Effect of Long-Term Application of K Fertilizer and Wheat Straw to Soil on Crop Yield and Soil K Under Different Planting Systems

Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK ＋ St 〉 NPK 〉 NP ＋ St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK ＋ St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.     

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Rice Potential Productivity and Potential Yield Increment in Main Production Regions of China

The vast area and marked variation of China make it difficult to predict the impact of climate changes on rice productivity in different regions.Therefore,analyzing the spatial and temporal characteristics of rice potential productivity and predicting the possible yield increment in main rice production regions of China is important for guiding rice production and ensuring food security.Using meteorological data of main rice production regions from 1961 to 1970(the 1960s) and from 1996 to 2005(the 2000s) provided by 333 stations,the potential photosynthetic,photo-thermal and climatic productivities in rice crop of the 1960s and 2000s in main rice production regions of China were predicted,and differences in the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics between two decades were analyzed.Additionally,the potential yield increment based on the high yield target and actual yield of rice in the 2000s were predicted.Compared with the 1960s,the potential photosynthetic productivity of the 2000s was seen to have decreased by 5.40%,with rates in northeastern and southwestern China found to be lower than those in central and southern China.The potential photo-thermal productivity was generally seen to decrease(2.56%) throughout main rice production regions,decreasing most in central and southern China.However,an increase was seen in northeastern and southwestern China.The potential climatic productivity was observed to be lower(7.44%) in the 2000s compared to the 1960s,but increased in parts of central and southern China.The potential yield increment from the actual yield to high yield target in the 2000s were no more than 6×103 kg ha-1 and ranged from 6×103 to 12×103 kg ha-1 in most of the single-and double-cropping rice growing regions,respectively.The yield increasing potential from the high yield target to the potential photo-thermal productivity in 2000s were less than 10×103 kg ha-1 and ranged from 10×103 to 30×103 kg ha-1 in most of the single-and double-cropping rice growing regions,respectively.The potential yield increment contributed by irrigation was between 5×103 and 20×103 kg ha-1,and between 20×103 and 40×103 kg ha-1 in most of the single-and double-cropping rice growing regions,respectively.These findings suggested that the high yield could be optimized by making full use of climatic resources and through a reasonable management plan in rice crop.     

Effects of long-term full straw return on yield and potassium response in wheat-maize rotation

The effect of long-term straw return on crop yield, soil potassium(K) content, soil organic matter, and crop response to K from both straw and chemical K fertilizer(K_2SO_4) were investigated in a fixed site field experiment for winter wheat-summer maize rotation in 6 years for 12 seasons. The field experiment was located in northern part of North China Plain with a sandy soil in relatively low yield potential. Two factors, straw return and chemical K fertilizer, were studied with two levels in each factor. Field split design was employed, with two straw treatments, full straw return of previous crop(St) and no straw return, in main plots, and two chemical K fertilizer treatments, 0 and 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1), as sub-plots. The results showed that straw return significantly increased yields of winter wheat and summer maize by 16.5 and 13.2% in average, respectively, and the positive effect of straw return to crop yield showed more effective in lower yield season. Straw return significantly increased K absorption by the crops, with significant increase in straw part. In treatment with straw return, the K content in crop straw increased by 15.9 and 21.8% in wheat and maize, respectively, compared with no straw return treatment. But, straw return had little effect on K content in grain of the crops. Straw return had significant influences on total K uptake by wheat and maize plants, with an increase of 32.7 and 30.9%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between crop yield and K uptake by the plant. To produce 100 kg grain, the wheat and maize plants absorbed 3.26 and 2.24 kg K2 O, respectively. The contents of soil available K and soil organic matter were significantly affected by the straw return with an increase of 6.07 and 23.0%, respectively, compared to no straw return treatment. K_2SO_4 application in rate of 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1) showed no significant effect on wheat and maize yield, K content in crop straw, total K uptake by the crops, soil available K content, and soil organic matter. The apparent K utilization rate(percentage of applied K absorbed by the crop in the season) showed difference for wheat and maize with different K sources. In wheat season, the K utilization rate from K_2SO_4 was higher than that from straw, while in maize season, the K utilization rate from straw was higher than that from chemical fertilizer. In the whole wheat-maize rotation system, the K absorption efficiency by the two crops from straw was higher than that from K_2SO_4.     

