微生物群落在团聚体中的分布及耕作的影响

对水稻土微生物群落在不同粒级土壤团聚体中的分布以及耕作的影响,结果表明:细菌和真菌主要分布在粒级＜0.053 mm的粉砂与粘粒组分中,而在各粒级团聚体中的分布无显著差异.放线菌主要分布在粒级为0.053～0.2 mm的土壤微小团聚体中,在其它各粒级团聚体中的分布无显著差异.研究认为水稻土微生物群落在土壤团聚体中的数量分布受土壤团聚体结构的影响.细菌、真菌、放线菌都主要分布于小粒级的土壤组分中.垄作免耕稻田显著提高了耕层土壤微生物的数量,但对微生物的分布模式没有影响.

Abstract：

The present paper reports the distribution patterns of microbial community in soil water-stable aggregates of different sizes and the effects of tillage methods on them in a paddy soil. The results showed that the pattern of microbes in arable layer was: bacteria ＞ fungi ＞ actinomyce, that bacteria and fungi were mainly distributed in sand and silt particles of ＜0. 053 mm with no marked difference among aggregates of different sizes and that actinomyces were mainly distributed in 0. 053～0.2 mm soil aggregates. It is concluded that the distribution pattern of microbial community within soil aggregates was restricted by the structure of soil aggregates. Bacteria, fungi and actinomyces were mainly distributed in microaggregates. No-tillage ridge culture remarkably increased the number of soil microbes in the arable layer but had no significant effect on the distribution patterns of soil microbes.     

不同形态的有机碳在土壤团聚体中的分布及耕作的影响

通过长期田间定位试验,研究了各级土壤团聚体中不同形态有机碳的分布模式,以及耕作方式的影响.实验结果是:两种耕作方式下,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、DOC和POC在＞2.0 mm粒级到＜0.053 mm粒级团聚体中,均呈倒V字形分布,具有相同的分布模式,且主要富集在2.0～0.25 mm团聚体中.结果表明:土壤团聚体中各种形态的有机碳在不同大小团聚体中的分布模式主要由土壤团聚体本身的性质决定,耕作方式的影响不显著;常规耕作降低了土壤中有机碳的含量,垄作免耕则能有效地保护土壤中的有机碳.

Abstract：

The distribution of different forms of organic carbon in soil aggregates and the effects of tillage methods on them were investigated in a long-term field experiment. The result showed that with any of the tillage methods studied, various forms of organic matter in the soil particles all exhibited a V-shaped distribution pattern, and their enrichment was mainly in 2.0～0.25 mm aggregates, suggesting that tillage methods did not significantly affect the distribution pattern of different forms of organic matter in the soil particles. Compared with conventional tillage, no-tillage and ridge culture effectively protected the contents of organic matter in the soil.     

紫色土丘陵区不同种植模式下团聚体分形特征

选择紫色土丘陵区5种种植模式,分层(0～20,20～40 cm)采集土壤样品,对土壤团聚体分布、团聚体水稳性和分形特征进行研究.结果表明:不同种植模式下团聚体分布和水稳性差异明显,＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性指数(ASI)表明团聚体水稳性从高到低依次为自然生草地,横坡玉米,南方早熟梨+苜蓿,桑基+农作物,柑橘+鸭茅草;0～20 cm土层团聚体水稳性较20～40 cm团聚体高.湿筛后团聚体的分形维数(y2)与＞5 mm(x3),＞0.25 mm(x4)水稳性团聚体含量回归方程为y2=-1.186x3+0.636x4,相关系数达极显著水平.风干土团聚体分形维数与粉粒和粘粒含量呈正相关,而水稳性团聚体分形维数则与之呈负相关;有机质含量高的土壤结构较好,分形维数较小.因此,可以通过横坡耕作和农林复合经营提高土壤团聚体稳定性,减轻和防治水土流失.

