Spatio-temporal changes in rice area at the northern limits of the rice cropping system in China from 1984 to 2013

Rice area has been expanding rapidly during the past 30 years under the influence of global change in northeastern China,which is the northernmost region of rice cultivation in China. However,the spatio-temporal dynamic changes in rice area are still unclear,although they may have important policy implications for environmental protection and adaptation to climate change. In this study,we aimed to identify the dynamic changes of the rice area in Heilongjiang Province of northeastern China by extracting data from multiple Landsat images. The study used ground quadrats selected from Google Earth and the extraction of a confusion matrix to verify the accuracy of extraction. The overall accuracy of the extracted rice area was higher than 95% as a result of using the artificial neural network(ANN) classification method. The results showed that the rice area increased by approximately 2.4×106 ha during the past 30 years at an annual rate of 8.0×104 ha,and most of the increase occurred after 2000. The central latitude of the rice area shifted northwards from 46 to 47°N during the study period,and moved eastwards from 130 to 133°E. The rice expansion area accounted for 98% of the total change in rice area,and rice loss was notably rare. The rice expansion was primarily from dryland. In addition,rice cultivation in marshland and grassland played a minor role in the rice expansion in this region.     

Effect of steam-flaking on chemical compositions,starch gelatinization,in vitro fermentability,and energetic values of maize,wheat and rice

Intact and steam-flaked grains of maize,wheat and rice(with whole hulls) were analyzed for chemical composition,starch gelatinization degree(SGD) and in vitro fermentation characteristics to investigate the influence of cereal type and steam-flaking(SF) processing on their nutritive values.The treatments were arranged in a 3×2 factorial design.Obvious differences(P0.001) in chemical composition and energetic values were observed among the different cereal types.SGD and gas production(GP) rate was significantly increased(P0.001) by SF processing.SF processing also increased(P0.01) the proportion of propionic acid and decreased the acetic:propionic acid ratio in vitro.Steam-flaking also increased organic matter digestibility and the energetic value of the cereal grains,especially rice.Based on these results,rice probably is more amendable to SF processing than maize and wheat.In conclusion,it is feasible to partially substitute maize grain with wheat or rice in ruminant diets,and steam-flaking can significantly improve the nutritional value of wheat and rice grains.     

Plant Temperature for Sterile Alteration of a Temperature-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice, Peiai64S

The forecast of sterile alteration for the temperature-sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） line in two-line hybrid rice seed production was traditionally based on screen temperature determined by weather station. The article put forward a new approach based on plant temperature, which was more exact and direct than the traditional method. The result of the simulation of the self-seeded setting rate of a widely used TGMS line, Peiai64S, by several temperature parameters and durations, showed that the fertility was directly affected by the plant temperature at a height of 20 cm or the air temperature around it in three days duration. Using the stem temperature of three days at a height of 20 cm as the simulation parameter, the fertility of Peiai64S had the maximum, minimum and optimum temperatures as 22.8, 21.7 and 22.5℃, respectively, whereas 23.2, 21.5 and 21.8℃ when using the air temperature of three days around the height of 20 cm as the parameter. Such temperature indices can be used to conclude the sterile alteration of TGMS for safeguarding seed production of twoline hybrid rice. The article also established a statistic model to conclude plant temperature by water temperatures at inflow and outflow, and air temperature and cloudage from weather station.     

Yield Effect of Chemical and Soil Nitrogen on the Mid-season and Ratooning Hybrid Rice

Using hybrid rice Yixiang1577 as the material, the mid-season and ratooning hybrid rice yield variation was studied in Southem Sichuan at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that rice yield by using N fertilizer increased to the most significant level than no fertilizer ones, and the mid-season rice and rice yield by using more N fertilizer increased to the significant level than less fertilizer ones. The rice yield by using no fertilizer ones increased to the most significant level than some used fertilizer, and the ratooning rice and rice yield by using more N fertilizer decreased to the most significant level than less fertilizer ones. The rice yield by using some fertilizer increased to the most significant level than no fertilizer ones for mid-season＋rationing rice and rice yield by using some fertilizer had no obvious differences at different nitrogen levels. Therefore, application of fertilizer can improve yield of mid-season rice and mid-season＋rationing rice. Soil test results showed that nutrient contents in rice field in South Sichuan were very rich in nitrogen, which could provide more adequate crop growth potential soil nitrogen nutrition. The crops with a deep root system had stronger ability of utilization on soil nitrogen. Therefore, the ratooning rice used no or little N fertilizer had a high yield performance because they made full use of soil nitrogen with deep root system.     

Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain,China

In recent years, an increasing number of different types of japonica rice cultivars have been released in the southern rice region of China. The grain yield and quality of these new cultivars showed significant differences in large scale planting. However, the causes of the differences remain little known. Therefore, three typical types of japonica rice cultivars were used in this study to investigate their grain yield and quality. A scanning calorimeter(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA) and taste analyzer were used to evaluate the cooking and eating properties. The results showed that the yield of non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars and soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. Soft inbred japonica rice cultivars had a low amylose content and moderate protein content, which are the main reasons for the superior cooking and eating quality. In addition, the relative crystallinity of soft inbred japonica rice cultivars was significantly higher than that of non-soft inbred and non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars, which is considered the major factor resulting in higher transition temperature and gelatinization enthalpy(ΔHgel). Non-soft hybrid japonica rice cultivars had a higher number of large starch granules than soft inbred and non-soft inbred japonica rice cultivars. The setback value(SB) and breakdown value(BD), indirectly reflecting the cooking and eating quality of the three types of japonica rice cultivars, also confirmed that soft inbred japonica rice cultivars with a low SB value and a high BD value had better palatability than the other two types. This study provides guidance for future plantation of different types of japonica rice cultivars in large rice-producing areas.     

Evaluation of Germplasm Using SSR Markers of Functional Genes in Rice

16 SSR (Simple sequence repeats) primers of functional genes in rice were used to detect genetic diversity among 23 accessions of rice germplasm from 5 countries in the world. The average number of alleles per SSR locus was 5.2 with a range from 2 to 10. Genetic similarities among the 23 rice accessions ranged from 0.13 to 0.64. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the 23 rice accessions could be classified into two distinct classes at similarities with a coefficient of 0.13. The Japonicas from Brazil, Japan and China were classified into Class I, along with upland rice from Brazil. The Indicas from Pakistan and Korea were classified into Class Ⅱ. Consequently, the function of genes SSR markers could be used as a useful tool for measuring genetic diversity, assigning rice to geographical distribution, ecotype, and pedigree relationship.     

Effect of SHAKTI and KUBOTA power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield under Sawah production system in Nigeria

The use of the power tillers （walking tractors） are increasingly popular in Nigeria among farmers adopting Sawah rice production technology. This study compares the effects of two types of power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield. because soil properties determine to a large extents rice yield. Data on soil properties and rice yield were collected and subjected to t-test statistics. The results show that, significant differences exit for all the physical properties of soils rice yields from fields where the two power tiller were used with yields from rice field where SHAKTI was used was higher than KUBOTA. It is important that farmers using these models of power tillers for rice production should not only focus on the purchase cost of these power tillers but their overall efficiency in order to achieve the desired high level of yield.     

Effects of Tinospora tuberculata leaf methanol extract on seedling growth of rice and associated weed species in hydroponic culture

