Parameters for Use of BEWAB＋ Programme to Schedule Irrigation of Pea （Pisum sativum L,）

A large portion of irrigation farmers make use of subjective （intuition） irrigation scheduling methods as supposed to objective or scientific irrigation scheduling methods, which need to be changed. The BEsproeiingsWAterbestuursprogram （BEWAB＋） irrigation scheduling programme is based on the water balance equation and needs： （1） a crop production function; （2） a relative consumptive water demand curve and （3） an allowable depletion subroutine. The objective of this paper was to describe research aimed at obtaining information on （1） and （2） for pea and also to describe the effect of water application on yield and water use of pea. BEWAB＋ uses this information to estimate the daily irrigation water requirements for a particular soil-crop-atmosphere system under irrigation. A field experiment, based on published line-source irrigation methodology, was conducted on a 3 m deep loamy fine sand Bainsvlei or Ustic Quartzipsamment soil near Bloemfontein （26°08′S; 29°01′E） in South Africa. Results showed that there is a linear relationship of the form Ys = 8.07ET - 249 （r2 = 0.91）, where Ys is the seed yield of pea （kg/ha） and ET is evapotranspiration for the growing season （mm）. The relative consumptive water demand curve is represented by the following third order polynomial function that describes the relationship between time and relative ET for a pea growing season of 120 days： ETrelx = 0.09419646 - 0.01302413x ＋ 0.00059008x2 - 0.00000371x3. ETrelz denotes relative ET and x denotes time in days. A workable balance between practical problem solving and advanced irrigation science has been established with BEWAB＋. Pre-plant irrigation schedules can be made for semi-arid areas with the BEWAB＋ programme using easily obtainable inputs, like target yield, soil depth and soil particle size distribution information.     

Effects of saline irrigation on soil salt accumulation and grain yield in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the low plain of North China

In the dominant winter wheat(WW)-summer maize(SM) double cropping system in the low plain located in the North China, limited access to fresh water, especially during dry season, constitutes a major obstacle to realize high crop productivity. Using the vast water resources of the saline upper aquifer for irrigation during WW jointing stage, may help to bridge the peak of dry season and relieve the tight water situation in the region. A field experiment was conducted during 2009–2012 to investigate the effects of saline irrigation during WW jointing stage on soil salt accumulation and productivity of WW and SM. The experiment treatments comprised no irrigation(T1), fresh water irrigation(T2), slightly saline water irrigation(T3:2.8 dS m~(–1)), and strongly saline water irrigation(T4: 8.2 dS m~(–1)) at WW jointing stage. With regard to WW yields and aggregated annual WW-SM yields, clear benefits of saline water irrigation(T3 T4) compared to no irrigation(T1), as well as insignificant yield losses compared to fresh water irrigation(T2) occurred in all three experiment years. However, the increased soil salinity in early SM season in consequence of saline irrigation exerted a negative effect on SM photosynthesis and final yield in two of three experiment years. To avoid the negative aftereffects of saline irrigation, sufficient fresh water irrigation during SM sowing phase(i.e., increase from 60 to 90 mm) is recommended to guarantee good growth conditions during the sensitive early growing period of SM. The risk of long-term accumulation of salts as a result of saline irrigation during the peak of dry season is considered low, due to deep leaching of salts during regularly occurring wet years, as demonstrated in the 2012 experiment year. Thus, applying saline water irrigation at jointing stage of WW and fresh water at sowing of SM is most promising to realize high yield and fresh irrigation water saving.     

Effect of Different Irrigation Methods on Dissolved Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in the Greenhouse Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the contents and distribution of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） at 0-100 cm soil depth under three irrigation treatments, viz., subsurface, drip and furrow irrigation in the greenhouse soil. The soil samples were collected at different depths （0-100 cm）, and the contents of soil total organic carbon （TOC）, DOC and MBC were analysed. The experiment was conducted for 10 yr, during which period the application of fertilizers and crop management practices were kept identical. The results showed that the contents of TOC, DOC and MBC were significantly affected by different irrigation regimes, decreased with the increase of soil depth. TOC at 0-10 and 80-100 cm soil depths followed the order of furrow irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation 〉 drip irrigation, whereas at the depth of 10-80 cm followed the order of subsurface irrigation 〉 furrow irrigation 〉 drip irrigation. DOC and MBC contents at 0-100 cm soil depths followed the order of furrow irrigation 〉 drip irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation, and drip irrigation 〉 furrow irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation, respectively. The ratios of DOC and MBC to TOC accounted for 4.98-12.87% and 1.48-2.82%, respectively, which were the highest in the drip irrigation treatment, followed were in the furrow irrigation treatment, and the lowest in subsurface irrigation treatment. There were significant positive correlations among the contents of DOC, MBC and TOC in all irrigation treatments. The furrow irrigation facilitated the accumulation of TOC and DOC, while drip irrigation increased the MBC. The content of TOC and the ratios of DOC to TOC were the lowest in subsurface irrigation treatment.     

