Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Zinc-Methionine on Growth Performance and Serum Parameters of Jirong Rabbits

A 45-day growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of 4 concentrations （0, 40, 80, 120 mg·kg^-1 Zinc- Methionine （Zn-Met） supplementation on growth and serum biochemical indexes of Jirong rabbits （60-day-old）. A total of 72 Jirong rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, 3 replicates with 6 rabbits each. The Met value in the basal diet was 0.60%. ADGs of group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly different than that of control, increased by 3.16%, 7.53%, 8.14% during 0-15 days and 7.58%, 15.60%, 15.71% during 16-30 days and 8.27%, 12.43%, 11.44% during 31-45 days （P〈0.05）, but it was not significantly different in ADG among group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ （P〉0.05）. The fur area and the density of hair of groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were not significantly different than that of control （P〉0.05）. The content of serum zinc, AKP, ALB for groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly different than that of control （P〈0.05）. The serum TP and SUN in group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and IV were not significantly different than that of control （P〉0.05）. The results show that dietary supplementation of Zn-Met is much more efficient than dietary without Zn-Met for 60-day-old Jirong rabbits.     

Influence of dietary Lys levels and dietary net energy levels on growth performance and nitrogen balance of growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of L y s ine（Lys） and Net Energy （NE） levels on growth performance （Exp. I） and N balance （Exp. 2） in growing pig. In Exp. 1, 36 castrated pigs [21.35 -4- 0.55 kg of body weight （BW）] were allotted to six treatments with six replicates per treatment. Pigs were fed two levels of Lys （low and high） and three levels of NE （low, med, or high） in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted for 35 d. There were no effects of dietary Lys and NE on pig performance （P〉0.05, but a Lys×NE interaction in ADG was observed （P〈0.05）. In Exp. 2, 24 pigs were used to determine the effects of diet in Exp. 1 on pig N balance. Neither Lys nor NE level affected N retention （g/d） （P〉0.0）. Lys×NE interaction in N retention （g/d） （P〈0.01） and in N apparent biological value （ABV） （P〈0.05） was observed. Pigs fed the low Lys diet had lower serum urea nitrogen （SUN） concentrations compared with the high Lys treatment （P〈0.01）. Pigs fed the med-NE diet had lower SUN concentrations compared with the pigs fed the low-NE diet （P〈0.1）. These results suggest that pigs from 21 kg to 50 kg BW fed diets containing 0.83% standardized ileal digestible Lysine and 2351 Kcal of NE/kg had maximum ADG and N retention.     

Effect of Bensulfuron-Methyl on Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

To study the growth effects of differing concentrations of bensulfuron-methyl on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and to evaluate the ecological risk, the effects of bensulfuron-methyl on the growth and the content change of chlorophyll and protein in Chlorella pyrenoidosa were studied through 96 h acute toxicity tests. Bensulfuron-methyl accelerated the growth of algae at lower concentrations （〈 1 mg L^-1） with content increase of chlorophyll or protein, and it inhibited the growth of algae at higher concentrations （〉 5 mg L^-1）. The content of chlorophyll or protein in algae cells reduced with the increasing concentration of bensulfuron-methyl, exhibiting the good concentration-effect relationship. The 96 h-EC50 of bensulfuronmethyl upon the algae was 15.7 mg L^-1 Bensulfuron-methyl has inhibiting effect on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and is low in toxicity.     

