不同激素配比对大樱桃吉塞拉高频再生的影响

以大樱桃吉塞拉5号和6号为试验材料,研究不同激素配比对大樱桃茎尖外植体再生形成不定芽的影响.结果表明:(1)不同激素配比对大樱桃茎尖外植体的分化率、增殖系数和增殖速度均有极显著影响;(2)大樱桃茎尖外植体脱分化诱导形成不定芽表现出明显的品种差异性,吉塞拉5号和6号脱分化诱导不定芽的合适激素配比分别为6-BA 3.0 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L+KT0.1 mg/L(MS培养基)和6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L+KT 0.2 mg/L(MS培养基);(3)当激素配比为6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L+KT 0.3 mg/L(MS培养基)时,两个品种的不定芽增殖数量达到最大.     

秘鲁番茄高效再生体系的研究

以秘鲁番茄的叶片和茎段为外植体,研究不同外植体种类、激素配比对秘鲁番茄愈伤组织诱导、分化和不定芽生根的影响,以期建立秘鲁番茄组织培养高效再生体系。结果表明:秘鲁番茄的叶片较茎段更适宜愈伤组织诱导与分化,以叶片为外植体时,最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L ZT+0.2 mg/L IAA,愈伤组织诱导率高达100.0%;愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L ZT+0.2 mg/L IAA,不定芽的分化率高达92.4%。以茎段为外植体时,最佳诱导愈伤培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L ZT+0.1 mg/L IAA,愈伤组织诱导率高达95.8%;愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L ZT+0.2 mg/L IAA,不定芽的分化率高达86.5%。不定芽最适宜的生根培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L NAA,生根率达100.0%。采用草炭土+珍珠岩(体积比1∶1)的混合基质作为移栽基质,移栽成活率可达90%以上。     

五角枫组织脱分化与芽增殖的初步研究

针对五角枫(Acer mono Maxim)无性繁殖困难的现状,从探讨五角枫组织脱分化以及芽增殖入手,开展了器官再生的初步研究。结果表明,由消毒的五角枫种子在MS培养基上萌发获得无菌苗,通过无菌苗的叶、子叶和根均可脱分化形成愈伤组织,其中叶的愈伤诱导率最高,其最适诱导培养基为:MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+2,4-D1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;该愈伤的最适增殖培养基为:MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+TDZ 1.5 mg/L。叶诱导的愈伤经适当诱导可产生不定芽与根;幼苗的茎尖可用于芽的增殖,其较适的增殖培养基为MS+TDZ 0.04 mg/L,生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L。通过诱导脱分化与再分化,首次获得了五角枫的再生苗,为五角枫的快繁组培技术体系的建立奠定了一定基础。     

丽格海棠叶片优化培养高效再生体系的研究

以丽格海棠叶片为外植体,进行不定芽的诱导和植株再生试验研究,结果表明:叶切块可直接分化不定芽,以MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+TDZ0.1 mg/L+NAA0.5 mg/L是较适合的分化培养基,分化率达100%,平均芽数8.1;不定芽增殖以MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+KT0.5 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L效果较好,平均增殖倍数为12.2左右,生根培养基以1/2MS+NAA0.1 mg/L+IBA0.3 mg/L效果较好,平均生根数为4.4条左右,生根率为100%;瓶苗移栽于森林土∶草碳=(1∶1)的基质中生长良好,成活率达98%以上.     

北沙参根茎不定芽诱导及生根的研究

研究北沙参试管繁殖的诱导、分化、生根、移栽等过程,筛选优良试管苗.以北沙参根茎为试材,通过筛选激素种类、浓度和光暗条件、基质等因素找到不定芽诱导、分化、生根及移栽的最佳条件.根茎不定芽分化诱导适宜的培养基为MS+NAA0.2mg/L+6-BA2.2mg/L～2.4mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂8 g/L,适宜北沙参不定芽生根的培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.2mg/U+蔗糖15 g/L+琼脂6 g/L,对不定芽带茎段切割可以显著提高转接芽的存活率,添加0.2 g/L活性炭有利于提高单株平均生根数,促进根毛发育.采用两步法半封闭炼苗{培养基覆沙法半封闭短期(2天)炼苗结合混合基质移栽长期(10天)半封闭炼苗}效果较好,适宜的移栽基质有两种,分别是:1/3园土+1/3草炭+1/3细沙和1/3园土+1/3草炭+1/3蛭石.     

