Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features: suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.     

Study on Relationship Between Cucumber Germplasm and Propamocarb Residue Using Subjective Rating Technique

Propamocarb(PM)residue in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)receives little attention.As is well known to all,high PM residue of cucumber could lead to increase in the violation rates of maximum residue limits and ultimately cause harm to human health.Knowledge of PM residue could help cucumber breeders in developing cultivars with low PM residue and improving cucumber quality.In this study,32 representative cucumber accessions(26 breeding lines and six cultivars)from different regions of China were evaluated for their PM residue in fruit and leaf to provide meaning to the subjective rating,which was highly correlated with PM residual content of fruit(r=0.97)and leaf(r=0.94).In addition,PM residual content of North China ecotype was the highest and Pickling ecotype was the lowest in fruit and leaf of cucumber.The leaf had significantly higher(P<0.01)PM residual content than the fruit,and poor correlation between leaf and fruit was represented.This study verified PM residual relationship between fruit and leaf,and laid the foundation for further identification of germplasm resources and breeding of new varieties for low PM residue of cucumber.     

Studies on Diversity of Leaf Morphological Traits of Plants Regenerated from ＂Miniature Seeds＂ in Loquat

The genetic diversity of 79 accessions regenerated from ＂miniature seeds＂ of loquat （Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. cv. ＇Dawuxing＇） was analyzed based on 13 morphological characteristics of leaves in this study, in order to provide important morphological basis for breeding new varieties and materials through ＂miniature seed＂ breeding method in loquat. The results showed that there was abundant genetic diversity in leaf morphological characteristics of regenerated plants （D=0.785）, especially indicated by diversity indexes of leaf length （D=0.991）, leaf width （D=0.994）, petiole length （D=0.982）, petiole thickness （D=0.995） and leaf thickness （D=0.987）. And all the characteristic values varied broadly with coefficients of variation ranging from 9.84% to 40.09%; 79 accessions were divided into 6 groups by UPGMA method, there were significant differences in leaf morphological traits among the 6 groups; Group I and group VI were quite different from other groups and parent plants （cv. ＂Dawuxing＂）. The leaves of group I were darkgreen, large, hard and thick with long and thick petioles; while those of group VI were yellowgreen, small, thin and soft with slender petioles. These two groups were important excellent germplasm. Based on the abundant genetic diversity in leaf morphological characteristics, the breeding via ＂miniature seeds＂ was considered as an efficient method for broadening the germplasm resources and breeding new varieties of loquat.     

Investigation of Different Characters of Stomata on Three Cocoa Clones with Resistance Level Difference to VSD （Vascular Streak dieback） Disease

The development of the science of cytology and genetics, particularly on cell structure and function provided a breakthrough for breeders and allowed for early selection. Character of stomata density on some commodities was reported as important factor to determine the disease resistance. The research was done for getting information about the differences in the stomata characters influenced on the level of Vascular Streak dieback （VSD） resistance on cocoa. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Genetics, Gadjah Mada University and leaves samples were conducted in Kendeng Lembu Gardens, PTPN XII. The research used a split plot design with three factors included the type of clones with different levels of VSD disease resistance （PA 191, BL 703 and GS 29）, leaf position （top, middle and base） and leaf age （young and old）. Stomata characters included number of stomata, stomata opening width, stomata wide and stomata diameter were observed. The results showed that the stomata characters in three cacao genotypes with different resistance levels indicated a difference in number of stomata, stomata size, stomata opening width, stomata wide and stomata diameter. Stomata number, stomata opening width and stomata diameter on PA 191 （resistance clone） were lower than the susceptible clones （BL 703 dan GS 29）. The lowest of number and diameter stomata on the base position on the old leaves tissues. Number of stomata, stomata opening width and stomata diameter were estimated role in mechanism of VSD resistance and that were expected could be used as criteria selection to VSD resistance.     