Water Consumption and Maize Yield for Alternative Furrow Irrigation in Western Heilongjiang Province

Aiming at less and un-uniform distribution rainfall problems, the serious draught in spring, low crop production and water efficiency in sandy soil area of Heilongjiang Province, the experiment of alternative furrow irrigation was conducted in Dumeng County in 2009. The purpose of the experiment was to find the water consumption law and its influence on maize yield. The results showed that the highest water consumption was during the heading stage and the highest daily consumption of water was during the filling stage. The stimulation effect of alternative furrow irrigation on yield was obvious in the appropriate irrigation level. The best irrigation pattern for the highest yield was as follows： the seedling stage was 325 m3. hm^-2; the jointing stage was 400 m3-hm^-2; and the filling stage was 288 m3- hm-2. The water consumption during each growing period was that the seedling was 38.85 mm; the jointing was 108.11 mm; the heading was 124.39 ram; the filling was 88.96 ram; the milk was 60.21 ram; and the harvesting was 47.89 mm.     

Effects of Crop Rootzone Non-Pressure Subirrigation on Tomato Physiological Characteristics, Yield, and Quality

The purpose of this article is to study the effects of different water elevations of non-pressure subirrigation on some indexes of tomato, including soil water status around crop rootzone, morphological indexes, physiological indexes, photosynthetic indexes, yield, quality, and water use efficiency. With the tomato materials of Dongsheng 1, the irrigation experiment was carried out in the greenhouse, and significance analysis was done on the experiment data through the software of DPS. The results showed that different water elevations, had significant influence on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. The yield of the 6-cm treatment was the highest, the 3-cm treatment was inferior to the 6-cm treatment, and the 0-cm treatment was the lowest. However, the WUE was 0 cm 〉 3 cm 〉 6 cm. The sugar/acid and soluble protein was the highest under the 0-cm treatment, and the content of ascorbic acid did not decrease considerably. When compared to the 0-cm treatment, the ascorbic acid content of 6-cm and 3-cm treatment increased by 19.2 and 6.8%, respectively. These irrigation methods can satisfy the requirements of tomato growth; different water elevations have different influences on the tomato soil water status around crop rootzone, the physiological characteristics, and yield. It also harmonized the percentage between sugar and acid, increased the content of soluble protein and ascorbic acid, and made tomato more delicious. The irrigation methods can improve the quality of tomato by water control, which is worth promoting in the agricultural production.     

Research on Theories and Techniques of Irrigation for Safeguarding Seed Production of Two-Line Hybrid Rice

By inducing frequency, intensity and duration of lower temperature in the middle and last ten-day periods in August in the rice-growing areas of southern China, increasing temperature for safe seed production was defined as 2℃. During the sensitive period of fertility, characters of panicle height and canopy structure of TGMS rice, Pei＇ai64S, were measured. Results showed that temperature changes caused by irrigation in fields were below 40 cm of rice plant, and heating effect was significant at 20 cm when the temperature was increased by 3.1 ℃. For the present study, the following irrigation techniques were put forth： the water depth of 15-20 cm, current water used, irrigating after 17：00 and bailing at 10：00 in sunny or cloudy weather, irrigating on whole day, in shady or rainy weather, increasing inflows and outflows in large fields. In the present experiment, pollen fertility and self-fertilized seed setting rate accepted that the techniques were feasible and effective for against lower temperature and safeguarding seed production of two-line hybrid rice.     