The study was conducted to evaluate the responses of rice and rice weed seedlings(barnyardgrass and weedy rice) at the three-leaf stage to Tinospora tuberculata leaf methanol extract(3.12, 6.25 and 12.5 g L–1) under hydroponic culture. It shows that the leaf methanol extract had various degrees effects depending on target plant species and each tested index(biomass, root length, shoot length, transpiration volume, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents). The effective concentration of the leaf extract capable of reducing 50% of rice growth was higher than those of target weed species. Moreover, the root length was more tolerant to leaf methanol extract in comparison to the other plant parameters measured. A greater reduction was observed in chlorophyll a content compared to chlorophyll b and carotenoid. The results revealed that the reduction of transpiration volume closely coincided with the magnitude of growth inhibition of tested plants. Ultra-fast liquid chromatography analysis revealed 11 of 32 peaks in chemical profile, including benzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, p-anisic acid, syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and vitexin have the same retention time with those peaks of the extract. The amount of compounds was present in the range of between 4 817 and 115.5 mg kg–1 dry weight(DW). The concentration-response bioassay of all 11 individual compounds and their equimolar mixture against the seeds of barnyardgrass revealed their contribution in the allelopahic activity of T. tuberculata leaf extract. The examined compounds and their combination exhibited various degrees of growth inhibitory effects on the early growth of barnyardgrass. Therefore, the specific number, concentration, combination and inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds leads to allelopathy activity of T. tuberculata leaves which could be employable directly as a natural herbicide and its growth inhibitor compounds can be used as a template for producing new herbicides.     

Numerical Simulation of Root Growth Dynamics of CO2-Enriched Hybrid Rice Cultivar Shanyou 63 Under Fully Open-Air Field,Conditions

Hybrid indica rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars play an important role in rice production system due to its heterosis,resistance to environmental stress,large panicle,and high yield potential.However,no attention has been given to its root growth dynamic responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration([CO2 ]) in conjunction with nitrogen(N) availability.Free air CO2 enrichment(FACE) and N have significant effects on rice root growth.In this experiment,a hybrid cultivar Shanyou 63(Oryza sativa L.) was used to study the effects of FACE and N levels on roots growth of rice.The results showed a significant increase in both adventitious root volume(ARV) and adventitious root dry weight(ARD) under the FACE treatment.The application of nitrogen also increased ARV and ARD,but the increase was smaller than that under FACE treatment.On the basis of the FACE experiment,numerical models for rice adventitious root volume and dry weight were built with the time as the driving factor.The models illustrated the dynamic development of rice adventitious root volume and dry weight after transplanting,regulated either by the influence factor of atmospheric [CO2 ] or by N application.The models were successfully used to predict ARV and ARD under FACE treatment in a different year with the predicted data being closely related to the actual experimental data.The model had guiding significance to growth regulation of rice root under the condition of atmospheric [CO2 ] rising in the future.     

Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of novel tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives as apoptosis initiators for treating bacterial infections

Developing and excavating new agrochemicals with highly active and safe is an important tactic for protecting crop health and food safety.In this paper, to discover the new bactericide candidates, we designed, prepared a new type of1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline(THC)derivatives and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo bioactivities against the Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo),Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri(Xac),and Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae (Psa).The in vitro bioassay results exhibited ...     

GUS组织化学染色法——一种快速筛选抗二化螟转Bt cry1Ab基因水稻的方法

The time-consuming in vitro bioassay is the frequently used method to screen insect resistant transgenic rice and often remains a tedious task for us. Here we reported the resistance of Bt transgenic rice to striped stem borer by means of field natural infestation and in vitro bioassay. We found that there was a significant correlation between the number of GUS positive plants and the number of insect resistant plants, thus GUS histochemical assay could be used as a rapid and convenient method to screen insect resistant plants...     

Bt转基因抗虫粳稻品种选育中若干问题研究

以Bt转基因水稻"克螟稻"为供体,与农艺性状优良的粳稻品种杂交,对杂交后代抗虫品种选育中GUS组织染色辅助选择、农艺性状选择对Bt基因纯合影响、混合选择与外源基因传递、及自然抗虫鉴定选择效果等方面作了研究,结果发现采用系谱法并结合GUS组织染色辅助选择的Bt转基因粳稻育种效果为最佳.经8代系谱选择,育成了3 个集高产和抗虫于一体的优良粳稻新品系.     