Abstract：

Soil samples from different profiles (0～20 and 20～40 cm) were collected from 5 cropping patterns, and the distribution and water stability of soil aggregates and their fractal features were studied.The results indicated that aggregate distribution and water stability were distinctly different with cropping patterns. The content of ＞0. 25 mm water stable aggregates and aggregate stability index (ASI) were in the order of natural grassland, southern precocity pear + alfalfa, mulberry hedgerow intercropping, orange + Dactylis glomerata L.; aggregates from the 0～20 cm profile were more stable than those from 20 ～40 cm. The regression equation of the fractal dimension of aggregates after wet sieve (y2) and the content of ＞5 mm (x3) and ＞0.25 mm (x4) water stable aggregates was y2 =- 1. 186x3+0. 636x4, with a highly significant correlation. The fractal dimension of air-dry aggregates was positively correlated with the contents of silt and clay, but the fractal dimension of water stable aggregates was negatively correlated with them. Soils with higher organic matter content had better structure and lower fractal dimension. Therefore, soil and water conservation could be done through horizontal cropping and agriculture-forest management for such practices can enhance water stability of aggregates.     

Aggregate-associated changes in nutrient properties,microbial community and functions in a greenhouse vegetable field based on an eight-year fertilization experiment of China

Soil aggregation, microbial community, and functions(i.e., extracellular enzyme activities; EEAs) are critical factors affecting soil C dynamics and nutrient cycling. We assessed soil aggregate distribution, stability, nutrients, and microbial characteristics within 2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and 0.053 mm aggregates, based on an eight-year field experiment in a greenhouse vegetable field in China. The field experiment includes four treatments: 100% N fertilizer(CF), 50% substitution of N fertilizer with manure(M), straw(S), and manure plus straw(MS). The amounts of nutrient(N, P_2O_5, and K_2O) input were equal in each treatment. Results showed higher values of mean weight diameter in organic-amended soils(M, MS, and S, 2.43–2.97) vs. CF-amended soils(1.99). Relative to CF treatment, organic amendments had positive effects on nutrient(i.e., available N, P, and soil organic C(SOC)) conditions, microbial(e.g., bacterial and fungal) growth, and EEAs in the 0.053 mm aggregates, but not in the 0.053 mm aggregates. The 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates exhibited better nutrient conditions and hydrolytic activity, while the 0.053 mm aggregates had poor nutrient conditions and higher oxidative activity among aggregates, per SOC, available N, available P, and a series of enzyme activities. These results indicated that the 0.25–0.053 mm(0.053 mm) aggregates provide suitable microhabitats for hydrolytic(oxidative) activity. Interestingly, we found that hydrolytic and oxidative activities were mainly impacted by fertilization(58.5%, P0.01) and aggregate fractions(50.5%, P0.01), respectively. The hydrolytic and oxidative activities were significantly(P0.01) associated with nutrients(SOC and available N) and pH, electrical conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, SOC, available N, and available P closely(P0.05) affected microbial communities within 0.25, 0.25–0.053, and 0.053 mm aggregates, respectively. These findings provide several insights into microbial characteristics within aggregates under different fertilization modes in the greenhouse vegetable production system in China.     

Changes in organic C stability within soil aggregates under different fertilization patterns in a greenhouse vegetable field

Knowledge of the stability of soil organic C(SOC) is vital for assessing SOC dynamics and cycling in agroecosystems. Studies have documented the regulatory effect of fertilization on SOC stability in bulk soils. However, how fertilization alters organic C stability at the aggregate scale in agroecosystems remains largely unclear. This study aimed to appraise the changes of organic C stability within soil aggregates after eight years of fertilization(chemical vs. organic fertilization) in a greenhouse vegetable field in Tianjin, China. Changes in the stability of organic C in soil aggregates were evaluated by four methods, i.e., the modified Walkley-Black method(chemical method), ~(13)C NMR spectroscopy(spectroscopic method), extracellular enzyme assay(biological method), and thermogravimetric analysis(thermogravimetric method). The aggregates were isolated and separated by a wet-sieving method into four fractions: large macroaggregates(2 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2 mm), microaggregates(0.053–0.25 mm), and silt/clay fractions(0.053 mm). The results showed that organic amendments increased the organic C content and reduced the chemical, spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability of organic C within soil aggregates relative to chemical fertilization alone. Within soil aggregates, the content of organic C was the highest in microaggregates and decreased in the order microaggregatesmacroaggregatessilt/clay fractions. Meanwhile, organic C spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability were the highest in silt/clay fractions, followed by macroaggregates and microaggregates. Moreover, the modified Walkley-Black method was not suitable for interpreting organic C stability at the aggregate scale due to the weak correlation between organic C chemical properties and other stability characteristics within the soil aggregates. These findings provide scientific insights at the aggregate scale into the changes of organic C properties under fertilization in greenhouse vegetable fields in China.     