Biomass and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Poplar-Wheat Inter-cropping System in Irrigated Agro-ecosystem in India

An attempt has been made to assess the productivity as well as the carbon sequestration potential of this mixture. The grain as well as straw yields were significantly lower in poplar block plantations than in the open （14 to 64% and 13 to 66% grain and straw yield, respectively under one to six year plantation）. The annual productivity of poplars was recorded maximum after fourth year and later the annual wood increment decreased （42.4, 39.8 and 35.6 m^3/ha/yr after 4^th, 5^th and 6^th year, respectively）. The enrichment of soil through litter and roots enhanced the organic carbon in the surface layer of soil （0-15 cm） under poplar blocks as compared to open fields with wheat crop only. The carbon storage potential in agroforestry system was recorded very high in comparison to sole crop. The carbon storage in agroforestry system increased with the age of the plantation and the major contribution came from the timber, roots and litter （37.30 mg/ha after six years）. However, wheat crop yield decreased under poplar but this may be compensated by the poplar trees in terms of biomass, economic returns and the carbon sequestration potential.     

Improved soil characteristics in the deeper plough layer can increase grain yield of winter wheat

In the North China Plain(NCP), soil deterioration threatens winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although rotary tillage or plowing tillage are two methods commonly used in this region, research characterizing the effects of mixed tillage on soil characteristics and wheat yield has been limited. A fixed-site field trial was carried out during 2011–2016 to examine the impacts of three tillage practices(5-year rotary tillage with maize straw removal(RT); 5-year rotary tillage with maize straw return(RS); and annual RS and with a deep plowing interval of 2 years(RS/DS)) on soil characteristics and root distribution in the plough layer. Straw return significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and SOC content, macro-aggregate proportion(R_(0.25)) and its stability in the plough layer. The RS/DS treatment significantly increased the SOC content, total nitrogen(TN), and root length density(RLD) in the 10–40 cm layer, and enhanced the proportion of RLD in the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers. In the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers, an increase in SOC and TN could lead to higher grain production than commensurate increases in the surface layer, resulting in a sustainable increase in grain yield from the RS/DS treatment. Thus, the RS/DS treatment could lead to high productivity of winter wheat by improving soil characteristics and root distribution at the deeper plough layer in the NCP.     

Contribution of Drought to Potential Crop Yield Reduction in a Wheat-Maize Rotation Region in the North China Plain

With consecutive occurrences of drought disasters in China in recent years, it is important to estimate their potential impacts on regional crop production. In this study, we detect the impacts of drought on wheat and maize yield and their changes at a 0.5＆#176;＆#215;0.5＆#176; grid scale in the wheat-maize rotation planting area in the North China Plain under the A1B climate change scenario using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer （DSSAT） model and the outputs of the regional climate modeling system-Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies （PRECIS）. Self-calibrating palmer drought severity index was used as drought recognition indicator. Two time slices used for the study were the baseline （1961-1990） and 40 years of 2011-2050. The results indicate that the potential planting region for double crop system of wheat-maize would expend northward. The statistic conclusions of crop simulations varied considerably between wheat and maize. In disaster-affected seasons, wheat yield would increase in the future compared with baseline yields, whereas in opposite for maize yield. Potential crop yield reductions caused by drought would be lower for wheat and higher for maize, with a similar trend found for the ratio of potential crop yield reductions for both crops. It appears that the negative impact of drought on maize was larger than that on wheat under climate change A1B scenario.     

Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on the grain yield and resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties,and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops.The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai(HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties,winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels,and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain.A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1),2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3),with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots.Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH,the super high productivity level;HH,the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level;FP,the farmer productivity level;ISP,the inherent soil productivity level).The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years,which were due to the significant effects of DVRT.Compared with CT,grain yields,partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP_N),and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0,14.5 and 19.0%.Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes.General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield,PFP_N and WUE not only as a single factor,but also along with other factors(year and productivity level) in interaction manners.In addition,PFP_N and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons.These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.     

Stand establishment,root development and yield of winter wheat as affected by tillage and straw mulch in the water defi cit hilly region of southwestern China

