Tunneling Spectroscopy of M3C60 Superconductors: The Energy Gap, Strong Coupling, and Superconductivity

Tunneling spectroscopy has been used to characterize the magnitude and temperature dependence of the superconducting energy gap (triangle up) for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60). At low temperature the reduced energy gap, 2triangle upkappaT(c) (where T(c) is the transition temperature) has a value of 5.3 +/- 0.2 and 5.2 +/- 0.3 for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60), respectively. The magnitude of the reduced gap for these materials is significantly larger than the value of 3.53 predicted by Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. Hence, these results show that the pair-coupling interaction is strong in the M(3)C(60) superconductors. In addition, measurements of triangle up(T) for both K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60) exhibit a similar mean-field temperature dependence. The characterization of triangle up and triangle up(T) for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60) provides essential constraints for theories evolving to describe superconductivity in the M(3)C(60) materials.     

Pattern of bombardment-produced radionuclides in rock 10017 and in lunar soil

A large number of radionuclides have been measured as a function of depth in lunar rock 10017 and in bulk fines. Data are reported on (10)Be, (22)Na, (26)Al, (36)Cl, (49)V, (53)mn, (54)Mn (55)Fe, (56)Co, (57)Co, and (59)Ni and on upper limits for (46)Sc, (48)V, (51)Cr, and (60)Co. The results for several nuclides show striking evidence of excess surface production attributable to solar flare particles. Data for short-lived species, (56)Co, (57)CO, (54)Mn, (55)Fe, and (22)Na, appear consistent with fluxes from known recent events. Long-lived species demonstrate the existence of solar flare protons and alphas at least for the last 10(5) to 10(6) years, at fluxes comparable to those now observerved.     

Carbon-free fullerenes: condensed and stuffed anionic examples in indium systems

Condensed, well-ordered analogs of the fullerenes occur in the hexagonal phases Na(96)In(97)Z(2) (Z = nickel, palladium, or platinum). Large cages of In(74) (D3h) and M(60) (= In(48)Na(12), D3d) share pentagonal faces to generate a double-hexagonal close-packed analog of NiAs. All these polyhedra are centered by partially disordered In(10)Z clusters within deltahedra of sodium atoms that cap all inner faces of the cages, namely, Z@In(10)@Na(39)@In(74) and Z@In(10)@Na(32)@Na(12)In(48) "onions" The highest filled bands in these compounds apparently involve localized electron pairs on surface features on In(74)-based layers. Structural and electronic relations between diamond and Naln (stuffed diamond structure) parallel those between certain fullerenes and Na(96)In(97)Z(2) and, presumably, other valence-driven intermetallic phases.     

中国细棘虾虎鱼属（鲈形目,虾虎鱼科）分类再研究

本文通过对中国细棘虾虎鱼属鱼类头部感觉管孔及感觉乳突排列规律的观察和比较，研究细棘虾虎鱼属种类分类，并对国内外鱼类学者对中国细棘虾虎鱼属鱼类的记录和分类进行了整理，列出了该属各种类的同物异名。将中国细棘虾虎鱼类分成两个亚属，共有１１种。     

Oxygen isotope effect in high-temperature oxide superconductors

The effect of oxygen isotope substitution on the superconducting transition temperature, T(c), has been measured for BaBi(0.25)Pb(0.75)O(3) (T(c), approximately 11 K) and Lal(1.85) Ca(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 20 K), and is compared to the shifts observed for La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 37 K) and YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) (T(c) approximately 92 K). For all four materials, the transition temperature is shifted to lower temperature upon substitution of oxygen-18 for oxygen-16. The observed shifts demonstrate that phonons are involved in the electron-pairing mechanism in these oxide superconductors.     

Pyrrhotites: Stoichiometric Compounds with Composition Fen--1Sn (nge8)

A new type of natural pyrrhotite, orthorhombic 11C type (a = 6.892, b = 11.952, c = 5.744 x 11 angstroms), and the hexagonal 6C type (a = 6.89, c = 5.76 x 6 angstroms) are described. Their compositions are Fe(10)S(11) and Fe(11)S(12), respectively. Pyrrhotites stable in nature have essentially stoichiometric composition, Fe(n)-(l)S(n) (n>/=8), with the structures of n/2C type for n even and of nC type for n odd. The solid solutions between Fe(11)S(12) and Fe(10)S(11), and between Fe(10)S(11) and Fe(9)S(10) are considered metastable in nature.     