Inter-annual changes in the aggregate-size distribution and associated carbon of soil and their effects on the straw-derived carbon incorporation under long-term no-tillage

Converting from conventional tillage to no-tillage influences the soil aggregate-size distribution and thus soil organic carbon(SOC) stabilization. However, the dynamics of soil aggregation and the straw-derived carbon(C) incorporation within aggregate fractions are not well understood. An experiment was established in 2004 to test the effects of two treatments, no-tillage with residue(NT) and conventional tillage without residue(CT), on the soil aggregate-size distribution and SOC stabilization in a continuous maize(Zea mays L.) cropping system located in the semiarid region of northern China. Soil samples were collected from the 0–10 cm layer in 2008, 2010 and 2015, and were separated into four aggregate-size classes(2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and 0.053 mm) by wet-sieving. In each year, NT soil had a higher proportion of macroaggregates(i.e., 2 and 0.25–2 mm) and associated SOC concentration compared with CT. Additionally, to compare straw-derived C incorporation within NT and CT aggregate fractions, 13 C-labeled straw was incubated with intact NT and CT soils. After 90 days, the highest proportion of 13 C-labeled straw-derived C was observed in the 2 mm fraction, and this proportion was lower in NT than that in CT soil. Overall, we conclude that long-term continuous NT increased the proportion of macroaggregates and the C concentration within macroaggregates, and the physical protection provided by NT is beneficial for soil C sequestration in the continuous maize cropping system in semiarid regions of northern China.     

Influence of Conservation Tillage on Soil Aggregates Features in North China Plain

Tillage greatly influences the aggregation and stability of soil aggregates. This study investigated the effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregate characteristics. During a four-year study period （2001-2005）, soils were sampled from no-tillage （NT）, rotary tillage （RT）, and conventional tillage （moldboard tillage, CT） plots at the Luancheng Agriculture and Ecology Experimental Station in Hebei Province, China, and the amount, size distribution, and fractal dimension of the aggregates were examined by dry and wet sieving methods. The results indicated that NT significantly increased the topsoil （0-5 cm） bulk density （BD）, while RT maintained a lower BD as CT. Dry sieving results showed that NT had higher macro-aggregate content （R0.25）, and a larger mean weight diameter （MWD） and geometric mean diameter （GMD） than other treatments in the 0-10 cm layer, while RT showed no difference from CT. In wet sieving, results showed that most of the aggregates were unstable, and the MWD and GMD of water-table aggregates showed the trend of NT 〉 RT 〉 CT. At 0-5 cm layer, the fractal dimension （D） of water-stable aggregates under NT was lower than it was under RT and CT. At 5-10 cm, RT yielded the highest D, and showed stability. After four years, NT increased the aggregation and the stability of soil aggregates; while due to intense disturbance, the aggregation and stability of the upper layer （0-10 cm） under RT and CT decreased.     

Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen under long-term contrasting soil management regimes in loess soil

This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates(2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 0.25 mm) and associated soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment(Abandonment), bare fallow(Fallow) and wheat-fallow cropping(Cropping). Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed: control(CK, no nutrient input), nitrogen only(N), nitrogen and potassium(NK), phosphorus and potassium(PK), NP, NPK, and manure(M) plus NPK(MNPK). Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates(0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter(MWD) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.     