Effects of Maternal Dietary Energy Restriction on Fat Deposition of Offspring

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breeders were studied. These female birds involved three experimental treatments and a control group with normal dietary energy diets （ND, 11.7 MJ of ME. kgt during the laying）. In treatments 2, 3 and 4, the energies of diets were 20%, 30% and 50% （LD20, LD30 and LD50） lower than those of the control, respectively. The study commenced at the beginning of the laying period when the total egg production reached 5% of the flock. All the broiler offspring were fed the same diets. The results showed that in low energy diets, offspring showed decreased 1-day-old weight, but 49-day-old weight was higher in LD20 diet （P〈0.05）. For offspring during days 1-49, the average daily gain （ADG） in LD20 group and the feed conversion ratio in LD50 group were improved as compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control, abdominal fat percentage increased in 49-day-old offspring from LD30 diet （P〈0.05）; the fat content of breast muscle in offspring increased in broilers fed low energy diets （P〈0.05）. In 28-day-old offspring from breeders given LD20 and LD50 diets, liver fat percentages were higher compared with ND （P〈0.05）. The subcutaneous fat thickness in 28-day-old offspring from LD50 group and 49-day-old offspring from LD30 group was higher （P〈0.05）. On day 49, the serum cholesterol （CHO） of offspring from breeders fed LD20 diet and serum high-density lipoprotein （HDL） of offspring from breeders fed LD50 diet reduced compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. In addition, a higher triiodothyronine （T3） content in serum was found in offspring from broiler breeders given LD20 and LD30 diets （P〈0.05）. Serum thyroxine （T4） in offspring significantly decreased with the decrease of diet energy （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, to a certain extent, dietary energy restriction in breeders could improve growth performance and promote lipid metabolism of offspring.     

Effects of dietary yeast β-glucan on nutrient digestibility and serum profiles in pre-ruminant Holstein calves

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of yeast β-glucan on the nutrient digestibility and serum profiles in pre-ruminant Holstein calves. Forty-two neonatal Holstein calves((39.6±4.2) kg) were randomly allotted to six groups, and each was offered one of the following diets: a basal diet(control) or the basal diet supplemented with 25, 50, 75, 100 or 200 mg of yeast β-glucan kg–1 feed(dry matter basis). The basal diet consisted of a milk replacer and a starter feed. The trial lasted for 56 d. Two digestibility trials were conducted from d 14 to 20 and from d 42 to 48. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, 28 and 42 for serum profile analyses. On d 56, three calves from each group were slaughtered, and intestinal samples were collected to assess the villous height, crypt depth and mucosal thickness. Although feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment(P>0.05), the average daily gain(ADG) and gain-to-feed ratios were higher(P<0.05) for the calves fed 75 mg of yeast β-glucan kg–1 feed than those in the other groups. The supplementation of yeast β-glucan at 75 mg kg–1 feed increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), and phosphorus(P)(P<0.05) and the ratio of intestinal villous height to crypt depth(V/C)(P<0.05) when compared with the control group. No effects of yeast β-glucan on the serum concentrations of total protein(TP), albumin(ALB), serum urea nitrogen(SUN) and glucose(GLU) were observed(P>0.05). Compared with the control group, supplementation of yeast β-glucan decreased(P<0.05) the serum concentrations of triglycerides(TG) and total cholesterol(TC). The serum concentration of immunoglobulin G(Ig G) and immunoglobulin M(Ig M) increased quadratically(P<0.05), whereas the serum concentration of immunoglobulin A(Ig A) was unaffected by dietary treatments(P>0.05). The supplementation of yeast β-glucan stimulated the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase(ALP)(P<0.05) compared with the control group. The lysozyme(LYZ) concentration increased quadratically(P<0.05) with increasing yeast β-glucan levels. The results suggested that dietary supplementation of yeast β-glucan at 75 mg kg–1 feed improved nutrient digestibility, enhanced immunity by increasing the immunoglobulin concentration and stimulating ALP, and exerted no adverse effects on metabolism in pre-ruminant calves.     

Effect of Graded Levels of Fiber from Alfalfa Meal on Nutrient Digestibility and Flow of Fattening Pigs

The fiber level and composition have an important effect on nutrient digestibility of swine diets. Little information is known about the effects of fiber level and composition from alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibility of fattening pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of alfalfa fiber on the growth performance, intestinal nutrient flow and apparent total tract digestibility（ATTD） of nutrients in fattening pigs. 24 barrows（Duroc×（Large White×Landrace）, body weight=（60.6±0.7） kg） were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 1 pig per replicate. The pigs were provided a control diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20% of alfalfa meal during a 14-d experiment period. Average daily gain（ADG） and the ATTD of dry matter（DM）, organic matter（OM）, crude protein（CP）, neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF） and gross energy（GE） reduced linearly as the level of alfalfa meal in the diet increased（P〈0.01）. The total tract flow of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and GE increased with the increase in dietary alfalfa（linear, P〈0.05）. Growth performance and nutrient digestion were not affected by inclusion of 5% alfalfa meal in the diet（P〉0.05）. A multiple linear regression analysis, taking into account both soluble and insoluble fiber intake, explained approximately 70% of the variation in the ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, and GE（P〈0.01）. In conclusion, alfalfa meal should be limited to less than 5% of the diet in fattening pigs to maximize growth performance and nutrient digestion. Soluble and insoluble fiber from alfalfa meal has the differential roles in nutrient digestion, which may help explain the main variation observed in nutrient digestibility. These findings suggest that knowledge of specific fiber components is necessary to accurately predict the effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility.     