Effect of Preplant Fertilizer on Agronomic and Physiological Traits of Soybean Cultivars from Different Breeding Programs

Understanding the changes in agronomic and physiological traits associated with yield genetic gain is important for soybean production and future breeding strategy. The objective of this study was to compare the older and modern cultivars to learn whether the yield improvements depend on preplant fertilizer or the plant productivity improvement, A set of older cultivars, with their modern counterparts derived from breeding programs in Liaoning and Ohio were evaluated for their agronomic and physiological traits under different fertilizer levels from 2004 to 2006. There was no improvement of response to N and P preplant fertilizer for genotypes. After more than 70 yr breeding, soybean breeders made some improvements in agronomic and physiological traits that contribute to yield increase. When compared to older cultivar, modern Liaoning and Ohio cultivars were shorter and more resistance to lodging, had greater leaf density, higher harvest index, more leaf area per plant, and greater photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at the beginning of seed development. Ohio cultivars were more resistant to lodging as if selected for easy harvest by combine, even under high N and P preplant fertilizer level, which resulted in Ohio cultivars with higher and stable yield productivity.     

Molecular Identification and Cultivar Fingerprints of Prunus persica （L.） Batsch Germplasms

[Objective] The aim was to study the molecular identification and cultivar fingerprints of Prunus persica （L.） Batsch germplasms.[Method] Sixty peach genotypes,representing China common local cultivars and European samples were screened by microsatellites （simple sequence repeats,SSRs） and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat （ISSR） markers.[Result] 26 reproducible bands were amplified by Nine SSR primers,and 24 of which were polymorphic; 236 bands were amplified by 30 ISSR primers,and 113 of which were polymorphic.31 genotypes were discriminated with 1-3 distinct polymorphic bands generated from the primers ISSR and SSR.Seven cultivar-specific ISSR fragments and two SSR unique alleles obtained from this study were available to be converted into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region （SCAR） markers.The genetic similarity coefficient （GS） estimated from these molecular data averaged were 0.939 （ranged from 0.856 to 0.983） for ISSR and 0.646 （ranged from 0.240 to 1.000） for SSR,respectively.The combined grouping association indicated that most local Chinese peach cultivars and exotic accessions were clustered together.This could be related to the mode of introduction and maintenance of the peach cultivars involving limited foundation germplasm,exchange of cultivars between plantations,and periodic development of new recombinant cultivars following sexual reproduction.[Conclusion] The results obtained in this work would help to improve the conservation,molecular identification and management of peach germplasm in breeding.     

The Relationship Between Developmental Accumulation of Leaf Soluble Proteins and Vernalization Response of Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell）

The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring （cv. Kohdasht） and two winter （cvs. Sardari and Norstar） cultivars of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） exposed to 4℃. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4℃. The final leaf number （FLN） was determined throughout the vernalization periods （0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d） at 4℃. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar eultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4℃-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4℃, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature （LT） tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT- induced proteins.     

Effect of Source-Sink Manipulation on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf and the Remobilization of Dry Mass and Nitrogen in Vegetative Organs of Wheat

The photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and the accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis dry mass（DM） and nitrogen（N） in vegetable organs in nine wheat cultivars under different source-sink manipulation treatments including defoliation（DF）, spike shading（SS） and half spikelets removal（SR） were investigated. Results showed that the SS treatment increased the photosynthetic rate（Pn） of flag leaf in source limited cultivar, but had no significant effect on sink limited cultivar. The SR treatment decreased the Pn of flag leaf. Grain DM accumulation was limited by source in some cultivars, in other cultivars, it was limited by sink. Grain N accumulation was mainly limited by source supply. The contribution of pre-anthesis dry mass to grain yield from high to low was stem, leaf and chaff, while the contribution of pre-anthesis N to grain N from high to low was leaf, stem and chaff. Cultivars S7221 and TA9818 can increase the contribution of remobilization of DM and N to grain at the maximum ratio under reducing source treatments, which may be the major reason for these cultivars having lower decrease in grain yield and N content under reducing source treatments.     