The main physical properties of planosol in maize(Zea mays L.) cultivation under different long-term reduced tillage practices in the Baltic region

The impact of sustainable reduced tillage(RT) on the physical properties of soil is well documented worldwide; however, there is no precise information about the influence of long-term RT or no-till(NT) on the soils at the boundary for grain maize-growing in the semi-humid subarctic climate conditions of the Baltic states, especially on the formation of a hardened upper soil layer(10–15 cm in depth)- "loosening hardpan". This study was carried out at the Research Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania from 2009–2012. The investigations were based on a long-term(since 1988) field experiment. The aim of the investigation was to ascertain the influence of reduced primary tillage on the main soil's physical properties. This study examined soils that were deep ploughing(DP), shallow ploughing(SP), deep cultivation(DC), shallow cultivation(SC), and no-till(NT). Reducing the tillage intensity to NT had no significant effect on the structural soil's composition; however, the stability of the structure of the 1 and 0.25 mm-size fractions was significantly higher in the non-reversibly tilled(DC, SC) and NT plots. The penetration resistance of the DP soils was less after primary tillage and wintering, and became similar to the NT plots at the end of the maize growth season. After primary tillage and wintering, the soil moisture content in the upper soil layer(0–5 cm depth) of the NT plots was 17–49 and 16–18% higher than that in the DP. Long-term reduction of primary tillage up to NT generally had no significant effect on the moisture content and soil bulk density of the 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers. The results showed that long-term RT stabilized the physical quality of soil. Less soil penetration resistance was established in the DP plots compared to both RT and NT, however, indicators of the formation of a uniform "loosening hardpan" layer were not found. It is summarized that long-term RT or NT systems stabilize, or may increase, the physical quality of soil in crop cultivation with low inter-row coverage potential(maize), and could be applied in semi-humid subarctic climate conditions as a good option to prevent soil degradation.     

Effect of RRS on nitrogen transition and related bacteria in rhizosphere soil

The biology safety of genetically modified organisms(GMO)has been a topic of considerable public debate in recent years.Parts of the international research on the safety of GMO focus on its effect on soil ecosystem,especially on microbial communities changing and process in soil that are essential to key terrestrial ecosystem functions.This paper studied the dynamic change of soil microbe after cultivating Roundup Ready soybean(RRS)and the effect on biochemical processing of nitrogen cycle. According to the variance analysis,the ammonifying bacteria and nitrifying bacteria quantities of RRS in the rhizosphere soil were much lower than that of other genotype soybeans.The effects of different genotype soybeans on ammoniation intensity and nitrification intensity were remarkable.The nitrification intensity and the nitrifying bacteria had the great positive correlation and sustainable development.     

土壤普查与数字土壤

“数字”听起来是枯燥的,然而运用数字技术打造的虚拟现实将展示给我们一个有声有色、真真切切、绚丽多彩的世界。本文浅谈一点对土壤普查、土壤分类和数字土壤的联想。1　土壤普查回顾农业是国民经济的基础,土壤是农业的基础。党和政府对土壤工作历来十分重视,早在1958年我国就作出“关于开展群众性土壤普查工作的指示”。在农业部的组织下,从1958年至1960年全国开展了轰轰烈烈的第一次土壤普查工作。经过3年的群众性普查,于1961年进行汇总整理,首次编制了《中华人民共和国农业土壤图》,《中国农业土壤肥力概图》,《中国农业土壤改良概…     

茶园与相邻林地土壤有机碳及基础呼吸的垂直分布特征

对茶园及相邻林地土壤基础呼吸的垂直分布特征进行了研究, 并试图寻求其与土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)的关系。结果表明茶园和林地土壤有机碳、土壤呼吸积累量、水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳均随着土壤深度的增加而减少, 且茶园均值大于林地。在0~100 cm土壤层次内, 茶园土壤质量敏感性指标(WSOC/SOC)平均值、代谢熵(qCO₂)平均值均大于林地, 微生物熵(qMBC)平均值小于林地。茶园和林地土壤基础呼吸速率与SOC、WSOC及MBC呈显着正相关, 向后筛选回归模型表明对茶园土壤基础呼吸的影响作用依次为SOC>MBC>WSOC,对林地土壤基础呼吸的影响作用则为WSOC>SOC>MBC.茶园土壤代谢作用强于林地, 但茶园有机碳库的稳定性比林地差, 不利于土壤有机碳库的积累, 为促进茶叶生产的持续健康发展, 茶园土壤需要更加科学合理的施肥和耕作措施。     

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤的改良

营养型上壤改良剂施入3种不同理化性状和不同肥力水平的酸性土壤进行恒温培养，20和40d后，测定土壤的pH值以及交换性酸总量、H^ 、K^ 、Na^ 含量。试验结果表明，营养型土壤改良剂提高了土壤的pH值，降低了土壤中交换性H^ 和AP^ 含量。说明营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤具有明显的改良作用。     