Effect of Dietary Alanyl-glutamine Supplementation on Growth Performance,Development of Intestinal Tract,Antioxidant Status and Plasma Non-specific Immunity of Young Mirror Carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）

Exogenous alanyl-glutamine（Aln-Gln） was evaluated for its effects on growth performance, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant status and non-specific immunity of young carp（Cyprinus carpio L.）. Six diets supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln were fed to fish for 12 weeks. Supplementation with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 of Aln-Gln significantly increased weight gain rate（WGR）, protein efficiency ratio（PER）, but feed conservation rate（FCR） and survival were not affected（P〉0.05）. The intestinal fold height and number, digestive enzyme, Na＋, K＋-ATPase activities was found to be significantly high（P〈0.05） with increasing dietary Aln-Gln supplementation up to 7.5 g · kg-1, but there were no significant differences for Aln-Gln supplementation from 7.5 to 15.0 g · kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase（GPX） activity, glutathione（GSH）, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity increased and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels decreased significantly（P〈0.05） in the intestine, hepatopancreas, plasma and muscles. The plasma complement-3（C3） and complement-4（C4） levels were significantly（P〈0.05） improved at 5.0 g · kg-1 level and decreased when over 7.5 g · kg-1. The plasma lysozyme（LSZ） activity increased significantly（P〈0.05） at 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 g · kg-1 level. In summary, the results showed that Aln-Gln improved growth performance, development and function of the intestine, the activity of the antioxidant defense system and the plasma non-specific immunity of the carps. The optimal Aln-Gln level was 8.24 g · kg-1 diet for WGR based on broken-line regression model analysis.     

Effect of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on serum antioxidant capacity,mucosal sIgA secretions and gut microbial populations in weaned piglets

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different forms of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on serum antioxidant capacity, mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A(s Ig A) secretions and gut microbial populations in weaned piglets. A total of 96 piglets weaned at 14 d of age were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments:(1) basal diet without yeast(Control);(2) basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g kg–1 live yeast(LY);(3) basal diet supplemented with 2.66 g kg–1 heat-killed whole yeast(HKY); and(4) basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g kg–1 superfine yeast powders(SFY). Each treatment had 4 replicates(pens), with 6 piglets per replicate. The experiment lasted for 3 wk. At d 7 and 21 of the experiment, the samples of serum, mucosa and mesenteric lymph node(MLN) from jejunum, and digesta from the ileum and cecum were collected for determinations. Compared with the Control, dietary SFY supplementation increased serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and lysozyme levels at d 7, and jejunum mucosal s Ig A secretions at d 21 of the experiment(P0.05). Dietary LY supplementation increased serum SOD activity and jejunum mucosal s Ig A secretions, but decreased serum malondialdehyde(MDA) concentration at d 7 and 21(P0.05). Piglets fed diets supplemented with LY and SFY had lower p H values and decreased numbers of Escherichia coli in the ileum and cecum contents at d 21 compared with the Control(P0.05). Moreover, the ratio of Lactobacilli to E. coli in the ileum and cecum contents was increased by dietary LY and SFY supplementations(P0.05). Collectively, different forms of yeasts, especially LY and SFY, may modulate body antioxidant capacity and enhance the intestinal immunity by regulation of secretions of mucosal s Ig A and reduction of pathogenic bacteria colonization, thus improving intestinal health of weaned piglets.     

