Mapping the Drosophila genome with yeast artificial chromosomes

The ability to clone large fragments of DNA in yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC's) has created the possibility of obtaining global physical maps of complex genomes. For this application to be feasible, most sequences in complex genomes must be able to be cloned in YAC's, and most clones must be genetically stable and colinear with the genomic sequences from which they originated (that is, not liable to undergo rearrangement). These requirements have been met with a YAC library containing DNA fragments from Drosophila melanogaster ranging in size up to several hundred kilobase pairs. Preliminary characterization of the Drosophila YAC library was carried out by in situ hybridization of random clones and analysis of clones containing known sequences. The results suggest that most euchromatic sequences can be cloned. The library also contains clones in which the inserted DNA is derived from the centromeric heterochromatin. The locations of 58 clones collectively representing about 8 percent of the euchromatic genome are presented.     

Isolation of single-copy human genes from a library of yeast artificial chromosome clones

A recently developed cloning system based on the propagation of large DNA molecules as linear, artificial chromosomes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a potential method of cloning the entire human genome in segments of several hundred kilobase pairs. Most application of this system will require the ability to recover specific sequences from libraries of yeast artificial chromosome clones and to propagate these sequences in yeast without alterations. Two single-copy genes have now been cloned from a library of yeast artificial chromosome clones that was prepared from total human DNA. Multiple, independent isolates were obtained of the genes encoding factor IX and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. The clones, which ranged in size from 60 to 650 kilobases, were stable on prolonged propagation in yeast and appear to contain faithful replicas of human DNA.     

Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome

We have synthesized a 582,970-base pair Mycoplasma genitalium genome. This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, contains all the genes of wild-type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection. To identify the genome as synthetic, we inserted "watermarks" at intergenic sites known to tolerate transposon insertions. Overlapping "cassettes" of 5 to 7 kilobases (kb), assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, were joined by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies of approximately 24 kb, 72 kb ("1/8 genome"), and 144 kb ("1/4 genome"), which were all cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli. Most of these intermediate clones were sequenced, and clones of all four 1/4 genomes with the correct sequence were identified. The complete synthetic genome was assembled by transformation-associated recombination cloning in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then isolated and sequenced. A clone with the correct sequence was identified. The methods described here will be generally useful for constructing large DNA molecules from chemically synthesized pieces and also from combinations of natural and synthetic DNA segments.     

酵母双杂交表达载体pGADT7-AtTGA2的构建及酵母菌的转化

[目的] 研究TGA2在植物系统获得抗性中所起的作用,阐明其作用机制.[方法] 通过PCR扩增获得拟南芥中TGA2基因全长CDS序列,克隆至pGADT7酵母表达载体,并转化至AH109酵母菌株中.[结果] 重组质粒通过大肠杆菌转化获得了阳性克隆,经过菌落PCR及单、双酶切验证重组质粒构建成功.将重组质粒又转化到AH109酵母菌中,并在相应筛选培养基上成功获得了转酵母菌成功的阳性克隆.[结论] 为进一步研究TGA2参与水杨酸诱导抗性基因表达的作用机制奠定了良好的基础.     

Synthetic clonal reproduction through seeds

Cloning through seeds has potential revolutionary applications in agriculture, because it would allow vigorous hybrids to be propagated indefinitely. However, asexual seed formation or apomixis, avoiding meiosis and fertilization, is not found in the major food crops. To develop de novo synthesis of apomixis, we crossed Arabidopsis MiMe and dyad mutants that produce diploid clonal gametes to a strain whose chromosomes are engineered to be eliminated after fertilization. Up to 34% of the progeny were clones of their parent, demonstrating the conversion of clonal female or male gametes into seeds. We also show that first-generation cloned plants can be cloned again. Clonal reproduction through seeds can therefore be achieved in a sexual plant by manipulating two to four conserved genes.     