聚合抗褐飞虱基因bph20（t）和bph21（t）及抗稻瘟病基因Pi9水稻株系筛选

【目的】筛选聚合抗褐飞虱和抗稻瘟病基因水稻材料,为培育新型抗褐飞虱兼抗稻瘟病的水稻新种质提供参考。【方法】利用常规育种、分子标记辅助育种和抗病虫鉴定相结合的手段,将抗稻褐飞虱基因bph20（t）和bph21（t）以及广谱高抗稻瘟病基因Pi9聚合到优良保持系博ⅢB的遗传背景中。【结果】bph20（t）的分子标记RM540和BYL7、bph21（t）的分子标记RM5348和RM222未在稻褐飞虱抗、感亲本间扩增出特异条带,无明显的多态性,不能用于该育种群体抗褐飞虱基因bph20（t）和bph21（t）的检测。Pi9的显性分子标记pB8以及共显性分子标记PB9-1在稻瘟病抗、感亲本之间可扩增获得特异条带,具有多态性,可用于Pi9基因的检测。经抗虫鉴定并利用标记PB9-1对BC6F2群体的22株材料进行PCR扩增,含有Pi9基因杂合体的有10株,纯合体有6株,不含Pi9基因的有7株。用源自广西南宁田间感褐飞虱和稻瘟病菌株进行多次抗病虫鉴定,筛选获得一批抗褐飞虱材料,其中抗性与抗虫亲本BPH54相当的材料有6份,在这6份材料中含有Pi9基因且抗稻瘟病的材料有5份,对稻褐飞虱的抗性与供体亲本BPH54水平相当。【结论】通过常规育种、分子检测和抗虫鉴定相结合的办法,筛选获得5份聚合褐飞虱抗性基因（bph20和bph21）和抗稻瘟病基因Pi9的抗或高抗水稻中间材料,为选育新的双抗保持系和不育系提供种质材料。     

聚合抗褐飞虱基因bph20（t）和bph21（t）

【目的】筛选聚合抗褐飞虱和抗稻瘟病基因水稻材料,为培育新型抗褐飞虱兼抗稻瘟病的水稻新种质提供参考。【方法】利用常规育种、分子标记辅助育种和抗病虫鉴定相结合的手段,将抗稻褐飞虱基因bph20（t）和bph21（t）以及广谱高抗稻瘟病基因Pi9聚合到优良保持系博ⅢB的遗传背景中。【结果】bph20（t）的分子标记RM540和BYL7、bph21（t）的分子标记RM5348和RM222未在稻褐飞虱抗、感亲本间扩增出特异条带,无明显的多态性,不能用于该育种群体抗褐飞虱基因bph20（t）和bph21（t）的检测。Pi9的显性分子标记pB8以及共显性分子标记PB9-1在稻瘟病抗、感亲本之间可扩增获得特异条带,具有多态性,可用于Pi9基因的检测。经抗虫鉴定并利用标记PB9-1对BC6F2群体的22株材料进行PCR扩增,含有Pi9基因杂合体的有10株,纯合体有6株,不含Pi9基因的有7株。用源自广西南宁田间感褐飞虱和稻瘟病菌株进行多次抗病虫鉴定,筛选获得一批抗褐飞虱材料,其中抗性与抗虫亲本BPH54相当的材料有6份,在这6份材料中含有Pi9基因且抗稻瘟病的材料有5份,对稻褐飞虱的抗性与供体亲本BPH54水平相当。【结论】通过常规育种、分子检测和抗虫鉴定相结合的办法,筛选获得5份聚合褐飞虱抗性基因（bph20和bph21）和抗稻瘟病基因Pi9的抗或高抗水稻中间材料,为选育新的双抗保持系和不育系提供种质材料。     

Xa21基因导入水稻广亲和恢复系SWR20的研究

以成熟胚愈伤组织为转化受体 ,经农杆菌介导法将显性广谱白叶枯病抗性基因 Xa2 1导入高感白叶枯病的水稻广亲和恢复系 SWR2 0中 ,共获得 4 3个独立的转基因株系 ,1 0 0余株转基因水稻植株。经 GUS活性、潮霉素抗性检测及PCR分析表明 ,外源基因已整合到转基因水稻基因组中 ;白叶枯病原菌接种试验表明 ,大部分 T0 代转基因水稻植株的抗病性有明显提高 ,多数植株表现抗或高抗 ,个别为感病。经对农杆菌介导的水稻转化技术作进一步改进后 ,GUS瞬间表达率可高达 92 .5% ,稳定转化频率达到 2 7.6%     

