污染,其δ¹⁵N值为0.11%～0.38%,主要是由于雨季人工合成化肥中的硝态氮下渗到土壤下层,当枯水期时地下径流补给河流,其中滞留的硝态氮对河水造成污染。     

巫水流域的工业污染源调查和干流水质特征分析

对巫水流域的主要工业污染源进行调查,在巫水干流上选取白云库区、长铺镇、洪江区水厂、大桥头共4个主要断面,采用单因子评价法,通过基于巫水流域水系特征选取的CODCr和NH4–N、TP含量等典型水质指标,分析巫水干流的水质特征。结果表明:巫水干流的总体水质较好,CODCr和NH4–N均是达标排放,部分断面水质的TP含量存在超标现象;主要工业污染源分布于巫水流域的中、上游,上游水质劣于下游水质;污染源对巫水水质的影响从大到小依次为造纸企业、污水处理厂、化工矿业类企业,其对水体中CODCr的贡献率分别为74.9%、24.4%、0.7%;2007—2011年,4个断面中CODCr均呈逐年递增趋势;NH4–N含量呈不明显的下降趋势,TP含量在大桥头断面的波动范围为0.04~0.27 mg/L,其余断面稳定地保持在0.05 mg/L左右。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。