Good crop stand establishment and root system development are essential for optimum grain yield of dryland wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). At present, little is known about the effect of tillage and straw mulch on the root system of wheat under dryland areas in southwestern China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three tillage treatments(no-till, NT; rotary till, RT; conventional till, CT) and two crop residue management practices(straw mulch, ML; non-straw mulch, NML) on stand establishment, root growth and grain yield of wheat. NT resulted in lower soil cover thickness for the wheat seed, higher number of uncovered seeds, lower percentage of seedling-less ridges and lower tiller density compared to RT and CT; ML resulted in higher tiller density compared to NML. Straw mulching resulted in more soil water content and root length density(RLD) at most of the growth stages and soil depths. The maximum RLD, root surface area density and root dry matter density were obtained under NT. In the topmost 10 cm soil layer, higher RLD values were found under NT than those under RT and CT. There were no significant differences in the yield or yield components of wheat among the tillage treatments in 2011–2012, but NT resulted in a significant higher yield compared to RT and CT in 2012–2013. Grain yield was significantly higher in ML compared to in NML. A strong relationship was observed between the water-use efficiency and the grain yield. Both NT and ML proved beneficial for wheat in term of maintaining higher tiller density, better soil water status and root growth, leading to a higher grain yield and enhanced water-use efficiency, especially in a low rainfall year.     

The Assessment and Utilization of Straw Resources in China

The study was undertaken to evaluate the collectable and usable volume of existing straw resources, its suitability for different ways of utilization and fully reorganization of its development potential in China. Based on the results on the stubble heights of major crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai area （the area along the Yellow River, Huai River, and Hai River）, the evaluation of the collectable and usable coefficients, and the collectable and usable volumes of various straw resources in China were worked out during 2005. The respective collectable and usable volumes of straw resources were worked out on the basis of suitability as fuel, feed, fertilizer, and base material for edible mushrooms. The total collectable and utilizable quantity of straw in China was 685 950 000 t, and the mean collection coefficient was 0.81 during 2005. The quantity of straw residue and wasted straw accounted for 19%. The collectable and utilizable quantities of grain, cash crop, and other crop straw were 492 310 000, 162 610 000, and 31 030 000 t which accounted for 71.77, 23.71, and 4.52%, respectively of the total collectable and utilizable quantity of straw. The quantity of straw which could be used as fuel was 635 000 000 t, which accounted for 92.63% of total quantity of the straw in the country during 2005. Among the total quantity of collectable and utilizable straw in China during 2005, the quantities of straw suitable and unsuitable for being processed as feedstuff were 587 640 000 and 98 310 000 t, which accounted for 85.67 and 14.33%, respectively. The quantity of straw residue returned to the field and collectable and utilizable straw for direct field restoration was 616 000 000 t, which accounted for about three-fourths of the total straw yield, while the quantity of straw for cultivation of edible mushrooms and industrial processing was about 587 000 000 t, which accounted for more than 85% of the total collectable and utilizable straw. The evaluation results indicate that the collectable and utilizable quantity of straw in China is abundant and suitable for many purposes.     

Straw return and appropriate tillage method improve grain yield and nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat

Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen(N) efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested:(i) rotary tillage without straw return(RT);(ii) deep plowing tillage without straw return(DT);(iii) rotary tillage with total straw return(RS);(iv) deep plowing tillage with total straw return(DS);(v) rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return(TS). Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear~(–1), thousand-kernel weight(TKW), grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen(N) efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha~(–1) in the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013–2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0–10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were observed in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.     

中国小麦秸秆纤维潜力研究

基于作物生产潜力的研究基础,计算了我国小麦的光、温、水、土生产潜力,并根据小麦谷草比系数,折算了小麦秸秆生产潜力,进而以2006年小麦播种面积为基础,估算了我国小麦秸秆纤维的潜在产量。结果表明,我国小麦秸秆纤维的潜在产量可达9491万t。该研究结果可为进一步的生物燃料乙醇潜力分析提供依据。     

北方地区麦秸复合料有效积温与草菇生物量关系研究初报

山东等北方地区小麦秸秆资源丰富,为草菇栽培生产实现“南菇北移”提供了原料保证,但由于气候等因素所致,草菇产量普遍低而不稳。研究表明,基料有效积温与草菇生物转化率之间存在着正相关效应,而某些辅料的添加组合,也通过改变基料积温对产量有较大影响     

保护性耕作对冬小麦生长及产量效益影响的研究

对华北平原不同保护性耕作方式下冬小麦生长及产量效益的影响进行了研究。试验设置了秸秆不还田翻耕、秸秆还田翻耕、秸秆还田旋耕、秸秆还田免耕4个处理。结果表明:从冬小麦的地上部和地下部生长情况和产量、产值来看,多数性状表现为秸秆还田翻耕>秸秆还田旋耕>秸秆还田免耕;从劳动生产率来看,秸秆还田免耕的劳动生产率最高为24.48%,其次为秸秆还田翻耕,再次为秸秆还田旋耕,对照的劳动生产率为最低;从产投比来看,秸秆还田旋耕处理的经济效益较好,适宜推广。     