吉林省担子菌补记（三）

报道了吉林省新分布担子菌6种，即黄环鳞伞Descolea flavoannulata(L.Vassilieva)Horak,刺毛暗皮伞Phaeomarasmius erinaceellus (Peck)Sing.,二孢长根奥德蘑Oudemansiella radicata (Relh.:Fr.)Sing.var.bispora (Redhead,Ginns et Shoemaker)Z.L.Yang et Zang，带状盔孢菌Galerina vittaeformis(Fr.)Sing.,迭生灵芝Ganoderma lobatum(Schw.)Akt．和环沟纹韧革菌Stereum strigoso-zonatum(Schw.)Cunn.。其中，刺毛暗皮伞和带状盔孢菌为中国新记录种。     

A-Axis--Oriented YBa2Cu3O7/PrBa2Cu3O7 Superlattices

A modulated structure has been fabricated from high transition temperature superconductors where the individual CuO(2) planes are composed of alternating superconducting and insulating strips. This structure is made by growing a-axis-oriented YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7)/PrBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) superlattices by 90 degrees off-axis sputtering on (100)SrTiO(3) and (100)LaAlO(3) substrates. Superlattice modulation is observed to a modulation wavelength of 24 angstroms (12 angstroms-YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7)/12 angstroms-PrBa(2)Cu(3)O(7)), both by x-ray diffraction and by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy indicates a high degree of crystalline perfection with a channeling minimum yield of 3 percent. Quasi-one-dimensional conductivity should be obtainable in these structures.     

中国叩甲科昆虫12亚科的支序分类研究

选取中国叩甲科昆虫12亚科间的13个特征，经量化处理并判定特征的极化方向后得到数据矩阵，再利用计算机支序分类软件PAUP4．0进行数据处理，得出中国叩甲科昆虫12亚科的谱系图。研究结果表明：叩甲科可明显地划分为3个自然类群，它们的亲缘关系可表示为（7，8），（（2，4）3）9），（（（11，12）10）5（1，6）），其中齿胸叩甲亚科（7）与露唇叩甲亚科（8），槽缝叩甲亚科（2）与萤叩甲亚科（4），小叩甲亚科（11）与心盾叩甲亚科（12），尖鞘叩甲亚科（1）与异角叩甲亚科（6）是4对姊妹群，每对姊妹群中的2个亚科间亲缘关系最近；单叶叩甲亚科（3）和叩甲亚科（9）与第2对姊妹群（2，4），梳爪叩甲亚科（10）与第3对姊妹群（11，12），胖叩甲亚(5)与第4对姊妹群（1，6）亲缘关系较近；齿胸叩甲亚科（7）与露唇叩甲亚科（8）是最原始的1对姊妹群，小叩甲亚科（11）与心盾叩甲亚科（12）是最进化的1对姊妹群。     

Metastable phases in polar stratospheric aerosols

Phase changes in stratospheric aerosols were studied by cooling a droplet of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) in the presence of nitric acid (HNO(3)) and water vapor. A sequence of solid phases was observed to form that followed Ostwald's rule for phase nucleation. For stratospheric partial pressures at temperatures between 193 and 195 kelvin, a metastable ternary H(2)SO(4)-HNO(3) hydrate, H(2)SO(4) . HNO(3) . 5H(2)O, formed in coexistence with binary H(2)SO(4) . kH(2)O hydrates (k = 2, 3, and 4) and then transformed to nitric acid dihydrate, HNO(3) . 2H(2)O, within a few hours. Metastable HNO(3) . 2H(2)O always formed before stable nitric acid trihydrate, HNO(3).3H(2)O, under stratospheric conditions and persisted for long periods. The formation of metastable phases provides a mechanism for differential particle growth and sedimentation of HNO(3) from the polar winter stratosphere.     

Atmospheric trace gases in antarctica

Trace gases have been measured, by electron-capture gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, at the South Pole (SP) in Antarctica and in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) ( approximately 45 degrees N) during January of each year from 1975 to 1980. These measurements show that the concentrations of CCl(3)F, CCl(2)F(2), and CH(3)CCl(3) have increased exponentially at substantial rates. The concentration of CCl(3)F increased at 12 percent per year at the SP and at 8 percent per year in the PNW; CCl(2)F(2) increased at about 9 percent per year at both locations, and CH(3)CCl(3) increased at 17 percent per year at the SP and 11.6 percent per year at the PNW site. There is some evidence that CCl(4) ( approximately 3 percent per year) and N(2)O (0.1 to 0.5 percent per year) may also have increased. Concentrations of nine other trace gases of importance in atmospheric chemistry are also being measured at these two locations. Results of the measurements of CHClF(2)(F-22), C(2)Cl(3)F(3)(F-113), SF(6), C(2)-hydrocarbons, and CH(3)Cl are reported here.     