Analysis on Major Agronomic Traits and Yield of Huayu Series of Peanut Cultivars under Mulched Drip Irrigation

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the appearance of major agronomic traits and yield potential of Huayu se-ries of peanut cultivars under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, so as to provide core parent materials for new peanut cul-tivar breeding in Xinjiang during Thirteenth Five-Year Plan. [Method] A total of 16 peanut cultivars of Huayu series were studied systematical y by field experiment and laboratory analysis. In addition, the main stem height, lateral branch length, pod number per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, pod length, pod width and yield of different peanut cultivar were compared. [Result] Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, the appearance of major agronomic traits of peanut cultivars in Xinjiang was bet-ter than that in Shandong areas. In Xinjiang, the yields of the peanut cultivars were increased in varying degrees. However, there were some differences in appearance of major agronomic traits, as wel as yield, among different peanut cultivars. Among al the peanut cultivars, the single-plant productivities of Huayu 22, Huayu 28 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars, and the yields of Huayu 33 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars. Meanwhile, the late two culti-vars’ comprehensive traits were excel ent. [Conclusion] In the high-yielding breeding of peanut in Xinjiang, Huayu 33 and Huayu 50 can be used as core parent materials. Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, their yield potential can be further ex-plored.     

Correlation and Path Coefficient and Chi-square Distance Cluster Analysis for Several Characteristics in Tobacco Germplasm Resource

Correlation and path coefficient analyses were conducted for 10 characteristics of 24 pure lines of flue-cured tobacco such as plant height, knot distance, leaf number, the central leaf length and width, ratio of the length to width, stem girth, dates of budding, leaf yield and ratio of the prime-medium tobacco. The leaf number and the central leaf length showed a positive or a strong positive correlation with the yield per plant. And the leaf number and leaf yield per plant showed a strong positive correlation with the ratio of prime-medium tobacco. The results showed that the leaf yield per plant among these characteristics played a major role in determining the ratio of prime-medium tobacco while the others were less related with the ratio. Square sum of deviation method cluster analyses showed that 24 pure lines of flue-cured tobacco were clustered into two groups. Of the pure lines, Line T1706 and Line T1245 had a far relationship with all other lines, and also had a heterosis when crossed with the other lines. Lines Guangdonghuang 1 and R72（3）B-2-1 were closely related.     

桃种质资源若干植物学数量性状描述指标探讨

 国际遗传资源研究所1980年编制的桃[Prunus persica ( L.) Batsch]种质资源评价系统对于所有的数量性状均无数值指标，中国1990年出版的《果树种质资源描述符》中的桃仅个别性状具有数量指标或参照品种。本研究根据国家果树种质郑州桃圃1986～2002的调查资料，建立了桃主要植物学数量性状描述规范。346～476份桃品种资源主要性状及其变异系数分别为花径19.55%，果实纵径14.24%、果实横径10.36%、果实侧径11.44%，核长度19.04%、核宽度10.86%、核厚度11.19%，叶长度7.9%、叶宽度10.55%和叶柄长度19.03%。根据其分布状况，提出5级数值分级指标和参照品种，其中3级作为中间级，其分布概率均大于39%；每个性状的每个等级均有2个参照品种，分别为美国品种和中国品种，且尽量选择育种者公知或广泛栽培的品种。     

花粉直感现象对油桃五月火品质的影响

为研究油桃五月火生产中花粉直感与所出现的品质退化现象的关系,试验选用4个桃品种为授粉品种,以生长势健壮、结果盛期的五月火为母本进行人工授粉,测定了不同授粉组合的坐果率、果实外在品质及内在品质等几个主要指标。结果表明,五月火果实在坐果率、单果重、果实硬度、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物等方面表现明显的花粉直感现象,而在果形指数、果皮颜色、茸毛、果肉颜色以及粘核性等方面表现不明显。     

枣不同品种果核性状研究

枣核是鉴定品种的重要特征,对冬枣、榆次团枣、婆婆枣、紫圆枣等37个枣品种和1个毛叶枣品种台湾青枣的果核和种仁的外部形态指标进行了详细地描述和测量,以研究枣不同品种果核、种仁各数量指标间的相关性,得出核纵径和核喙长的线性方程Y=-0.064 1+0.184X。     