转Cry1A(b)基因抗虫水稻的获得及鉴定

利用农杆菌混合液介导的共转化法,研究不同浓度的农杆菌混合液浸染5种水稻品种的愈伤组织,进而获得共转化再生植株。对转基因植株进行叶片潮霉素抗性检测和螟虫田间抗性鉴定的结果表明,农杆菌混合液浓度OD600为0.6左右时,其浸染能力较强;5个品种中以浙粳27的再生效率最高。转基因植株叶片经潮霉素抗性检测,潮霉素阳性率为78.13%,经PCR检测转基因植株Cry1A(b)基因阳性率为15.11%。自然抗性鉴定结果表明:Cry1A(b)基因阳性的转基因植株对稻纵卷叶螟具有很好的抗性。基因分离的鉴定结果表明:HPT基因与Cry1A(b)基因在共转化转基因植株的后代中发生了分离。     

转两类抗虫基因棉花优良纯合品系的选育

 用含合成的Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白嵌合基因 (Bt2 9K)及慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂B(API B)基因表达框的双抗虫基因植物表达载体 ,通过根癌农杆菌介导转化棉花生产品种冀合 32 1,获得了一批抗卡那霉素的转化再生植株。在对转化再生植株进行PCR、卡那霉素抗性和抗虫性测定的基础上 ,经 6代筛选培育出棉铃虫抗性 90 %以上且农艺性状优良的 9个转双抗虫基因棉纯合品系。各纯合株系子代植株的抗虫性及部分序列检测结果进一步表明上述Cry1Ac嵌合蛋白基因是能稳定遗传的。这些品系具有很好的农艺性状 ,其结铃性和纤维比强度明显高于转化受体冀合 32 1,这些纯合系可直接用于生产或作为双抗虫棉种质利用。     

根癌农杆菌介导gna基因对水稻的转化

褐飞虱在中国分布很广,近年来已成为南方稻区的主要害虫。大量研究表明,进行抗虫基因分子育种是迅速改良水稻褐飞虱抗性的有效途径。采用农杆菌介导法将来源于大肠杆菌的6-磷酸甘露糖异构酶(PMI)安全选择标记基因和)花莲凝集素(GNA)抗虫基因构建于同一表达载体上进行遗传转化,获得带有安全标记基因的抗褐飞虱转基因植株。通过PCR扩增、Southern印迹和GUS检测分析表明,PMI标记基因和抗虫GNA基因同时被转入部分植株中并得到了表达,其外缘基因主要以单拷贝的方式插入水稻基因组中。对随机选取的8个转基因单株T0代种子经含潮霉素的培养基培养15d后抗感苗数统计分析表明,绝大多数转基因植株后代符合单基因的遗传分离规律。     

用花粉管通道法将慈姑蛋白酶抑制剂基因(API)导入水稻获得转基因植株

采用花粉管通道法遗传转化技术,将慈姑蛋白酶抑制剂基因(API)导入水稻品系9311中,获得了转基因植株。抗虫性鉴定结果表明:部分转基因植株对水稻螟虫的抗性比对照明显提高;PCR扩增获得了与引物扩增片段长度相同的DNA片段,证实API基因已整合到受体植株的基因组中。遗传分析表明,API基因能在有性生殖过程中传递给后代,并于T4代分离出抗性纯合的株系。     

水稻基因启动子Ospz1的克隆与表达特性研究

在水稻基因组芯片分析的基础上,克隆到一个在水稻中高水平表达基因OsSG15'末端启动子区域1.6-kb的DNA片断,即Ospz1启动子,构建了由Ospz1启动子引导的GUS重组基因,并经农杆菌介导将重组基因导入到水稻中.对转基因水稻植株中GUS活性的定性测定结果表明,Ospz1启动子可驱动GUS报告基因在转基因水稻植株叶片、芽和根中高效表达,而在其它器官中不表达或表达活性极弱,表现出组织特异性.Ospz1启动子可用于农作物生物技术的遗传改良.