红掌组培快繁技术优化研究

[目的]对红掌组培快繁技术体系进行优化。[方法]以红掌红粉佳人品种为材料,通过设置不同的基本培养基和激素配比,研究红掌的不定芽诱导、增殖和生根等情况,以筛选出最佳的培养配方和方法。[结果]最佳愈伤组织诱导和不定芽分化培养基为MS+6-BA1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.1 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,其愈伤组织诱导率为73.3%,不定芽分化率为90.9%;在增殖培养基MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L上诱导出的芽数量与大小最适宜;生根培养以1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L+活性炭1.0 g/L培养基表现最好;移栽基质以珍珠岩+草炭土(1∶1)混合栽培基质成活率最高,达95.6%。[结论]为红掌种苗的工厂化生产提供了参考。     

唐松草的组织培养与快速繁殖技术

通过对唐松草的组织培养,研究了不同激素配比对愈伤组织、芽的诱导分化和增殖的影响以及驯化移栽时基质对于成活率的影响。结果表明:诱导愈伤组织的适宜培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L6-BA+0.5 mg/L2,4-D;诱导芽分化的适宜培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L6-BA+0.2 mg/LNAA;适宜继代培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L6-BA+0.2 mg/LNAA;适宜生根培养基为1/2 MS+0.5 mg/LNAA。同时还表明,炼苗时选用珍珠岩与蛭石以11∶的比例混合的基质的成活率最高。     

树莓离体培养无性系的建立

以树莓带芽茎段或顶芽为外植体,探讨不同激素种类与水平对其不定芽分化、增殖与不定根形成的影响,并筛选了树莓试管苗移栽的适宜基质。结果表明:不定芽启动培养以MS+BA 1.0 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L为宜;继代增殖以MS+BA0.5~1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1~0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L+干酪素30~50 mg/L为宜;不定根分化以1/2 MS+IBA0.2~0.4 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L或1/2 MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L为宜,生根率高于96%;在泥炭或泥炭∶蛭石=1∶1的基质中移栽,成活率高于93.8%。     

薰衣草茎段再生体系的建立

以薰衣草带芽茎段为外植体,探讨不同激素种类与水平等因素对其愈伤诱导、不定芽分化、增殖与不定根形成的影响,并筛选了薰衣草试管苗过渡移栽的适宜基质等。试验结果表明:不定芽启动培养以MS+BA1.0~2.0mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂6.5g/L为宜;继代增殖以MS+BA1.0~2.0mg/L+IBA0.25mg/L+GA1.0mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂6.5g/L为宜;不定根分化以White+IBA0.4mg/L+蔗糖20g/L+琼脂6.5g/L或White+NAA0.8mg/L+蔗糖20g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L为宜。     

高抗枣疯病枣树新品种科丰一号组培快繁技术研究

于超净工作台上,切取1 cm左右带芽小段,在分化培养基中诱导丛生芽,筛选出最佳的分化培养基为MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+NAA1.0 mg/L;将丛生芽移植到继代培养基中继代培养,使其增殖,筛选出最佳的继代培养基配方为MS+6-BA1.5 mg/L+NAA0.5 mg/L;然后将幼苗移植到生根培养基中诱导生根,筛选出最佳的生根培养基配方为MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+IBA1.5 mg/L;生根幼苗移栽到大田,筛选出最佳的移栽基质为蛭石+珍珠岩+草炭。     

葡萄盆栽技术

葡萄盆栽技术,包括择土选种、露地扦插、田间管理、装盆及整形、肥水管理等内容,对葡萄盆栽爱好者有一定的指导意义。     

Yield and quality of maize stover: Variation among cultivars and effects of N fertilization

Biomass yields and concentrations of crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), and crude fiber(CF) were analyzed for five cultivars of summer-sown maize(Zea mays L.) stover grown in field trials at three rates of N fertilization, and sampled immediately after grain harvest.The results revealed differences in yields and concentrations of nutrients according to stalk height and hence harvest portion among the cultivars.N application greatly increased biomass yield and CP, especially in upper stalks and to a lesser extent, EE.Concentrations of NDF and ADF decreased as N rate increased.The results show that stovers from all local popular maize cultivars are suitable as animal fodder and that moderate N application improves feed quality of stover.     