桃树叶片气孔大小的研究

观察了桃亚属6个种139份材料的气孔长度和宽度。结果表明,不同种间气孔长度和宽度相差较小,光核桃长度非常一致,其变异系数为0,栽培种的品种之间气孔大小差异更小。栽培种的气孔长、宽均呈正态分布,依概率分级方法将气孔长度和宽度分为5个等级。     

桃芽变新品种‘谷丰’的选育

【目的】选育桃新品种,丰富平谷地区桃栽培种类。【方法】该品种为自然条件下芽变选育,进行多点区域试验,与亲本进行性状比较。【结果】选育的品种果实近圆形,果顶平圆,微凹,果形整齐;平均果重250g,大果重400g。果肉乳白色,近核处白色,肉质硬,离核;风味甜,含可溶性固形物13.8%。自然坐果率高,丰产,平谷地区7月下旬成熟,果实发育期92d左右。【结论】‘谷丰’是‘大久保’的早熟芽变新品种。     

桃树部分经济性状的种内变异及其分级标准研究

为了弥补桃树品种间性状变异和分级研究的不足,本文在前人成果基础上,借助计算机。对桃树12个主要经济性状在品种和品种群间的变异及其分布性进行了研究。并根据概率和正态分布理论,探讨了适于正态分布性状的统一的概率分级标准。研究结果表明,桃树不同性状的离散程度存在很大差异,品种间性状变异以产量指数、果肉可滴定酸含量和单宁含量最大,变异系数高达45～60％;以果肉含糖量和可溶性固形物含量的变异最小,变异系数在20％以下。品种群间性状变异情况与品种间表现一致。经正态总体函数的X~2检验,在供试12年主要经济性状中,单果重、果肉含糖量、核重、成熟期、果实生育期、座果率和产量指数等7个性状的性状值是正态分布。对正态分布性状,可统一用(X-1.2818＄),(X-0.5246＄)(X+0.5246＄)和X=1.2818＄)4个分点将性状值由低到高分为5级,以(X-0.5246＄)和(X+0.5246＄)2个分点将性状值分为3级。如此分级后,5级分级中1～5级性状值出现的概率分别为10％,20％、40%、20％、10％,3级分中1～3级性状值出现的概率分别为30％、40％和30%。本文还列出了7个性状的3级和5级分级标准,并对概率分级和经验分级进行了比较。     

新疆树上干杏形态学性状的多样性研究

【目的】研究新疆树上干杏种内形态学性状的多样性,为其相关特性和优良种质资源的筛选提供基础资料。【方法】以新疆伊犁地区的6个树上干杏株系为材料,在2008年前期调查的基础上,于2009和2010年连续2年系统观测6个株系的1年生枝、皮孔、叶片、花及果实的19项形态学指标,用单因素方差分析法评价各指标的变异程度,并对各指标的相关性进行分析。【结果】树上干杏6个株系的花冠直径、叶长、叶宽、节间长、果实和果核大小等形态学性状均存在差异;各形态指标在种内存在一定的变异,变异系数最大的为单果质量（26.22%）,其次为核鲜质量（20.49%）,与花、叶相关性状的变异系数相对较低;19项形态学指标间存在一定的相关性,多个性状间的相关性达显著或极显著水平。【结论】树上干杏的种内变异丰富,可以通过对一些形态学性状的早期选择,获得果实综合性状优良的品种。     