Effects of fertigation scheme on N uptake and N use efficiency in cotton

While fertigation can increase fertilizer use efficiency, there is an uncertainly as to whether the fertilizer should be introduced at the beginning of the irrigation or at the end, or introduced during irrigation. Our objective was to determine the effect of different fertigation schemes on nitrogen (N) uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) in cotton plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in year 2004 and 2005. According to the application timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer solution and water (W) involved in an irrigation cycle, four nitrogen fertigation schemes [nitrogen applied at the beginning of the irrigation cycle (N-W), nitrogen applied at the end of the irrigation cycle (W-N), nitrogen applied in the middle of the irrigation cycle (W-N-W) and nitrogen applied throughout the irrigation cycle (N&W)] were employed in a completely randomized design with four replications. Cotton was grown in plastic containers with a volume of 84 l, which were filled with a clay loam soil and fertilized with 6.4 g of N per pot as unlabeled and 15N-labeled urea for 2004 and 2005, respectively. Plant total dry matter (DM) and N content in N-W was significantly higher than in N&W in both seasons, but these were not consistent for W-N and W-N-W treatments. In year 2005, a significantly higher nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDFF) for the whole plant was found in W-N and N-W than that in W-N-W and N&W. Fertigation scheme had a consistent effect on total NUE: N-W had the highest NUE for the whole plant, but this was not significantly different from W-N. Treatments W-N and W-N-W had similar total NUE, and N&W had the lowest total NUE. After harvesting, the total residual fertilizer N in the soil was highest in W-N, lowest in N-W, but this was not significantly different from N&W and W-N-W treatments. Total residual NO3-N in the soil in N&W and W-N treatments was 20.7 and 21.2% higher than that in N W, respectively. The total 15 N recovery was not statistically significant between the four fertigation schemes. In this study, the fertigation scheme N-W (nitrogen applied at the beginning of an irrigation cycle) increased DM accumulation, N uptake and NUE of cotton. This study indicates that Nitrogen application at the beginning of an irrigation cycle has an advantage on N uptake and NUE of cotton. Therefore, NUE could be enhanced by optimizing fertilization schemes with drip irrigation.     

Effects of water application intensity of microsprinkler irrigation on water and salt environment and crop growth in coastal saline soils

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water application intensity(WAI) on soil salinity management and the growth of Festuca arundinacea(festuca) under three stages of water and salt management strategies using microsprinkler irrigation in Hebei Province, North China. The soil water content(è) and salinity of homogeneous coastal saline soils were evaluated under different water application intensities in the laboratory experiment. The results indicated that the WAI of microsprinkler irrigation influenced the è, electrical conductivity(ECe) and p H of saline soils. As the WAI increased, the average values of è and ECe in the 0–40 cm profile also increased, while their average values in the 40–60 cm profile decreased. The p H value also slightly decreased as depth increased, but no significant differences were observed between the different treatments. The time periods of the water redistribution treatments had no obvious effects. Based on the results for è, ECe and p H, a smaller WAI was more desirable. The field experiment was conducted after being considered the results of the technical parameter experiment and evaporation, wind and leaching duration. The field experiment included three stages of water and salt regulation, based on three soil matric potentials(SMP), in which the SMP at a 20-cm depth below the surface was used to trigger irrigation. The results showed that the microsprinkler irrigation created an appropriate environment for festuca growth through the three stages of water and salt regulation. The low-salinity conditions that occurred at 0–10 cm depth during the first stage(-5 k Pa) continued to expand through the next two stages. The average p H value was less than 8.5. The tiller number of festuca increased as SMP decreased from the first stage to the third stage. After the three stages of water and salt regulation, the highly saline soil gradually changed to a low-saline soil. Overall, based on the salt desalinization, the microsprinkler irrigation and three stages of water and salt regulation could be successfully used to cultivate plants for the reclamation of coastal saline land in North China.     

The Estimation Method of Channel Quality

On the basis of the introduction about water saving irrigation that works as a kind of new irrigation pattern,the method of anti-seep quaity estimation of the conveying water and distributing channel which acts as an important engineering measure of water saving irrigation will be introduced in te paper,that is,by means of unit-length of channel‘s water utilization-coefficient(η0)to estimate the quality of channel,and the calculative method has been explained by the example of an actual project.It can be referred to irrigational workers.     