民勤绿洲荒漠交错带三种沙丘类型的自然植被特征

基于对民勤沙井子地区植被调查数据,研究了固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘3种沙丘类型的自然植被特征.结果表明:从固定沙丘、半固定沙丘到流动沙丘,总盖度、灌木盖度下降,草本盖度增加.物种丰富度减小是物种多样性下降的主要原因.从植物的生活型来看,多年生草本和灌木类植物受沙丘类型的影响最大,而一年生草本和半灌木可存活于不同沙丘类型.白刺的生态优势度(重要值)由小到大依次为固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、流动沙丘.植物多样性与白刺的生态优势度呈负相关.不同沙丘类型白刺地上生物量变化明显,半固定沙丘白刺生物量最大.     

寄生虫引起的草鱼鳃病的组织病理比较研究

本文对草鱼的隐鞭虫病、车轮虫病、小瓜虫病、指环虫病、三代虫病及中华鱼蚤病六种寄生虫性鳃病的组织病理变化进行比较研究，寄生虫性鳃病均可引起鳃组织发生炎症反应，粘液分泌亢进，嗜酸粒细胞和淋巴细胞浸润；但又因病原体的种类不同，危害鱼的方式、方法不同，因此病理变化又有很大差别，对鱼危害较大的均为变质性炎，如隐鞭虫病；对鱼危害较小的则属增生性炎，如中华鱼蚤病．     

小菜蛾阿维菌素和虫酰肼抗性品系对几种新型药剂的交互抗性研究

以敏感品系为对照,利用室内筛选获得的虫酰肼和阿维菌素高抗品系Teb-R和Aba-R,测定了小菜蛾对几种新型杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果发现:小菜蛾对虫酰肼产生高水平抗性后(抗性倍数185.5倍),对阿维菌素表现出中等水平交互抗性(41.0倍),对茚虫威(11.4倍)和溴虫腈(5.3倍)仅表现出低水平交互抗性,对多杀菌素(1.7倍)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(1.4倍)则没有表现出明显的交互抗性。用阿维菌素筛选Teb-R品系39代后获得阿维菌素高抗品系Aba-R(593.8倍),该品系对茚虫威(12.3倍)表现出中等水平交互抗性,对多杀菌素(7.9倍)表现出低水平交互抗性,对溴虫腈(2.7倍)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(0.9倍)的交互抗性不明显;同时该品系对虫酰肼的抗性也由阿维菌素筛选前的185.5倍下降到筛选后的28.0倍,也没有交互抗性。基于上述研究结果认为,使用虫酰肼防治小菜蛾出现抗性后,可以使用多杀菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺进行替代防治,但不宜用阿维菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈进行替代防治;利用阿维菌素防治小菜蛾产生抗性后,可以用溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫酰肼进行替代防治,但不宜用多杀菌素和茚虫威。     

Water quality,agriculture and food safety in China:Current situation,trends, interdependencies,and management

Water quality in China is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food safety,and it might also impact health of population via agriculture and food. Thus,it is causing widespread concern. Based on extensive literatures review and data mining,current situation of water pollution in China and its effects on food safety were analyzed. The 2nd National Water Resource Survey in China show that the surface water all over the country was under slight pollution and about 60% of groundwater is polluted. Drinking water quality is basically guaranteed in urban area but it is worrisome in rural areas. In addition,China is the largest consumer of fertilizer and pestici de in the world and the amounts of application still show increasing trends. Fertilizers and pesticides are the most important sources of pollution,which affect human health as persistent organic pollutants and environmental endocrine disruptors. Eutrophication of surface water and nitrate pollution of groundwater are serious threats to drinking water safety. Sewage irrigation is becoming a pollution source to China's water and land because of lacking of effective regulations. Although,with the advance in technology and management level,control of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and reducing water pollution is still a major challenge for China.     

拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的FISH核型分析

【目的】建立拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的FISH核型,分析明确不同来源拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的FISH核型特点,比较不同拟斯卑尔脱山羊草及其与普通小麦的FISH核型差异。【方法】以荧光标记的寡核苷酸Oligo-pTa535和Oligo-pSc119.2为探针,利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术分析pTa535和pSc119.2在不同拟斯卑尔脱山羊草、四倍体小麦和普通小麦染色体上的杂交信号分布特点;以禾本科植物着丝粒专化寡核苷酸Oligo-CCS1为探针,明确拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的着丝粒位置,测量拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体相关参数;通过FISH核型比较明确不同拟斯卑尔脱山羊草及其与小麦核型的多态性差异。【结果】Oligo-pTa535主要分布在小麦的D和A组染色体上,在小麦的B组染色体上仅有零星分布,在5份拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的染色体中未显示Oligo-pTa535杂交信号。Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号主要分布在小麦的B组染色体上,在小麦的A、D组染色体中分布较少,但在5份拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体上均有广泛分布。根据Oligo-pTa535和Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号在小麦染色体上的分布特点,可以将小麦的不同染色体相互区分开来。Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号在不同倍性、不同品种的小麦B组染色体上的分布特点基本相似,而不同来源拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的Oligo-pSc119.2的FISH核型差异较大,甚至在同一细胞内的2条同源染色体上Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号的分布也具有明显差异。不同来源的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草与小麦B染色体组的FISH核型存在明显差异。PI542238的7对染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,核型公式为2n=14=14m。其余4份拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的4S染色体均为近中着丝粒染色体,其余染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,核型公式皆为2n=14=12m+2sm。【结论】拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体上含有丰富的与pSc119.2高度同源的重复序列,不含有与pTa535高度同源的重复序列。不同来源的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草之间以及同一来源的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的个体间甚至同一个体内的同源染色体间在pSc119.2的分布上均具有遗传多样性。以Oligo-pSc119.2为探针建立的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体FISH核型与小麦B组染色体的核型具有显著差异。利用荧光标记的Oligo-pTa535和Oligo-pSc119.2为探针进行FISH分析,可以准确区分拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的不同染色体,并能将拟斯卑尔脱山羊草与小麦的染色体区分开来。     

芦荟多糖抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒作用试验

在安全浓度的基础上,将芦荟多糖稀释成不同浓度,作用于猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒,当病毒对照CPE达到70%～80%后,在酶联免疫检测仪上测定A490nm值,A490nm值越大,表明细胞生长越旺盛,抗感染效果越好。在先加芦荟多糖后接种病毒时,多糖对PRRSV感染有阻断作用,且作用显著;在加芦荟多糖之前先接种病毒,则芦荟多糖对PRRSV的抑制作用不明显;高浓度芦荟多糖对PRRSV具有直接杀灭作用。     

氮素用量对结球甘蓝生长及产量和品质的影响

研究了氮素用量对结球甘蓝生长及产量、品质的影响.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,结球甘蓝生长势增加,产量增加,但氮素用量过多会导致产量下降.本试验条件下,施氮量为0.6 t/hm2时结球甘蓝产量较高,达85.9 t/hm2,而施氮量为1.05 t/hm2时结球甘蓝产量仅为70.3 t/hm2,前者比后者增产22%,但二者分别比CK增产174.9%、125%.此外,增施氮素可降低结球甘蓝干物质、纤维素、有机酸及可溶性糖含量,还显著提高了硝酸盐含量.     

Mycotoxin detection——Recent trends at global level

Mycotoxin contamination in agro-food systems has been a serious concern globally during the last few decades. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi when they grow in agro-food products and feedstuff. Several detection techniques have been developed in recent years to detect mycotoxins in the food and feed effectively. HPLC based techniques are very common in usage in the laboratories for the testing of mycotoxins. In recent years,immuno-based assays is widely used and have been reported at large due to its sensitivity and limited detection time. Immuno assay-based kits were developed effectively to be used in the fields and in storage systems to detect the mycotoxin levels. Microarray-based immunoassays developed in the recent years could simultaneously detect aflatoxin,ochratoxin,and zearalenone with the higher sensitivity. Aptamer-based assays could target the detection of ochratoxin and aflatoxins and fumonisins at high specificity in food products. In recent years,several assays reported for the simultaneous multiple detection of different mycotoxin was based on HPLC and LC-MS/MS. There is a need for the use of these advanced technologies in the commercial scale.