早期断奶和育肥期饲粮NDF水平对湖羊生长性能和消化代谢的影响

【目的】以湖羊公羔为试验对象,探究早期断奶补饲和育肥前、后期饲粮NDF水平对羔羊生长发育和消化性能的持续影响,计算试验因素间的叠加效应,筛选出最佳的组合饲养方式。【方法】选取体重[ (8.26±2.14) kg]、日龄[(20±2) d]接近的健康湖羊公羔120只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每重复5只;饲粮NDF水平设置:育肥前期低（33%）高（38%）水平,育肥后期低（28%）高（33%）水平。4组处理分别为:早期断奶+育肥前低NDF饲粮+育肥后低NDF饲粮（EW-LL）;早期断奶+育肥前期低NDF饲粮+育肥后期高NDF饲粮（EW-LH）;早期断奶+育肥前期高NDF饲粮+育肥后期高NDF饲粮（EW-HH）;随母哺乳+育肥期前高NDF饲粮+育肥期后期高NDF饲粮（ER-HH）。早期断奶羔羊在20日龄由随母哺乳逐渐过渡到饲喂代乳粉,同时补饲开食料,所有试验羔羊育肥周期为61-180日龄。试验期160 d。测定羔羊不同阶段体重和采食量,在羔羊2、4、6月龄进行消化代谢试验。【结果】1）4组羔羊全期体重无显著差异（P>0.05）,除46—65日龄,其余各阶段各组间日增重无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）早期断奶羔羊21—65日龄干物质采食量显著高于随母哺乳羔羊（P<0.05）,早期断奶组中,育肥前后期均采食低NDF水平饲粮的羔羊121—180日龄时颗粒料采食量显著高于其他两组（P<0.05）。3）早期断奶组羔羊哺乳期营养物质消化率及能氮利用率低于随母哺乳组。进入育肥期后,消化代谢能力优势转移,育肥前期低NDF组羔羊干物质、有机物消化率显著高于高NDF组（P<0.05）,叠加效应分析EW-LL组全期日增重增效最高,但早期断奶和育肥前期饲喂低NDF饲粮这两种饲喂方式的叠加效果为-50.57%。【结论】从整个育肥周期来看,早期断奶补饲代乳粉对羔羊生长性能有促进作用,育肥前期低NDF水平饲粮育肥效果相比高NDF水平效果较差;而育肥后期试验羔羊饲粮相同时,育肥前期饲喂低NDF饲粮的羔羊增重效果优于饲喂高NDF饲粮的羔羊。综合羔羊整个饲养阶段生长和消化代谢情况分析,饲养效果明显的4组顺序为EW-LL>EW-LH=EW-HH>ER-HH。本试验条件下推荐组合为早期断奶+育肥前期饲粮NDF水平33%+育肥后期饲粮NDF水平28%。     

夏季放牧补饲对欧拉型藏羊羔羊育肥效果的研究

[目的]为藏羊羔羊夏季的育肥提供参考。[方法]选用6月龄欧拉型藏羊羔羊90只分为放牧组(对照组)和放牧补饲组(试验组),在夏季牧草旺盛期进行补饲育肥,研究青藏高原夏季不同育肥方式对藏羊羔羊育肥性能和肉品质的影响。[结果]试验组羔羊的净增重和平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组羔羊的宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、胴体净肉重和胴体净肉率均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),而试验组羔羊的骨重、肉骨比、花油重和板油重均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组羔羊的肌肉内脂肪含量为3.43%,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组欧拉型藏羊羔羊的肉色评分、大理石和熟肉率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组和对照组羔羊肉中异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸酪氨酸的含量均高于FAO/WHO的标准模式。[结论]通过夏季补饲可进一步提高欧拉型藏羊羔羊的育肥效果。     