Changes in Soil Biota Resulting from Growth of the Invasive Weed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.（Compositae）, Enhance Its Success and Reduce Growth of Co-Occurring Plants

Exotic plant invasion presents a serious threat to native ecosystem structure and function. Little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in facilitating or resisting the spread of invasive plants into native communities. The purpose of this research is to understand how the invasive annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. facilitates its competition capacity through changing the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The soil characteristics of different areas invaded by A. artemisiifolia were examined. Greenhouse experiments were designed to assess the effect of A. artemisiifolia invasion-induced changes of soil biota on co-occurring plant growth, and on the interactions between A. artemisiifolia and three co-occurring plant species. The results showed that the soil organic C content was the highest in heavily invaded sites, the lowest in native plant sites, and intermediate in newly invaded sites. Soil available N, P and K concentrations in heavily invaded site were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.7 times higher than those in native plant soil, respectively. Soil pH decreased as A. artemisiifolia invasion intensity increased, and was lower in invaded sites（heavily invaded and newly invaded） than in native plant sites. The soil microbial community structure was clearly separated in the three types of sites, and A. artemisiifolia invasion increased anaerobe, sulfate-reducing bacteria and actinomycete abundance. Soil biota of invaded sites inhibits growth of co-occurring plants（Galinsoga parvifloraCav., Medicago sativa L. and Setaria plicata（Lam.） T. Cooke.） compared to soil biota from un-invaded sites, but facilitates A. artemisiifolia growth and competition with co-occurring plants. A. artemisiifolia biomass was 50-130% greater when competing with three co-occurring plants, compared to single-species competition only（invasion by A. artemisiifolia alone）, in heavily invaded soil. Results of the present study indicated that A. artemisiifolia invasion alters the soil microbial communit     

Effects of Dietary Fiber and Grit on Performance,Gastrointestinal Tract Development,Lipometabolism, and Grit Retention of Goslings

This study investigated effects of dietary ifbre and grit on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract （GIT） development, serum indexes and grit retention of Sichuan white goslings in China. The experiment was a 3×2 factorial design consisting of dietary crude ifbre （CF） at 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0%levels by adding grass meal and with or without grit supplementation. A total of 720 1-d-old male goslings were randomly allocated into 36 pens of 20 goslings/pen （n=6 pens/treatment）. At 21 d of age, GIT, blood samples and grit in gizzards were collected. Body weight （BW）, empty BW （without GIT）, average daily gain （ADG） and average daily feed intake （ADFI） were affected by CF levels and the medium （4.0%） had the highest value. Adding grit improved BW, empty BW, ADG and ADFI. CF affected relative weight or length of proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum. Increasing CF levels decreased jejunum villus height and affected caecal crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Higher CF levels decreased serum triglyceride. Adding grit increased relative weight of abdominal fat. Grit addition increased grit weight in gizzard and the ratio of grit in 0.45-1 and 1-2 mm while decreasing the ratio of grit〈0.45 and 2-3 mm. In conclusion, moderate CF level and grit addition increased performance of goslings without interaction. Dietary CF levels affected the development of upper GIT and serum triglyceride. Grit needed by goslings should be less than 2 mm. Goslings’ gizzard would accumulate grit from feed when other grit could not be acquired.     

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Hydrolyzed Wheat Gluten on Growth Performance,Cell Immunity and Serum Biochemical Indices of Weaned Piglets （Sus scrofa）

To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with hydrolyzed wheat gluten (HWG) on growth performance, cell immunity and serum biochemical indices of weaned piglets, 160 crossed (Large White×Landrace) and weaned piglets were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 piglets each. The piglets in each treatment were fed an experimental diet containing either 0 g kg-1 HWG (control group), 30 g kg-1 HWG (3% HWG group), 50 g kg-1 HWG (5% HWG group), or 2.5 g kg-1 glycyl-L-glutamine (0.25% Gly-Gln group). The results showed that the diarrhea rates in 3% HWG and 5% HWG groups were significantly lower than in control group from d 1 to 14 (P＜0.05), while the average daily gain (ADG) in each of two groups was increased (P＞0.05). When compared with control group, dietary supplementation with 3% HWG increased the ratio of CD4+:CD8+ and the ratio of serum albumin and globulin concentrations (A:G) on d 14 and 28, as well as the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes (P＞0.05) on d 28. In addition, on d 14 and 28, the A:G ratio in 5% HWG group was significantly higher than in control group (P＜0.05), while the ratio of CD4+:CD8+ increased slightly (P＞0.05). Interestingly, 0.25% Gly-Gln group had higher proportion of CD3+ (P＞0.05) and CD4+ (P＜0.05) on d 14 than control group, but growth performances of 0.25% Gly-Gln group were negatively affected at all experiment stages. These results suggested that HWG might improve the growth performance of piglets by strengthening cell immunity and decreasing the occurrence of diarrhea during the prophase after weaning.     