Studying the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation

In order to study the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation, an experiment was conducted in the growing season of 2014–2015 in the research field of the Agricultural Research Station in Khoi, Iran. Water withholding was imposed in the flowering stages from R4 (initial flowering) to R6 (full flowering). The results showed that the main effect of irrigation and inbred lines and the interaction effect between irrigation and inbred lines in terms of the proline and protein contents, the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, and seed yield in all inbred lines, and relative water content(RWC) were significant at 1% level. Water withholding in the flowering stage increased the proline content and the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, whereas limited irrigation decreased the protein content and seed yield in all inbred lines and RWC. The lowest protein content and the highest catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities were observed in BGK 39 under limited irrigation condition, while BGK 37 revealed the highest proline content in such circumstances. The highest seed yield was seen in BGK 1 and BGK 375 in full irrigation condition. Limited irrigation increased the proline content by 49.51%, compared to that of full irrigation condition.     

限量补灌对旱地高产田小麦光合和产量的影响

在多年创高产旱地条件下，研究了不同补灌处理对旱地高产田小麦光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明：增加补灌次数和补灌量，小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率升高，胞间CO2浓度降低，光合功能持续期延长，产量和产量构成因素增加，以补灌3水（越冬＋拔节＋灌浆）处理W4效果最佳，但产量和2水（拔节＋灌浆）处理W3没有显著差异。随着补灌次数和补灌量继续增加，W5、W6改善旗叶光合衰退的效果主要表现在后期，对产量提高的贡献并不大，相对与2水、3水处理，开始产生负效应，产量和产量构成因素千粒重、穗粒数反而下降。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率等因素，在本旱地高产试验田．拔节期、灌浆期2水补灌120mm的W3处理是最经济高效的补灌方案。     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。     

种植密度对烟草冠层辐射和群体光合作用的影响

烟草群体光合能力是烟叶产量和品质形成的基础,种植密度是调节烟草个体生长和群体发展的重要因素。以烤烟品种‘云烟85’为材料,设置3个种植密度(D1:16 529株·hm~(-2);D2:18 182株·hm~(-2);D3:20 202株·hm~(-2))处理,研究密度对烟草群体叶面积动态、冠层辐射、群体光合作用及经济性状的影响。结果表明,烤烟群体发展动态表现为圆顶期叶面积指数(LAI)最大,行间叶尖距和冠层透光率最低,以后随着叶片的成熟采收,LAI逐渐减小,行间叶尖距和冠层透光率逐步增大。与此相应,群体光合速率(RCP)也以圆顶期较高。同一时期不同处理间相比,随密度增加LAI增大,行间叶尖距和冠层透光率减小。群体光合速率随密度的变化表现为,在圆顶期从D1到D2群体光合速率增加,从D2到D3有所下降,中部叶片采收后3个密度间差异不显著。相关分析表明,LAI与叶尖距、透光率呈显著负相关,与群体光合速率呈正相关,但不显著。表明群体光合速率并非随密度增大而持续提高,密度过大时,反而导致群体光合速率下降。产量和产值从D1到D2显著增加,从D2到D3则有所下降,上等烟比例以D2最高。从群体发展的协调性、田间管理的方便性及生产成本等综合考虑,烤烟品种云烟85的种植密度以18 182株·hm~(-2)左右较为适宜。     

