茶树内生真菌研究进展

茶树(Camellia sinensis)内生真菌是重要的微生物资源,具有重大的研究和开发价值。目前已分离鉴定的茶树内生真菌主要类群有刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum)、拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis)、球座菌(Guignardia)、拟茎点霉(Phomopsis)、大茎点霉(Macrophoma.)、曲霉(Aspergillu)、木霉(Trichoderma)、青霉(Penicillium)、链格孢霉(Alternaria)、镰孢霉(Fusarium)等。茶树内生真菌的种类和数量因茶树品种、茶树不同部位、生长期、季节和环境的变化明显不同。内生真菌能改变茶叶的化学成分,促进茶树生长,产生具有抗菌作用的次级代谢产物。对近年来茶树内生真菌的研究进展进行了简要综述。     

越冬前北京和云南葡萄溃疡病组织内相关真菌的鉴定

为了解我国不同地区在冬季修剪窗口期葡萄枝干组织中与葡萄溃疡病相关的病原微生物的种类,探索葡萄溃疡病组织中病原微生物的年周期变化,从栽培和植保角度制定防控措施,采用微生物分离、生物学特性观察,以及ITS测序的方法,对北京和云南葡萄溃疡病组织内相关真菌进行分离和鉴定。从北京的材料中分离鉴定出5种真菌:45.0%葡萄座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria),30.0%镰刀菌属(Fusarium),15.0%刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum),7.5%木霉属(Trichoderma),2.5%茎点霉属(Phoma);从云南的材料中分离鉴定出7种真菌,32.0%茎点霉(Phoma),27.0%壳囊孢属(Cytospora),14.0%拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis),14.0%葡萄座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria),4.5%附球菌属(Epicoccum),4.5%镰刀菌(Fusarium),4.5%链格孢属(Alternaria)。研究结果首次揭示出北京和云南葡萄越冬前溃疡病组织具有多种植物病原微生物共同存在的特征及主要相关真菌的种类。     

贵州道地药材杜仲内生真菌的分离及鉴定

[目的]开发有地域特色的杜仲内生真菌资源,为杜仲内生真菌多样性和内生真菌的开发利用提供参考。[方法]采用传统的组织培养法从毕节市杜仲中分离内生真菌,对得到的内生真菌进行形态学和真菌rDNA的居间序列(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)鉴定。[结果]从毕节市杜仲中分离得到93株真菌,经鉴定分为拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis sp.)、间座壳属(Diaporithe sp.)、黑孢属(Nigrospora sp.)、粪壳菌属(Sordariales sp)、黑附球菌(Epicoccum rnigrum)、小光壳属(Leptosphaerulina sp.)、锐顶炭角菌(Xylaria apiculata)、刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum sp.)和大白栓菌(Trametes lactinea)共9属,其中拟茎点霉属和间座壳属为优势菌属,分别占54.83%和26.88%。[结论]贵州杜仲内生真菌多样性丰富,杜仲内生真菌炭角菌属、大白栓菌为我国首次报道。     

信阳野生枸杞枝栖内生真菌多样性研究

为了解枸杞(Lycium chinense Mill.)枝栖内生真菌菌群多样性及分布规律,通过采样、分离、培养与鉴定,对信阳野生枸杞内生真菌的群落结构及生态分布特点进行了研究。结果显示,内生真菌广泛分布于枸杞健康枝内,定殖率达56.8%。共分离得到真菌717株,产孢真菌归于12个属,大多数属半知菌,少数属子囊菌,其中,拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)真菌为枸杞枝栖优势真菌,漆斑菌属(Myrothecium)、枝孢属(Cladosporuum)、长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、壳梭孢属(Fusicoccum)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)为枸杞属(Lycium)植物内生真菌新记录。枸杞生境是影响其枝栖内生真菌多样性的重要因素。     

广东省姜科观赏植物真菌病害的病原鉴定

1998年至2000年在广东省进行姜科(Zingiberaceae)观赏植物真菌病害系统调查中鉴定到9种病原真菌，其中华山姜球腔菌Mycosphaerella alpini-suishaenscola L Zeng，Z.D．Jiang et P．K Chisp．nov．、姜花假尾孢茵Pseudocercospora hedychiae L Zenget P.K Chisp．nov．和红苞小草蔻茎点霉Phoma al pinihen Hicola L.Zenget P．K Chisp．nov．为新种，其它真菌分别为：省藤球座菌Guignardia calami(H．＆ P．Sydow)vonArx ＆ EMuller、姜小球腔菌Leptosphaeriazingiberi(Saw．)v．Dhar，LSSrivastavaetH．Sahambi、胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz．)Sate．、胡枝子拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiospis lespedezae FSyd．、星形拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsisstellata Berk ＆ Curt．、姜拟茎点霉Phomopsis natalinae Dos Santos。3个新种的模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(SCHM)。     

野菊内生真菌生物多样性与生态分布

通过采样、分离、培养与鉴定,对信阳地区野菊[Dendranthema indicum (L.) Des Moul.]内生真菌的群落结构及生态分布进行了研究.结果表明,野菊内生真菌具有丰富的生物多样性,分离得到真菌21种,它们多数为半知菌,少数为子囊菌.其中,刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum spp.)、拟茎点霉(...     