成都平原周年耕作模式对稻茬小麦产量与品质性状的持续效应

【目的】小麦产量和品质性状除了受遗传因子控制外,还受到生态环境条件和耕作栽培措施等外部因子的影响。研究周年耕作模式对小麦产量和品质的持续效应可为优化区域耕作制度提供依据。【方法】基于2004年小麦秋播时建立的长期定位试验,研究成都平原稻麦轮作区耕作方式与秸秆还田两个因素的5种周年组合模式（麦免稻旋WZRR,麦免稻旋+秋菜WZRRV,麦稻双免WZRZ,麦稻双免垄作WRZB,周年旋耕无秸秆还田CK）对小麦生长发育、产量与品质性状的持续影响效应。【结果】所有耕作模式的小麦产量及产量构成因子在年际间均呈波动性变化,对照产量在多数年份都处于低值水平,7年平均较其它处理低3.0%-4.7%,随时间推延下降趋势明显,年均递减0.125 t•hm-2。所有处理的有效穗均无明显的时间变化趋势,但穗粒数下降趋势和千粒重上升趋势明显。7年平均,对照的有效穗显著低于其它处理,而穗粒数、单位面积粒数和千粒重在处理之间均无显著性差异。免耕与秸秆还田组合模式具有不同程度提高小麦主要生育阶段耕层土壤速效N、P、K含量和改善中后期个体与冠层质量的作用。WZRZ、WRZB处理的多数小麦品质性状与CK相当或略优,而WZRR、WZRRV处理有降低籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间的趋势。【结论】免耕与秸秆还田利于稳定小麦产量和改善耕地质量,尤以周年免耕秸秆全量还田模式最好。     

秸秆还田和品种对土壤水盐运移及小麦产量的影响

试验设置秸秆还田和不还田两种方式,选用抗盐小麦德抗961和普通小麦鲁麦10,以探明秸秆还田和品种选择对盐渍土水盐运移和小麦产量的影响.研究结果表明,秸秆还田能够减少水分散失,提高土壤含水量,同时减轻盐分在表层土壤的富集,有利于提高小麦产量.选用抗盐小麦品种不仅提高了小麦的抗盐能力,也降低了表层盐分的进一步富集.小麦产量的提高得益于产量构成因素的综合改善,其中每公顷穗数贡献较大.从减轻盐分表层富集和提高产量幅度来看,品种选择的效果优于秸秆还田.因此,选用抗盐品种,并结合秸秆还田,可以显著提高盐渍土小麦产量.     

长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）;氮磷钾（NPK）;氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）;氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）;氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%-50%和30%-32%;增加0-20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%-121%、107%-187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%-32%、27%-41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0-20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20-200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100-200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0-100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。     

我国春麦区小麦化肥有机替代潜力分析

【目的】明确我国春小麦养分管理的主要问题,因地制宜地提出不同省（区）春小麦化肥有机替代的技术途径,为春小麦生产化肥零增长和可持续发展提供参考。【方法】通过农户实地调研与农户调研文献资料收集的2 166组数据,比较分析不同省（区）春小麦养分管理存在的问题。通过国家统计局网站2018年公布的最新牲畜数量、春小麦播种面积和产量等数据,利用已发表文献关于牲畜粪、秸秆和绿肥作物的养分含量,定量化分析春小麦主要省（区）的化肥有机替代潜力,结合气候、土壤和有机资源现状,提出适宜不同省（区）春小麦有机替代途径。【结果】化学氮肥和磷肥施用过量、钾肥和有机肥施用不足是我国春小麦养分管理存在的主要问题,其中尤以内蒙古西部和宁夏黄灌区氮肥过量施用最为严重。春麦区大牲畜和羊的数量约占全国的1/3和1/2,牲畜粪提供的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分量分别为238.6×10 ⁴、57.6×10 ⁴和141.0×10 ⁴ t·a ^-1,牲畜粪N、P₂O₅和K₂O在春小麦上的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%。春麦区秸秆还田总量折合410.2×10 ⁴t,单位面积麦田氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）可还田量分别为11.4、2.5和31.9 kg·hm ^-2,通过秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%。通过绿肥进行春小麦有机替代,绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以满足春小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的需求。【结论】针对我国春小麦化肥过量和不合理施用的问题,可以通过牲畜粪肥、秸秆还田和种植绿肥三大有机替代途径加以解决。其中,牲畜粪肥在春小麦上N、P₂O₅和K₂O的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%;秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%;绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以实现春小麦化肥氮、磷、钾的有机替代。不同省区在选择有机替代方式时应从资源、成本和技术等角度综合考虑。     