微喷补灌对冬小麦旗叶衰老和光合特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探明微喷补灌对冬小麦开花后旗叶衰老和光合特性、籽粒灌浆速率、产量和水分利用效率的影响,为小麦节水高产提供重要技术支持。【方法】于2011—2013年冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22,设置全生育期不灌水(W0)、微喷补灌(W1)和传统畦灌(W2)处理,研究小麦开花后旗叶水势、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性、叶绿素荧光参数、群体光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率等的差异。W1与W2处理的灌水时期一致,均于小麦拔节期和开花期各灌水1次。W1处理采用小麦专用微喷带(ZL201220356553.7)补充灌溉,灌水前测定土壤含水量。两年度小麦拔节期均设定0—140 cm土层土壤目标相对含水量为70%,第一年和第二年小麦开花期设定0—140 cm土层土壤目标相对含水量分别为70%和65%,根据灌水定额公式计算所需补灌水量。W2处理采用传统畦灌方式灌溉,改口成数为90%,即当水流前锋到达畦长长度的90%位置时停止灌水,用水表计量实际灌水量。W1与W2处理试验小区的规格一致,畦宽(左侧畦梗中心线至右侧畦梗中心线的垂直距离)2 m,畦梗宽0.4 m,畦长60 m,面积120 m~2。小区间设1.0 m保护行。每小区等行距种植8行小麦,实际行距22.9 cm。W1处理的每个试验小区在自边行向内数第4行与第5行小麦之间沿小麦种植行向(畦长方向)铺设一条专用微喷带。微喷带进水端装有压力表、水表和闸阀,进水端水压设为0.02 MPa。灌溉水水源为井水,从水源至微喷带和畦田进水端采用PVC水龙带输水。畦灌的单宽流量为4.6—5.2 L·m~(-1)·s~(-1)。【结果】两年度微喷补灌处理在小麦拔节期和开花期的补灌水量分别为21.3—96.0 mm和29.0—38.5 mm,灌水分布均匀系数达87.9%—97.0%,不低于传统畦灌处理,而全生育期总灌水量比传统畦灌处理减少33.2—70.8 mm,节水21.0%—54.2%。微喷补灌处理开花后旗叶水势、SOD和CAT活性、丙二醛含量、旗叶最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率,及群体光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率、籽粒产量均与全生育期灌2水的传统畦灌处理无显著差异,但水分利用效率提高2.1—2.9 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),达21.6—23.2 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)。【结论】小麦拔节期和开花期微喷补灌可以根据灌水前的降水量和土壤含水量状况及时调节补灌水量,并实施精确、均匀灌溉,适量供给小麦高产生理需水,挖掘出小麦节水的更大潜力。     

长期遮光对冬小麦群体及单叶光合特性的影响

[目的]研究长期弱光对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）群体光合速率（CAP）以及上3叶特别是旗叶光合特性的影响。[方法]以耐弱光性不同的冬小麦品种扬麦158和扬麦11为材料,设不遮光（S0）、从拔节至成熟期遮去小麦冠层自然光强的22%（S1）和33%（S2）3个处理,测定小麦CAP、上3叶的光合速率（Pn）、旗叶叶绿素含量以及籽粒产量。[结果]扬麦158和扬麦11 CAP随遮光强度的增强而显著下降;长期弱光下,旗叶Pn显著下降,倒2叶Pn无明显变化,而倒3叶Pn则显著上升,从而部分地补偿了旗叶Pn的降低。该补偿效应因遮光强度和品种而异：S1处理的补偿效应大于S2处理,扬麦158的补偿效应大于扬麦11。在旗叶光合速率高值持续期内,长期遮光降低了扬麦158和扬麦11总叶绿素、叶绿素a和b的含量,以及叶绿素a/b值。[结论]弱光下,旗叶叶绿素a含量以及叶绿素a/b值下降引起其Pn显著降低,从而使得CAP明显降低,最终导致籽粒产量显著下降。该研究可为长江中下游地区的小麦生产提供重要的理论依据。     

密度对不同株高油菜冠层结构与群体光合能力的影响

为明确甘蓝型油菜迟直播条件下不同种植密度的冠层结构与群体光合能力特征,采用两因素裂区试验设计,以不同种植密度(15万、30万、60万株·hm-2,分别用D1、D2、D3表示)为主因素,不同油菜品种(半矮秆油菜JS-1、高秆油菜川油36,分别用V1和V2表示)为副因素,在大田试验条件下测定植株群体的叶面积指数(LAI)、...     

超高产杂交稻的光合特性研究

 对7个冠层形态性状具有一定差异但又具有较高产量水平的杂交稻组合与对照组合汕优63的光合形态生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明，比对照显著增产的4个组合具有以下光合作用优势：在每穗粒数增加、库容扩大的基础上，剑叶长度增加、叶角较小，冠层各部光的分布比较均匀（消光系数小）; 在孕穗末期、抽穗后10 d和抽穗后30 d的光饱和光合速率及抽穗后10 d的群体光合速率比对照都有不同程度增加；抽穗前茎鞘中能积累较多的光合产物并能有效运转至籽粒。     

Systemic regulation of photosynthetic function in maize plants at graining stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment

To cope with a highly heterogeneous light environment, photosynthesis in plants can be regulated systemically. Currently, the majority of studies are carried out with various plants during the vegetative growth period. As the reproductive sink improves photosynthesis, we wondered how photosynthesis is systemically regulated at the reproductive stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment in the field. Therefore, changes of light intensity within canopy, chlorophyll content, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient were carefully investigated at the graining stage of maize under various planting densities. In this study, a high planting density of maize drastically reduced the light intensities in the lower canopy, and increased the difference in vertical light distribution within the canopy. With the increase of vertical heterogeneity, chlorophyll content, light-saturated photosynthetic rate and the quantum yield of electron transport in the ear leaf (EL) and the fourth leaf below the ear (FLBE) were decreased gradually, and the ranges of declines in these parameters were larger at FLBE than those at EL. Leaves in the lower canopy were shaded artificially to further test these results. Partial shading (PS) resulted in a vertically heterogeneous light environment and enhanced the differences in photosynthetic characteristics between EL and FLBE. Removing the tassel and top leaves (RTL) not only improved the vertical light distribution within the canopy, but also reduced the differences in photosynthetic characteristics between the two leaves. Taken together, these results demonstrated that maize plants could enhance the vertical heterogeneity of their photosynthetic function to adapt to their light environment; slight changes of the photosynthetic function in EL at the graining stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment indicated that the systemic regulation of photosynthesis is weak at the graining stage.     

氮肥用量对烟草群体发育和群体光合的影响

为了揭示氮肥用量与烟草群体光合的关系,以烤烟品种K326为材料,设置3个氮肥用量处理:N1(75.0kg·hm~(-2))、N2(97.5kg·hm~(-2))、N3(120.5kg·hm~(-2)),研究了氮肥用量对烟草群体叶面积动态、冠层辐射和群体光合作用的影响。结果表明,烤烟群体发展动态表现为圆顶期叶面积指数(LAI)最大,行间叶尖距和冠层透光率最低,以后随着叶片的成熟采收,LAI逐渐减小,行间叶尖距和冠层透光率逐步增大。与此相应,群体光合速率(RCP)也以圆顶期最高。圆顶期,3个施氮量处理的LAI大小顺序为N3N2N1,但N2和N3之间差异不显著;下二棚收获后,以N2的LAI最大。2个生育阶段(圆顶期到下二棚叶采收、下二棚叶收获到中部叶采收)的叶面积持续期(LAD)均以N2处理较高。冠层透光率以N3处理最低,N2与N1差异不显著。群体光合速率(RCP)以N1最低,N2和N3差异不显著。不同发育阶段的群体叶源量(CLSC)以N1处理最低,圆顶期到下二棚采收阶段,N2略高于N3,后期N3略高于N2。随着施氮量的增加,烟叶产量提高,上等烟比例和产值则以N2最高。从群体发展及生产成本等综合考虑,种植烤烟品种K326时,以采用18 182株·hm~(-2)左右的种植密度,97.5株·hm~(-2)左右的氮肥用量较为适宜,有利于群体协调发展,增强群体光合能力。     

水分调控对小麦光合特性和产量性状的影响

在自动控制干旱棚内的水泥池里采取足墒播种、拔节后控制降雨并进行灌水处理的方法,研究了不同时期灌水对小麦旗叶叶绿素(SPAD值)、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,花后旗叶叶绿素含量随着灌水次数的增加而增加,W2(灌拔节水、孕穗水)和W3(拔节水、孕穗水、灌浆水)处理比对照W0(不灌水)在扬花期、灌浆初期、灌浆中期分别增加了15.9%、5.3%、5.9%和10.0%、5.0%、6.4%。小麦旗叶光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率在扬花期的变化与灌水无明显相关关系,进入灌浆期后随灌水次数的增加而提高,在灌浆中期,W2、W3比W04个指标分别增加了33.8%、37.0%,11.8%、15.6%,7.9%、10.6%,18.9%、19.5%,差异显著,W2和W3间差异不显著。W2处理的旗叶叶片水分利用效率最高,比对照高16.6%。随着灌水次数的增加产量逐渐提高,W1、W2、W3比W0分别增加了1.9%、7.6%和8.1%。综合考虑,在足墒播种和返青前具有较好土壤墒情条件下,拔节期和孕穗期2次灌水的光合效率、水分利用效率和经济效益最佳。