Effects of Dietary Net Energy Density and Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine: Net Energy Ratio on the Performance and Carcass Characteristic of Growing Finishing Pigs Fed Low Crude Protein Supplemented with Crystalline Amino Acids Diets

Two 3x3 factorial design trials with 1 080 of Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc barrows were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary net energy (NE) density and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine:NE ratio on the performance of growingfinishing pigs and carcass characteristic of finishing pigs fed low crude protein (CP) supplemented with crystalline amino acids (CAA) diets. Low CP corn-soybean meal basal diets (14% for Exp. 1 and 11% for Exp. 2) supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were formulated. Nine treatments with increasing NE density and SID lysine:NE ratio were used in each trial (Exp. 1: 9.66, 9.87, and 10.08 MJ kg-1 NE, 0.89, 0.96, and 1.03 g MJ-1 SID lysine:NE; Exp. 2: 9.83, 10.04, and 10.25 MJ kg-1 NE, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.83 g MJ-1 SID lysine:NE). In Exp. 1, we observed that the average daily gain (ADG) for barrows that received the diet containing 9.87 MJ kg-1 NE was significantly higher than that of barrows fed a 9.66 MJ kg-1 NE diet (P＜0.05), but no difference was observed when compared with barrows that received a diet containing 10.08 MJ kg-1 NE (P＞0.05). The ADG was affected both linearly (P＜0.05) and quadratically (P＜0.05) as the SID lysine:NE ratio increased. The NE density or SID lysine:NE ratio and their interaction had no effect on the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) (P＞0.05). The feed to gain ratio (F:G) decreased (linearly,P＜0.05;quadratically, P＜0.05) as the NE density or SID lysine:NE ratio increased, but no interaction of NE density and SID lysine:NE ratio on the F:G. In Exp. 2, the dietary NE density both linearly (P＜0.05) and quadratically (P＜0.05) affected the ADGand F:G. Barrows that received a diet containing 10.04 MJ kg-1 NE had a greater ADG (P＜0.05) than barrows that received a 9.83 MJ kg-1 diet, but there was no difference (P＞0.05) as compared with barrows that received a diet containing 10.25 MJ kg-1 NE. F:G was significantly higher (P＜0.05) for barrows that received a 9.83 MJ kg-1 diet when compared with barrows that received the other two diets. The ADG was significantly decreased (P＜0.05) for pigs that received a diet containing 0.69 g MJ-1 SID lysine:NE ratio when compared with pigs fed a diet containing 0.76 or 0.83 g MJ-1 SID lysine:NE ratio. The NE density or SID lysine:NE ratio and their interaction had no effect on the average daily feed intake, SUN, and carcass characteristic for finishing barrows (P＞0.05). The overall results of the two experiments indicated that barrows that received the diet with the dietary CP level reduced 4 percentage units compared the NRC (1998) recommendations.Maximized the best performance with NE density and SID lysine:NE ratio were 9.87 MJ kg-1, 1.03 g MJ-1 NE for 20-50 kg pigs, and 10.04 MJ kg-1, 0.76 g MJ-1 NE for 60-100 kg pigs, respectively.     

GXC对断奶仔猪血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA表达的影响

    选择36头"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪,按饲养试验要求分为2组,分别饲喂不含和含有0.15%β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶(GXC)的大麦型饲粮,进行为期28 d的饲养试验,研究大麦型饲粮中添加β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶对其血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA表达的影响.结果表明,添加复合酶组日增重提高13.99%(P＜0.05),料重比降低6.32%(P＜0.05),日采食量虽有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);添加β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶显著增加断奶仔猪血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA丰度,比对照组分别提高43.91% (P＜0.01)和33.43% (P＜0.01).结果提示,添加β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶不仅能够改善断奶仔猪对大麦型饲粮的利用效率,而且还影响血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA表达,从而提高仔猪对饲料的转化效率,促进其生长.     