我国南方部分地区实蝇记述及2种中国新记录

1980～1988年,曾用地中海实蝇、瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇(Trimedlure,Cuelure 和 Methy eugonol)性引诱剂,和野外采果相结合的办法,进行了实蝇的调查,所采集的标本,已鉴定出16种,其名称是;桔小实蝇、芒果实蝇、番石榴实蝇、辣椒实蝇、颜带实蝇、鳄梨实蝇、瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇、颜黑纹实蝇、具条实蝇、拟具条实蝇、腹眼实蝇、二态实蝇、蜜柑大实蝇、桔大实蝇和黑肩光顶实蝇.内鳄梨实蝇和腹眼实蝇2种为中国新记录.在这次调查中,未发现地中海实蝇(Ceratitiscapitata Wied.)。     

中国细棘虾虎鱼属（鲈形目,虾虎鱼科）分类再研究

本文通过对中国细棘虾虎鱼属鱼类头部感觉管孔及感觉乳突排列规律的观察和比较，研究细棘虾虎鱼属种类分类，并对国内外鱼类学者对中国细棘虾虎鱼属鱼类的记录和分类进行了整理，列出了该属各种类的同物异名。将中国细棘虾虎鱼类分成两个亚属，共有１１种。     

水曲柳人工纯林与混交林土壤生态化学计量特征的比较

以东北林业大学森林培育实验站营造的29年生水曲柳纯林、水曲柳-落叶松混交林、水曲柳-云杉混交林和水曲柳-红松混交林土壤为研究对象,对其土壤中的C、N、P、K质量分数及其生态化学计量特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:水曲柳纯林的土壤C、N、P、K质量分数皆高于水曲柳-云杉混交林和水曲柳-红松混交林,土壤C、P质量分数皆低于水曲柳-落叶松混交林,土壤N质量分数与水曲柳-落叶松混交林差异不明显,土壤K质量分数高于水曲柳-落叶松混交林;水曲柳纯林的土壤w(C)∶w(N)低于水曲柳-云杉混交林和水曲柳-红松混交林,w(C)∶w(P)低于3种混交林,w(C)∶w(K)、w(N)∶w(K)和w(P)∶w(K)皆高于水曲柳-云杉混交林与水曲柳-红松混交林,低于水曲柳-落叶松混交林,w(N)∶w(P)高于水曲柳-红松混交林;研究区土壤C、N、P质量分数间耦合关系显著;土壤C、N、P质量分数是影响土壤w(C)∶w(N)、w(C)∶w(P)、w(C)∶w(K)、w(N)∶w(P)、w(N)∶w(K)和w(P)∶w(K)的重要因素。     

Formation of fullerides and fullerene-based heterostructures

Two potassium fulleride phases, metallic K(3)C(60) and nonmetallic K(6)C(60), are formed when potassium is incorporated into thin C(60) films under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Phase separation is observed for intermediate stoichiometries. Results obtained for the C(60)-K(3)C(60) heterostructure demonstrate that it is stable against potassium migration from the K(3)C(60) phase. In contrast, the C(60)-K(6)C(60) interface is not stable and K(3)C(60) is formed.     

马铃薯离体块茎发育过程中的关键因子及其与蛋白质组分的关系

 利用多元相关、通径分析及线性回归分析等手段 ,针对马铃薯离体块茎发育过程中各影响因子对块茎发育的贡献程度进行分析。结果表明 :平均薯重、质体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、质体 Ca2 + - ATP酶活性、线粒体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、总可溶性蛋白含量、块茎平均直径、Q酶活性等是影响块茎产量的重要因素 ,其中平均薯重、质体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性、质体 Ca2 + - ATP酶活性、线粒体 Mg2 + - ATP酶活性等是影响离体块茎发育的关键因子。所得线性回归方程为 :Y=0 .5 2 11+0 .0 5 95 X(1) +0 .8389X(2 ) +0 .0 882 X(3) - 0 .0 0 73X(4) +0 .144 9X(5 ) +0 .35 10 X(6 ) +0 .0 0 31X(7) -0 .0 0 0 0 3X(8) +0 .34 12 X(9) +0 .0 12 7X(10 ) +0 .2 90 4X(11) +0 .0 5 70 X(12 ) +0 .0 15 9X(13) +0 . 35 85 X(14) +0 .0 134 X(15 ) - 0 .10 12 X(16 )。在此基础上 ,对于影响离体块茎发育的各关键因子与块茎蛋白质组分的关系进行分析 ,找到了一些可能与发育中这些重要性状相关的蛋白质组分。即总可溶性蛋白组分中 A4、B1、B8、C8,质体蛋白组分中A4及线粒体蛋白组分中的 A4与 B2等 ,对于马铃薯离体块茎晚期发育具有重要作用。     

