The technology and mechanism of removal of plastic mulch and land preparation

In this article,the characteristic of the field plastic mulch, the craft for mechanization removal and land preparation of plastic mulch and the mechanism frequently used in the removal and land preparation of plastic mulch were introduced, which offered references for the design of removal mechanism and land preparation of plastic mulch and structural optimization combination of working components.     

Studies on Amylase and Degradation of Starch and Pigment of Tobacco Leaf During Process of Flue-Curing

The changes in the activity of amylase and amylase-isoenzyme and the degradation of starch and pigment of tobacco leaf during flue-curing were studied by using the electricheated flue-curing barn designed and made by the Henan Agricultural University. The temperature and humidity of the barn were controlled automatically. The results indicated that starch in tobacco leaf decreased rapidly and leveled off after 48h of cutting, in the meantime, the content of soluble sugar increased accordingly and reached a peak at the stage of color-fixing. Both of them had a rapid-changing stage in the first 36 hours of yellowing. The changes of starch and soluble sugar contents had highly significant negative-correlation at 1% level (rNC89=-0.8962**, rYY85=-0.9704**). The activity of amylase increased with the proceeding of curing and reached a peak after 36 hours of curing, then decreased. But the activity of amylase kept at a high level when the humidity of curing-environment was very low, even if the tobacco leaf had been dried. The rapid degradation of starch showed a significantly negative correlation with the increase of activity of amylase at 5 % level (rNC89=-0.8495*, rYY8*=-0.7839*). The degradation of starch and pigment had the same regulation and had highly significant correlation at 1% level (rNC89=0.9649**, rYY85=0.9428**). There were mainly three amylase-isoenzyme bands -A, B, C respectively, in tobacco leaf during flue curing. They were identified as α-AMY, -AMY, R-AMY, and the activity of β-AMY was the highest. The changes in amylase activity and contents of starch and pigment were affected by the tobacco leaf moisture and environmental humidity during curing.     

Phylogeny and biodiversity of Trichoderma and Hypocrea and its implications on taxonomy

Safe strain identification and species recognition is an important issue for Trichoderma and Hypocrea, because members of the genus are economically important producers of industrial enzymes and antibiotics, have application as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, whereas some have become known as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised mammals and humans. However, classical approaches based on the use of morphological and phenetic characters have been difficult to apply, due to…     

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.     

The Effect of Chintosan and Sodium Alginate on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Soybean

Seed coating can make soybean seedling grow more strongly and reinforce the resistance of soybean plant.Sodium alginate and chitosan are high-molecular compound of two different kind,have the characteristic of promoting the crop growth,Using sodium alginate and chitosan as coating materials under different concentration can improve the growth and photosynthesis obviously and can decrease pollution because of their characteristics.The analysis show that the effects of Sodium Alginate on soybean plant are better than chitosan and the best concentration is 0.5g.kg^-1.     

Preparation and Testing of Cementing and Coating Nano-Subnanocomposites of Slow/Controlled-Release Fertilizer

To select the cementing and coating materials of slow/controlled-release fertilizer, the natural kaoline and abandoned foam plastics were used to prepare nano-subnanocomposites through the methods of organic material intercalation, semiemulsification, and cut at high velocity techniques. Besides, two kinds of nano-subnanocomposites were tested in this study using several instruments, including the scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the X-ray diffraction （XRD）, the infrared ray spectrum （IR）, and the laser granularity. The main results were as follows： 1） The organic material was intercalated in the layers of kaoline clays, and the natural kaoline exfoliated into nanometer-sized layers. The organic agent and clays formed nanocomposites through hydrogen bond combination. 2） The SEM pictures of polystyrenestarch nano-subnanocomposites showed that many pores and rugas were present on the surface of film at sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm. These nano-subnanocomposites were used as the cementing and coating materials of slow/controlledrelease fertilizer.     

Isolation and Purification of Bovine Colostrum sIgA and IgG

To further utilize bioactive substance such as bovine colostrum sIgA and IgG,sIgA and IgG were isolated and purified simultaneously by salting out,ultrafiltration and gel chromatography,etc.The analysis of results were showed quantitatively by non-hydrogenized SDS-PAGE,and quanlities of sIgA and IgG were respectively detected by Western Blot.The results showed that the purity and yield of bovine colostrum sIgA were 85.3%and 42.8%,respectively,while the purity and yield of bovine colostrum IgG were respectively 97.2%and 64.4%.This preparative method provides theoretical and experimental foundation for sIgA industrial production.     