木麻黄内生真菌次生代谢产物及生物活性

【目的】分离和鉴定木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia枝条和果实中的内生真菌,筛选具有抗菌和抗氧化活性的内生真菌。【方法】采用组织块分离法分离木麻黄枝条和果实中的内生真菌,通过菌落观察和分子生物学相结合的方法对分离到的内生真菌进行鉴定;采用薄层层析-生物自显影法测定木麻黄内生真菌次生代谢产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用多孔板-DPPH显色法测定抗氧化活性。【结果】从木麻黄枝条和果实中共分离鉴定得到12株内生真菌,枝条和果实内生真菌存在明显的差异,相同的菌株只有2株,分别为Cef-1(Pseudofusicoccum sp.)和Cef-7(Pestalotiopsis sp.);12株内生真菌分属于9个不同的属中,分别为Pseudofusicoccum、葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria、拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis、木霉属Trichoderma、曲霉属Aspergillus、裂菌属Rhytidhysteron、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis、镰刀菌属Fusarium和炭疽菌属Colletotrichum。其中,葡萄座腔菌属种类最多,为木麻黄内生真菌的优势种群,其次是拟盘多毛孢属真菌。抗细菌活性的结果表明,Cef-2(Botryosphaeria sp.)表现出最强的抑制活性,对所有供试细菌的抑菌斑直径均大于10 mm,强于阳性对照硫酸链霉素,Cef-1和Cef-9(Fusarium sp.)对青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum也表现出较好的抑制活性。内生真菌Cef-2表现出最好的抗氧化活性,IC50为0.80mg/mL。【结论】木麻黄枝条和果实中均存在内生真菌且均以葡萄座腔菌属为优势种群,2个部位真菌的种类存在明显差异。内生真菌Cef-2表现出最强的抗细菌和抗氧化活性,可作为候选菌株进一步分离和鉴定其活性成分。     

鹅掌藤真菌病害的鉴定

 报道了为害广州地区鹅掌藤（Schefflera arboricola Hayata）的6种病原真菌,即黑白拟茎点霉〔Phomopsis melaleuca （Berk.＆ M.A. Curtis）Grove〕,鹅掌柴叶点霉（Phyllosticta schefflerae P.G.Xi. P.K.Chi et Z.D.Jiang ),橄榄色盾壳霉（Coniothyrium olivaceum Bon.）,楤木球座菌（Guignardia araliae Gutner）,烟草疫霉寄生变种〔Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica （Dast.）Waterh．〕和胶孢刺盘孢〔Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. 〕,其中鹅掌柴叶点霉为新种,黑白拟茎点霉为国内新纪录种。在大棚生产中,以烟草疫霉引起的叶疫病和胶孢刺盘孢引起的炭疽病发生普遍而严重。模式标本保存在华南农业大学真菌标本室。     

广东化橘红内生真菌多样性分析

通过组织分离方法对广东省化州市橘红种植园内所采的化橘红（Exocarpium citri Grandis）果、枝、叶组织内的内生真菌多样性进行研究,并采用形态与分子生物学相结合的方法鉴定菌株. 结果显示,从化橘红果、枝、叶600个组织块中,共分离得到404株内生真菌. 依据形态鉴定及ITS序列分子鉴定,初步鉴定379株内生真菌,并将其分为16个分类单元,经鉴定归于镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum)、色二孢菌属(Lasiodiplodia)、间座壳属(Diaporthe)、光黑壳属(Preussia)、稻黑孢菌属(Nigrospora)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)、弯孢属(Curvularia)、隔孢伏革属(Peniophora)、叶点霉属(Phyllosticta)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、球腔菌属(Mycosphaerella)、假尾孢属(Pseudocercospora)、附球菌属(Epicoccum)、拟层孔菌（Fomitopsis）和毛霉属Mucor）,其中炭疽菌属与间座壳属是化橘红的优势菌株,其相对频率分别为44.6% 和34.2%,远远高于其他类群. 内生真菌在枝组织中的分离率为91%. 研究结果表明化橘红内生真菌分布具有一定的组织特异性,为进一步从化橘红内生真菌中筛选活性中药成分提供了新思路.     

浙江省“浙八味”道地药材真菌病害调查及病原鉴定

通过对浙江省磐安地区"浙八味"药材真菌病害进行病原菌分离和鉴定,采用无菌培养基平板分离技术,从药材植物病叶中分离获得病原真菌,构建真菌ITS系统发育树,对病原菌进行分子水平的分类鉴定,并观察病原菌菌落形态及显微结构和形态学鉴定共获得9种病原真菌,分别为链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)、绿色木霉菌(Hypocrea virens)、月状旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus lunatus)、球孢黑孢霉(Nigrospora sphaerica)、木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、束状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum dematium)和茎点霉菌(Phoma sp.)。查阅药用植物病原菌记录并结合科赫法则实验,当地药用植物成为3种病原菌的新寄主,分别为月状旋孢腔菌引起的安徽亳州白芍褐斑病、束状刺盘孢引起的磐安阔叶麦冬炭疽病、球毛壳菌引起的早小洋菊叶枯病。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。