克隆内蒙古白绒山羊胸腺素β4基因并稳定转染胎儿成纤维细胞 #br#

 【目的】克隆内蒙古白绒山羊胸腺素β4(thymosin beta 4,Tβ4) 基因,构建皮肤特异性表达载体,转染内蒙古白绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选出稳定表达红色荧光蛋白并可用于核移植的转基因细胞克隆。【方法】通过RT-PCR克隆Tβ4基因cDNA序列,然后与KAP6-1基因启动子片段以及红色荧光蛋白表达元件连接构成Tβ皮肤特异性表达载体pCDsRed-KT。外源表达载体以lipofectamineTM 2 000介导转染胎儿成纤维细胞,通过G418筛选获得稳定转染的细胞克隆。PCR鉴定外源基因在细胞基因组中的整合。【结果】 克隆了内蒙古白绒山羊Tβ4基因,cDNA全长142 bp,其中包含135 bp的完整ORF,编码44个氨基酸残基,氨基酸序列与已报道的牛胸腺素β4(XM002706880.1)同源性为100%。测序显示构建的表达载体pCDsRed-KT中,Tβ4基因正确连接在皮肤特异性启动子KAP6-1下游,顺序连接CMV启动子和红色荧光蛋白基因,载体构建正确。PCR检测显示外源KAP6-1启动子和Tβ4基因整合到细胞基因组中,筛选出的转基因细胞高效表达红色荧光蛋白。【结论】克隆得到内蒙古白绒山羊Tβ4基因并构建成功其真核表达载体,可稳定转染绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,为下一步通过核移植方法获得转胸腺素β4基因绒山羊提供了条件。     

Construction of Agropyrum intermedium 2Ai-2 Chromosome DNA Library and Cloning of Species-Specific DNA Sequences

The univalent from the meiosis-metaphase spreads of F1 (Z2× wheat variety Wan7107) was identified to be Agropyrum intermedium 2Ai-2 chromosome by GISH. The 2Ai-2 chromosomes were microisolated and collected. After two rounds of PCR amplification, the PCR products were ranged from 150 - 3 000 bp,with predominant fragments at about 200 - 2 000 bp. Using Ag.intermediumgenomic DNA as a probe, Southern blotting analysis confirmed the products originated from Ag. intermediumgenome. The products were purified, ligated to pUC18 and then transformed into competence E.coli DH5α to produce a 2Ai-2 chromosome DNA library. The microcloning experiments produced approximately 5×105 clones, the size range of the cloned inserts was 200- 1 500 bp, with an average of 580bp. Using Ag. intermediumgenomic DNA as a probe, dot blotting results showed that 56% clones are unique/low copy sequences, 44% are repetitive sequences in the library. Four Ag. intermedium clones were screened from the library by RFLP, and three clones(Mag065, Mag088, Mag139)belong to low/single sequences, one clone(Mag104)was repetitive sequence, and GISH results indicated that Mag104 was Ag.intermedium species-specific repetitive DNA sequence.     

银杏第1染色体DNA文库的构建

观察了50个银杏根尖的染色体,发现在约半数根尖中,最大的1对染色体(第1染色体)随体有差异,其中1条随体较大而明显,另1条则很小.采用玻璃针分离法,通过显微操作系统成功地分离了随体较为明显的那条第1染色体.将分离到的单条染色体去蛋白,Sau3A酶切,并在染色体DNA片段两端加上Sau3A人工接头,进行2轮PCR扩增,得到了大小为300-3000bp的扩增片段.用第2轮PCR产物构建质粒文库,得到了约含有75000个重组子的该染色体DNA文库.随机挑取66个重组子进行分析,发现插入片段大小主要分布在500-2000bp,平均为800bp.该文库为银杏第1染色体特异探针的筛选、遗传图谱的构建、重要基因的克隆以及性染色体的鉴别等研究提供了基础.     

黄淮白山羊瘤胃微生物Fosmid文库的构建与分析

采用CTAB法和蛋白酶K法提取黄淮白山羊瘤胃微生物总DNA,酶切获得DNA片段,大小为23～50 kb,以E.coli EPI300为宿主细胞,构建瘤胃微生物宏基因Fosmid文库。研究发现该文库共获得克隆28 800个,插入片段大小约35 kb,空载率小于2%,容量1 008 Mb。通过羧甲基纤维素酶和木聚糖酶(Xylanase)活性筛选,分别获得具有两种酶活性的阳性克隆60和32个,木聚糖酶和羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC,Carboxymethyl cellulase)共同作用阳性克隆15个。通过已测序MF3木聚糖酶阳性克隆酶学活性分析,该木聚糖酶在最适应pH 4.5, 40℃条件下,酶活力为79.287μ·mL~(-1)。为进一步研究黄淮白山羊瘤胃内纤维素酶(Cellulase)基因奠定基础。