日粮中赖氨酸和蛋氨酸比对断奶犊牛生长性能和消化代谢的影响

[目的]研究日粮中不同赖氨酸和蛋氨酸比例对断奶犊牛生长性能、消化代谢的影响.[方法]选取24头健康的荷斯坦断奶犊牛,按体重和出生时间随机分为4组,限量饲喂4种不同日粮,即对照组日粮(粗蛋白为14.67%),3种赖氨酸和蛋氨酸比例分别为2.5:1、3.0:1和3.5:1的日粮(粗蛋白为12.02%),试验期为8周.在试验...     

饲粮尿素添加水平对生长育肥牛生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

【目的】利用肉牛饲养试验研究饲粮尿素添加水平对生长育肥牛生长性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肉牛生产中合理添加尿素提供理论依据。【方法】选择60头利木赞×复洲杂交的F1公牛,随机分为6组,每组10头,分别接受1个尿素添加水平的饲粮处理。设置6个粗蛋白和代谢能值相近（14% CP,11.3 MJ•kg-1,DM基础）的饲粮处理,其中尿素添加量分别为0%（对照）、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%。试验期14周,其中预饲期1周,正试期13周。【结果】随尿素添加水平的提高,干物质摄入量（dry matter intake,DMI）无显著变化（P＞0.1）,但日增重呈线性规律显著下降（L,P＜0.05）,饲料转化效率（DMI/ADG（average daily gain））呈现线性规律显著上升（L,P＜0.05）。其中,尿素添加水平在0.8%以内未见日增重和饲料转化效率（DMI/ADG）有显著变化。提高饲粮尿素添加水平,血氨浓度线性上升（L,P＜0.001）;而血浆总蛋白和血浆尿素氮（plasma urea-N,PUN）浓度呈二次曲线规律升高（Q,P＜0.001）,其中血浆总蛋白和PUN浓度分别在1.50%和0.64%（%DM）尿素添加水平下出现拐点。提高饲粮尿素添加水平对谷丙转氨酶活性没有显著影响（P＞0.1）,但会导致谷草转氨酶活性呈线性升高（L,P＜0.001）。在反映肉牛应激状况的激素指标中,除肾上腺素外,肌酸激酶活性、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇、皮质酮和醛固酮浓度等均呈显著的二次曲线规律上升或下降（Q,P＜0.05）;其中,上升或下降趋势的变化出现在0.8%-1.2%尿素添加水平。【结论】生长育肥牛饲粮中尿素添加水平在0.8%以内,或尿素氮占总氮比例在16%以内,可认为是适宜的安全添加水平。     

女贞子对断奶仔猪生产性能及抗氧化功能的影响

选择健康的28日龄断奶的杜长大三元杂交猪48头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4头猪,分别为对照组(基础日粮)、抗生素组(基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1硫酸粘杆菌素)、益生菌组(基础日粮+0.2%益生菌)及女贞子组(基础日粮+1%女贞子),试验从仔猪28日龄开始到56日龄结束,试验期为28 d。旨在研究日粮中添加女贞子对断奶仔猪生产性能及抗氧化功能的影响。结果表明,女贞子组、抗生素组的平均日增重及平均日采食量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。女贞子组血清、肝脏中SOD、GSH-PX活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清、心脏、肝脏中MDA含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。说明女贞子对仔猪断奶期的生产性能及抗氧化功能有积极作用,且对抗氧化功能的影响优于抗生素。     