高寒放牧藏母羊关键繁殖期的补饲效果研究

[目的]对青海高寒草地放牧藏羊妊娠期和哺乳期进行补饲试验。[方法]通过转变草地畜牧业生产经营方式,对青海高寒草地放牧母羊在妊娠期和哺乳期进行补饲效果研究。[结果]与传统游牧养殖方式组相比,母羊关键繁育期补饲组产羔率显著提高,为98%;母羊关键繁育期补饲组4月龄羔羊成活率高于传统游牧养殖方式组。母羊关键繁育期补饲组初生重和2月龄日增重与传统游牧养殖方式组差异极显著(P<0.01)。母羊关键繁育期补饲组母羊分娩后体重和断奶体重比对照组大,而断奶失重比对照组小,差异均极显著(P<0.01)。[结论]对高寒放牧藏母羊在关键繁殖期进行补饲,能有效促进高原畜牧业的高效发展。     

羔羊的培育管理技术要点

正羔羊时期是羊一生中生长发育最旺盛的时期,加强对羔羊培育,为其创造适宜的饲养管理条件,既是提高羊群生产性能,培育高产羊群的重要措施,也是增加羊肉产量,提高羊肉品质的重要措施。一、加强泌乳母羊的补饲出生后至8周龄的羔羊主要依靠母乳生长,所以母羊的补饲与羔羊的生长好坏有很大关系。补饲主要在妊娠后期和哺乳期,时间为4个月左右。补饲要选择品质好的干草或精料,每天可补喂干草2千克,青     

代乳粉对早期断奶羔羊生长及健康状况的影响

研究了代乳粉对早期断奶羔羊生长发育及健康状况的影响,结果表明:(1)美利奴羊饲喂代乳粉对早期断奶的羔羊与对照组羔羊日增质量差异不显著(P＞0.05),波尔山羊饲喂代乳粉对早期断奶的羔羊日增质量显著高于对照组羔羊(P＜0.05),试验组为180.7 g,对照为158.0 g.(2)各日龄阶段美利奴羊、波尔山羊试验组和对照...     

放牧藏系绵羊生长发育及体重变化规律研究

[目的]阐述放牧藏系绵羊生长发育及体重变化规律.[方法]在甘肃省临潭县选取1岁后备母羊32只,进行体重测定及草场牧草观察.[结果]1岁藏系绵羊后备母羊的生长发育和营养状况呈明显地季节性变化,在冬末春初乏草期,藏系绵羊后备母羊的生长发育停滞,营养状况最差,体重下降约10.14%,与其他季节增重差异极显著(P0.01).在牧草返青期,羊只营养状况开始恢复,与初始体重相比增加9.98%.在夏季牧草生长旺盛期,羊只生长发育最快,体重增加49.38%,增重约占初始体重的50%,与其他季节差异极显著(P0.01);在秋季羊只营养状况最好,体重达到一年中的最大值,进入冬季枯草期,营养状况又开始变差,生长发育滞缓.[结论]放牧藏系绵羊的体重呈季节性变化,依据放牧绵羊生长及增重规律,在全年予以适时补饲和及时出栏,有利于降低草场载畜量,缓解草畜矛盾,促进牧民增收牧业增效.     

舍饲条件下羔羊精料补饲技术研究

[目的]探索黔南州舍饲条件下羔羊精料补饲技术。[方法]对舍饲条件下2月龄简阳大耳杂交羔羊进行精料补饲,研究其增重情况和经济效益,探讨舍饲条件下羔羊的适宜精料补饲方法。[结果]2月龄羔羊在舍饲条件下前30 d应以青贮玉米+150 g精料/(d·只)饲喂,后30 d应以青贮玉米+200 g精料/(d·只)饲喂。精料配方为玉米70%、豆饼15%、麦麸10%、食盐2%、骨粉2%、石粉1%。[结论]该研究可为养羊生产提供参考。     