The Postspinel Phases in the Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 System

Samples of olivine (Fo(0)Fa(100), Fo(60)Fa(40), Fo(80)Fa(20), and Fo(100)Fa(0)) and of spinel (Fo(50)Fa(50), Fo(2)Fa(100), where Fo is forsterite and Fa is fayalite) were subjected to pressures up to 250 kilobars in a diamond anvil press and were heated in situ up to ~ 1700 degrees C by an infrared beam from a continuous-wave YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser. The brightness temperature was determined from the intensity of incandescence of the sample by means of an optical pyrometer. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples, obtained after quenching and unloading, show conclusively that these compositions disproportionate to (Mg, Fe)O and SiO(s) (stishovite) under these conditions.     

Cosmogenic and primordial radionuclides in lunar samples by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry

The (7)Be, (22)Na, (26)Al, (44)Ti, (46)SC, (48)V (51)Cr, (54)Mn, (56)Co, (57)Co, (57)CO, (40)K, (238)U, and (232)Th were measured in lunar fines and portions of three rocks. Major production of cosmogenic radionuclides is due to solar protons, thus their concentrations are far different than those in meteorites. Surface exposures of the rocks and fines are long compared with the 0.74 million year half-life of (26)Al. Lunar fines show substantially higher concentrations of low energy reaction products. The ratios of thorium to uranium are extremely constant at 3.8, which indicates very little geochemical differentiation and are in good agreement with a common nucleosynthesis for lunar and earth materials.     

Bulk Superconductivity up to 122 K in the Tl-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O System

New high-temperature superconductors based on oxides of thallium and copper, but not containing barium, have been prepared. A transition temperature (T(c)) of about 85 K is found for (Tl(0.5)Pb(0.5)) Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(7) whereas (Tl(0.5)Pb(0.5))Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(9) has a T(c) of about 120 K. Both materials possess tetragonal symmetry with a = 3.80 A, c = 12.05 A for (Tl(0.5)Pb(0.5))Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(7), and a = 3.81 A, c = 15.23 A for (Tl(0.5)Pb(0.5))Sr(2)Ca(2)Cu(3)O(9). A structure refinement of the latter phase has been carried out with single-crystal x-ray diffraction data.     

菜用大豆田节肢动物的群落特征

根据菜用大豆田节肢动物物种的组成和数量,按照营养和取食关系,将群落划分为害虫类、捕食类、寄生类和中性类亚群落,采用群落分析的多个参数比较分析了群落的结构特征.在菜用大豆田共查出节肢动物116种,分属于59科.春种和秋种菜用大豆田各亚群落的相对丰盛度分别为:害虫类(0.7018)>捕食类(0.1641)>中性类(0.0923)>寄生类(0.0418),害虫类(0.9586)>捕食类(0.0164)>寄生类(0.0145)>中性类(0.0104).各亚群落的优势集中性分别为:中性类(0.4392)>捕食类(0.1547)>寄生类(0.1468)>害虫类(0.1310),害虫类(0.8388)>寄生类(0.6878)>捕食类(0.4452)>中性类(0.2852).各亚群落的多样性分别为:害虫类(3.3957)>捕食类(3.2822)>寄生类(3.1842)>中性类(1.9607),中性类(2.3116)>寄生类(2.1081)>捕食类(1.1338)>害虫类(0.5940).各亚群落的均匀性分别为:寄生类(0.8363)>害虫类(0.7088)>捕食类(0.7068)>中性类(0.5298),中性类(0.6071)>捕食类(0.4540)>寄生类(0.3278)>害虫类(0.1264).秋种菜用大豆田多样性指数和均匀性指数较低,优势集中性较高,害虫大发生的可能性较大.