A Comparative Study of Biological Traits between Two Peach Cultivars

[目的]比较新川中岛和艳红桃2个桃品种的生物学性状,以期为筛选出适应贵州省气候特点的优良桃树品种提高依据。[方法]连续3年（2011～2013）调查新川中岛、艳红桃2个在当地表现较好的引进桃树品种的物候期、植物学特性、经济性状和抗逆性等内容,并进行比较筛选。[结果]2个桃品种在当地科学管理条件下,从综合比较结果看,新川中岛和艳红桃的树势分别表现为较强和强,枝条萌芽率分别为55.82%和55.81%,成枝率分别为28.39%和23.26%,叶片大小分别为17.1 cm＆#215;4.2 cm和19.5 cm ＆#215;5.0 cm,花的大小为4.8 cm ＆#215;4.7 cm和4.8 cm ＆#215;4.9 cm,座果率分别为43.19%和26.66%,成熟期分别为7月中下旬、7月下旬～8月上旬,平均单果重分别为195.5和216.9 g,含糖量分别为13.5%和15.8%,单株产量分别为41.3和43.1 kg,果实可食率分别为94.35%和93.81%,都表现为适应性强。[结论]从综合比较结果看,新川中岛品种表现很好,艳红桃品种表现较好,适合在该地区适量发展。     

薏苡种质资源苗期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

【目的】干旱是影响薏苡生产的重要非生物胁迫因素,鉴定薏苡种质资源的抗旱性,确定抗旱指标,筛选抗旱种质,促进薏苡产业发展。【方法】以50份薏苡种质为材料,设置正常供水和反复干旱2个处理,在旱棚内进行盆栽试验,测定干旱对幼苗存活率、株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、根长、根粗、根鲜重和根干重的影响;采用抗旱性度量值(D值)、综合抗旱系数(CDC值)、加权抗旱系数(WDC)、相关分析、频次分析、主成分分析、灰色关联度分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和逐步回归分析相结合的方法,对其进行苗期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选。【结果】干旱胁迫对各指标均有极显著影响。相关分析表明,幼苗干旱存活率与茎粗、叶宽和根粗呈极显著正相关,与叶长、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、根长、根鲜重和根干重呈显著正相关,与株高呈不显著的正相关。频次分析表明,各指标对干旱胁迫反应的敏感程度依次为根干重、根鲜重、叶宽、根粗、根长、幼苗干旱存活率、地上部干重、茎粗、地上部鲜重、叶长和株高。主成分分析表明,6个主成分可代表薏苡抗旱性91.40%的原始数据信息量。基于D值、CDC值和WDC值的供试薏苡种质抗旱性排序相近。灰色关联度分析表明,各指标DC值与D值间的关联度大小依次为根干重、叶宽、根鲜重、茎粗、根粗、幼苗干旱存活率、根长、株高、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、叶长,这与各指标DC值与WDC值的密切程度基本吻合。根据D值进行聚类分析,可将供试薏苡种质划分为5个抗旱级别,其中Ⅰ级3份、Ⅱ级17份、Ⅲ级9份、Ⅳ级20份、Ⅴ级1份。除叶长、地上部鲜重、地上部干重和根干重外,其余指标的隶属函数值、CDC值、D值和WDC值均随抗旱级别的升高而增大。逐步回归分析表明,与D值密切相关的指标有幼苗干旱存活率、株高、叶宽、根长和根鲜重。【结论】苗期抗旱性强的薏苡种质yy18-1、yy14-3和yy13-1,可作为薏苡抗旱育种、抗旱机理及干旱调控缓解机制研究材料。幼苗存活率、株高、叶宽、根长和根鲜重可作为评价薏苡种质资源苗期抗旱性的指标性状。     

9种不同新疆桃果实品质差异及比较分析

摘要：为了研究不同桃果实品质,该研究选取了9种新疆优良桃单株,分析测定了单果重,果核重，果核规格，鲜果皮厚度，果实含水量，果实承压力，可溶性固形物，果胶，黄酮，可溶性糖含量，总含酸量，维生素C含量。结果表明9种新疆优良桃单株果实的果重，果实纵径，横径，果实含水量，果核规格，可溶性固形物和维生素C存在差异显著性，果形指数，果胶有显著差异，黄酮无差异。黄毛桃，黄光11号，绿光4号的果实重，果核重，可溶性固形物，果实纵径，横径，耐储性普遍高于其他品种，黄毛桃，黄光11号，绿光4号桃果形较好，黄光11号的果胶，青毛桃的可溶性固形物含量，风味口感明显高于其他品种，甜而微酸，更符合大众的口味。