肉用羔羊的培育

正随着肉羊产业的发展,各地都引进了纯种肉羊,为优质羊肉生产提供杂交父本。在纯种肉羊的生产中,大都以全舍饲的管理模式进行羔羊生产与培育,有利于发挥肉用羔羊的生长优势和品种特性。在羔羊培育过程中,由于肉用羔羊早期生长快,如果按照传统的培育模式,不注重羔羊的早期补饲,易造成羔羊生长缓慢和疾病多发。经多年肉羊生产和羔羊培育实践,总结出肉用羔羊培育经验如下。一、哺乳期培育母羊产羔时,按产羔顺序用油漆按阿拉伯序号     

补饲大豆粉代乳品和血清对新生羔羊消化和生长的影响(Ⅰ)

用３４只７～２２日龄的新疆细毛绵羊羔羊按２×２因子方差设计试验，研究生产条件下补饲代乳品和血清对羔羊生长的影响。结果表明：（１）补饲代乳品和血清对羔羊日增重，日哺乳量影响显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）羔羊日增重与日哺乳量呈正强相关（Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｎ＝３４）；（３）羔羊对代乳品中有机物、粗蛋白、钙、磷的消化率分别为：７７．８％，５７．４％，４３．８％和５２．５％。表明补饲代乳品和血清对生长有一定的作用     

羔羊全营养防病代乳粉的应用研究

针对新疆多年来存在的羔羊缺奶生产问题 ,根据绵羊初乳营养成分 ,研制开发富含蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸多种维生素、矿物质微量元素及保健成分的羔羊全营养保健代乳粉 ,经两年对 30 0 0 0余只缺奶羔羊、双羔、弱羔的应用 ,该产品具有营养全价、速溶性、适口性好 ,使用方便 ,无腹泻 ,可全部或部分替代母羊初乳 ,显著提高双羔、弱羔的成活率。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

不同温度LED光萎凋对铁观音MEP上游关键基因和香气的影响

【目的】萜类化合物是乌龙茶挥发性芳香物质的重要组分,2-C-甲基-D-赤藓醇-4-磷酸途径（MEP）上游关键基因直接参与调控萜类化合物前体物质的合成。而乌龙茶香气的形成与萎凋工序密切相关,光照和温度是影响萎凋的重要因子,探讨LED光与温度在乌龙茶萎凋过程中对香气的影响,为提高乌龙茶萎凋叶香气品质提供参考。【方法】基于转录组数据,根据KEGG筛选出响应光照的MEP上游关键基因（DXS、DXR、HDS、HDR）。对一芽三叶铁观音鲜叶进行LED白光和不同温度（20℃（L20）、25℃（L25）、30℃（L30）、35℃（L35）和40℃（L40））萎凋处理,黑暗下温度（20℃（D20）、25℃（D25）、30℃（D30）、35℃（D35）和40℃（D40））萎凋处理;分别测定铁观音萎凋叶的香气组分和MEP上游关键基因的相对表达量。【结果】L30处理萎凋叶各基因表达量达到最大值,萜类基因（DXS、DXR、HDS、HDR）表达量分别为XY组（对照）的4.31、5.28、11.77、1.59倍,为D30处理的2.24、2.39、1.86和1.60倍。D30组各基因表达量为黑暗处理组最大,依次为XY组的1.92、2.21、6.34和0.99倍。L20处理萎凋叶的α-法呢烯芳樟醇氧化物（I、II）含量最高,较XY依次提高了15.05%、4.92%和15.13%;L30处理萎凋叶的橙花叔醇、芳樟醇和香叶醇含量最高,较XY组依次提高了3.71%、6.14%和15.28%;LED组铁观音萎凋叶主要香气组分含量均高于相对应的温度处理组。通过主成分分析法建立数学模型,对萎凋叶香气组分进行评估,得出L20组萎凋叶得分最高,L30组萎凋叶次之;与香气分析得出结果一致。【结论】铁观音萎凋叶基因表达量与香气含量的变化趋势不存在同步性;L30处理萎凋叶基因表达量、主要萜类香气物质含量和主成分分析得分均较高,这与铁观音生产上的萎凋温度相一致。萎凋温度过高（40℃）不利于萎凋叶萜类关键基因的表达和萜类化合物的形成。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。