气候变化对沧州地区冬小麦产量潜力的影响

本研究利用DSSAT V4.5模型模拟近50年来沧州地区冬小麦光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力及其在实际水肥条件下可获得产量的变化情况,分析沧州地区近50年的气候变化特征及气候变化对冬小麦产量潜力的影响,旨在为分析气候变化对黄淮海平原冬小麦生产系统的影响提供方法和思路。结果表明:1)近50年来沧州地区冬小麦生育期内平均温度呈极显著上升趋势,平均日照时数和太阳辐射呈减少趋势,平均降雨量呈不显著减少趋势,但降雨分布发生了季节性转移。2)冬小麦的光温生产潜力近50年呈减少趋势,平均每年减少17.94kg/hm2;气候生产潜力和可获得产量均呈增长趋势,平均每年分别增长31.02和3.62kg/hm2;实际产量呈极显著增长趋势,平均每年增长100.85kg/hm2。3)光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力之间的产量差呈不显著减少趋势,气候生产潜力和可获得产量之间的产量差呈不显著增长趋势,可获得产量和实际产量之间的产量差呈极显著减少趋势。4)气候因素的变化对冬小麦的生长和产量产生了明显影响,其中温度增加对冬小麦生长影响较为复杂,不同时期温度变化对冬小麦生长影响不同,总体呈负面影响;平均日照时数和太阳辐射的减少是冬小麦产量潜力降低的主要原因;平均降雨量的变化对冬小麦生长有利,气候变化的综合影响使冬小麦的生育期极显著缩短,开花期和成熟期极显著提前。因此,气候变化对沧州地区冬小麦的生产和产量潜力影响具有一定的复杂性,可以通过优化水肥管理措施来抵消气候变化产生的负效应。     

近30年来中国农作物秸秆资源量的时空分布

【目的】分析1978-2009年中国农作物秸秆产量的变化,并估算2009年中国农作物秸秆资源的数量和地理分布。【方法】在已有研究的基础上,筛选出合适的秸秆系数,对中国田间秸秆产量进行全面、系统的估算,同时结合地理信息软件ArcView,对其时空分布进行分析。【结果】随着农业综合生产能力的提高,中国田间秸秆总量总体上呈不断增长的趋势;2009年全国作物秸秆总量达69 841.92万t;从种植结构的角度进行分析发现,稻谷、小麦和玉米秸秆依然是中国主要的农作物秸秆类型;中国农作物秸秆的分布基本上以400 mm等降水量线为界,其产量由西北向东南呈逐渐增加的趋势。【结论】中国的农作物秸秆分布具有一定的地域特征,且产量较大,具有可观的新能源开发利用前景。     

Apparent variations in nitrogen runoff and its uptake in paddy rice under straw incorporation

Straw incorporation is a widespread practice to promote agricultural sustainability. However, the potential effects of straw incorporation with the prolonged time on nitrogen (N) runoff loss from paddy fields are not well studied. The current study addresses the knowledge gap by assessing the effects of straw incorporation on the processes influencing N runoff patterns and its impacts on crop yield, N uptake, total N (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM). We conducted field experiments with rice (Oryzasativa L.)–wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) rotation, rice–tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) rotation, and double-rice cropping in subtropical China from 2008 to 2012. Each rotation had three N treatments: zero N fertilization (CK), chemical N fertilization (CF), and chemical N fertilization combined with straw incorporation (CFS). The treatment effects were assessed on TN runoff loss, crop yield, N uptake, soil TN stock, and SOM. Results showed that TN runoff was reduced by substituting part of the chemical N fertilizer with straw N in the double rice rotation, while crop N uptake was significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to the lower bioavailability of straw N. In contrast, in both rice–wheat and rice–tobacco rotations, TN runoff in CFS was increased by 0.9–20.2% in the short term when straw N was applied in addition to chemical N, compared to CF. However, TN runoff was reduced by 2.3–19.3% after three years of straw incorporation, suggesting the long-term benefits of straw incorporation on TN loss reduction. Meanwhile, crop N uptake was increased by 0.8–37.3% in the CFS of both rotations. This study demonstrates the challenges in reducing N runoff loss while improving soil fertility by straw incorporation over the short term but highlights the potential of long-term straw incorporation to reduce N loss and improve soil productivity.