Effects of Supplemental Histamine on Gastric Acid Secretion, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microfloral of Early Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental histamine in the diet ofearly-weaned piglets. In experiment A, 24 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.10±0.40 kg,weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into four groups, fed with basal diet of low dietary copper without(control) or with supplemental histamine at 60, 120, 180 μg kg-1 BW. During the two weeks and the thirdweek after weaning, ADG(average daily gain) of piglets were increased by 15.8% (P＜0.05), 9.5% (P＜0.10) by addition of 60 μg kg-1BW histamine, but decreased by addition of 180 μg kg-1BW histamine, whichalso increased the amount of E. coli in colon and the scour incidence. The secretion of gastric acid and pepsinwere improved by both dose of supplemental histamine (60, 180 pg kg-1BW) and gastric digesta pH were de-creased by both. Addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine improved the activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelumdigesta. In experiment B, 12 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.85±0.35 kg, weaned at theage of 28 days, were divided into two groups, fed with basal diet of high dietary copper without (control) orwith supplemental 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG ofpiglets were increased by 9.8% (P＜0.05), 7.0% (P＜0.10). The secretion of gastric acid, activities oftrypsin and amylase in duodelum digesta, were also improved by addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. The re-sults showed that addition of histamine (60 μg kg-1 BW) in early weaned piglets could increase the secretion ofgastric acid and pepsin, reduce gastric digesta pH and scour incidence, improve activities of trypsin, amylasein duodelum digesta, and the growing performance of early weaned piglets.     

葡萄籽原花青素及维生素E对氧化应激仔猪生长性能、 血清氧化还原状态和肝脏氧化损伤的影响

【目的】研究饲粮添加葡萄籽原花青素(grape seed procyanidins, GSPs)和维生素E(vitamin E,VE)对氧化应激仔猪生长性能、血清氧化还原状态及肝脏氧化损伤的影响。【方法】24头28 d的断奶仔猪(L×Y),随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。NC组和Diqaut组饲喂基础饲粮,GSPs+Diquat组和VE+Diquat组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100 mg•kg-1 GSPs和50 mg•kg-1 VE的试验饲粮。在试验第10 d对Diquat组、GSPs+Diquat组和VE+Diquat组试猪腹腔注射Diquat（10 mg•kg-1）, NC组注射生理盐水。试验期为17 d。【结果】结果显示,与NC组相比,注射Diquat导致仔猪生长性能,血清和肝脏抗氧化能力以及肝脏ALT和AST活性显著降低（P＜0.05）,血清ALT和AST活性显著升高（P＜0.05）;饲粮添加100 mg•kg-1 GSPs或50 mg•kg-1 VE 均显著改善应激仔猪血清GSH-px活性和抗 能力及肝脏ALT和AST活性(P＜0.05),降低血清ALT、AST活性和MDA含量(P＜0.05)。与此同时,GSPs还显著增加仔猪血清SOD活性、抗•OH能力及肝脏T-AOC和抗•OH能力(P＜0.05),降低肝脏MDA含量(P＜0.05)。【结论】饲粮添加100 mg•kg-1 GSPs或50 mg•kg-1 VE均能有效缓解Diquat所致仔猪氧化应激,且在血清和肝脏抗氧化方面GSPs效果较好。     

生长肥育猪日粮铜添加水平与生产性能动态关系的研究

采用54头杂交猪(杜×长×约)研究日粮铜添加水平对生产性能的影响,建立日粮铜添加水平与生产性能之间的动态模型,探讨促生长的最适铜添加量。试验采用单因子设计,分别设0、100、200、300、400mg/kg的铜添加水平,试验从20kg开始,100kg结束。结果表明:在20～100kg的生长肥育猪日粮中添加100～300mg/kg的铜,都可不同程度的起到改善生产性能的作用。与对照组相比,试猪全期ADG提高7.67%～10.59%,F/G降低4.58%～11.76%(P>0.05)。ADG(y1,单位g)和F/G(y2)与铜添加水平(x,单位mg/kg)的动态关系回归方程分别为:y1=737.21+0.9343x-0.0025x2(R2=0.900,P=0.100);y2=3.1063-0.0036x+8.7×10-6x2(R2=0.795,P=0.205)。根据回归方程可知,在试猪20～35kg、35～80kg、80～100kg和20～100kg各阶段,当铜添加水平分别为223、269、147和186mg/kg时,ADG最高,分别为910、808、803和825g。当铜添加水平分别为300、311、158和206mg/kg时,F/G最优,分别为1.86、2.79、3.28和2.73。