不同土壤调理剂对酸性土壤的改良效果

[目的]模索施用不同土壤调理剂对酸性土壤的改良效果。[方法]供试品种早造为盐两优888,晚造为金稻优998,共设4个处理,研究钙镁磷肥、石灰、硅钙肥等土壤调理剂对酸性土壤的改良效果。[结果]在中潜底酸性稻田施用钙镁磷肥、石灰、硅钙肥等土壤调理剂,可提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和p H,以施用钙镁磷肥加土壤调理剂效果最佳,早、晚造的有机质和全氮含量比对照分别高出1.50、0.17和1.70、0.10 g/kg,早、晚造的速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量比对照分别高出0.20、4.00、16.60、1.60和0.19、5.00、18.50、1.70 mg/kg。同时,钙镁磷肥加土壤调理剂能提高水稻产量,早、晚造分别比对高出499.5、598.5 kg/hm~2,增幅达7.38%、12.20%,经方差分析均达极显著差异水平。[结论]施用土壤调理剂有利于水稻的生长发育,以施用钙镁磷肥加土壤调理剂对土壤的改良效果最好。     

坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤化学性质的影响

运用137 Cs示踪了陕北安塞试区坡耕地土壤侵蚀量,并以室内分析的方法研究了黄土高原北部坡耕地土壤侵蚀与土壤性状的关系.研究结果表明,黄土高原坡耕地土壤侵蚀量在山坡中、上部是侵蚀最严为强烈的地带,而在坡顶侵蚀较弱,在坡下有土壤堆积;土壤全N、碱解N和速效K与水蚀及耕作侵蚀成线性相关;有机质、速效P、阳离子代换量及土壤质地则与水蚀及耕作侵蚀无显著相关.     

数字土壤制图在土壤养分方面的研究综述

土壤是生态系统中重要的组成部分,土壤养分是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标。土壤制图则是对土壤养分空间分布特征的反映,绘制准确的土壤空间信息是农林信息化与可持续发展的必然要求。在过去的30年,土壤养分预测性制图在各个方面都取得了显著进展。介绍了数字土壤制图的理论基础,以及阐述土壤养分预测过程中的主要方法,包括传统土壤调查法、空间插值法、土壤-景观模型法、遥感影像法,并分析了当前在土壤制图研究中存在的主要问题,最后讨论了未来土壤养分制图的发展前景,旨在帮助人们了解土壤制图研究的现状,以期为土壤预测性制图的进一步研究提供参考。     

土壤和土壤矿物对氯磺隆的吸附

用批量法研究了人工合成的铁、铝氧化物以及砂页岩发育的红壤对氯磺隆的吸附。结果表明: 1)在相同的条件下,氯磺隆在铁、铝氧化物和砂页岩发育的红壤中的吸附量随其浓度的升高而增加,氯磺隆吸附量的顺序为:铁氧化物<铝氧化物<红壤; 2)氯磺隆在铁、铝氧化物和砂页岩发育的红壤中吸附量随pH值的升高而减小。这些情况均与矿物及其组成有关。     

数字土壤制图在土壤养分方面的研究综述

土壤是生态系统中重要的组成部分,土壤养分是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标.土壤制图则是对土壤养分空间分布特征的反映,绘制准确的土壤空间信息是农林信息化与可持续发展的必然要求.在过去的30年,土壤养分预测性制图在各个方面都取得了显著进展.介绍了数字土壤制图的理论基础,以及阐述土壤养分预测过程中的主要方法,包括传统土壤调查法、空间插值法、土壤-景观模型法、遥感影像法,并分析了当前在土壤制图研究中存在的主要问题,最后讨论了未来土壤养分制图的发展前景,旨在帮助人们了解土壤制图研究的现状,以期为土壤预测性制图的进一步研究提供参考.     

坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤化学性质的影响

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从土壤中不同微粒及不同大小粒径等对土壤肥力的影响方面进行了阐述,进而引入了土壤中的超微粒子——无机纳米微粒对土壤肥力的影响,并且对其发展前景进行了展望。