Influence of cooking time and cooling rate on the functionality and microstructure of processed cheese spreads

The objective of this work was to study the influence of cooking time and cooling rate on functionality and microstructure of processed cheese spreads. When the cooking time was 20 min, the hardness and apparent viscosity were increased, and formed a homogenous, dense, and three-dimensional protein network, and a stronger gel was formed at this time. The slow cooling can increase the hardness and apparent viscosity of products, protein wall was thicker, and network was closer, so products can formed a stronger gel structure. The influence of cooking time on the functional properties was more significant than the influence of rapid cooling.     

Induction and Characterization of Laboratory Mutants of Phytophthora capsici Resistant to Dimethomorph and Flumorph

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the risk of Phytophthora capsici developing resistance to two morphlines, dimethomorph and flumorph. Metalaxyl, the well-known high risk of resistance fungicides, was used as reference fungicide. Resistant mutants for the three fungicides were isolated by treating mycelium with ultraviolet radiation. Metalaxyl-resistant mutants were obtained with high frequency and exhibited high level of resistance with factors more than 100 folds, while mutation frequency for dimethomorph-resistance was relatively low and the resistance factors ranged from 3.0 to 13.9 folds. Most dimethomorph-resistant mutants decreased in hyphal growth rate and the spoulation ability, which have a large impact upon the epidemic development of dimethomorph-resistant populations. These results suggested that the risk of resistant pathogen population was much lower for dimethomorph than for metalaxyl. Both the frequency of developing resistance and level of resistance （resistance factors = 1.8-14.6） to dimethomorph were similar to those of its structure analogue flumorh. Moreover, the cross-resistance were found between them, which suggested the risks of developing resistance to dimethomorph and flumorph in the pathogen were very closely related. As P. capsici can potentially develop resistance to dimethomorph and flumorph, and oomycetes usually have the high risk to develop resistance to fungicides, appropriate management against resistance development should be taken.     

Correlation Analysis of Rice Seed Setting Rate and Weight of 1 000-Grain and Agro-Meteorology over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of historic climate change on rice yield over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, and to better adapt to climate change in the future. This study presents the relation of temperature and precipitation and rice components from 1981 to 2003 at 48 early rice stations and 30 middle rice stations. It focuses on an analysis of three stages： flowering, pre-milk, and late milk. The results show that mean maximum temperature and mean daily precipitation at the stages of flowering and pre-milk are most related to early rice yield. Yield change of middle rice is mainly because of mean precipitation change at the flowering stage. Furthermore, percentage of undeveloped grain increases as mean maximum temperature rises at the flowering stage. Over-precipitation in the reproductive stage is a major reason for reduction in yield of early rice. Consecutive rainfall and continuous high temperature can have negative effects on middle rice yield. Global warming would affect middle rice more seriously than early rice.     

葡萄盆栽技术

葡萄盆栽技术,包括择土选种、露地扦插、田间管理、装盆及整形、肥水管理等内容,对葡萄盆栽爱好者有一定的指导意义。     

Yield and quality of maize stover: Variation among cultivars and effects of N fertilization

Biomass yields and concentrations of crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), and crude fiber(CF) were analyzed for five cultivars of summer-sown maize(Zea mays L.) stover grown in field trials at three rates of N fertilization, and sampled immediately after grain harvest.The results revealed differences in yields and concentrations of nutrients according to stalk height and hence harvest portion among the cultivars.N application greatly increased biomass yield and CP, especially in upper stalks and to a lesser extent, EE.Concentrations of NDF and ADF decreased as N rate increased.The results show that stovers from all local popular maize cultivars are suitable as animal fodder and that moderate N application improves feed quality of stover.     

民勤绿洲荒漠交错带三种沙丘类型的自然植被特征

基于对民勤沙井子地区植被调查数据,研究了固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘3种沙丘类型的自然植被特征.结果表明:从固定沙丘、半固定沙丘到流动沙丘,总盖度、灌木盖度下降,草本盖度增加.物种丰富度减小是物种多样性下降的主要原因.从植物的生活型来看,多年生草本和灌木类植物受沙丘类型的影响最大,而一年生草本和半灌木可存活于不同沙丘类型.白刺的生态优势度(重要值)由小到大依次为固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、流动沙丘.植物多样性与白刺的生态优势度呈负相关.不同沙丘类型白刺地上生物量变化明显,半固定沙丘白刺生物量最大.     

寄生虫引起的草鱼鳃病的组织病理比较研究

本文对草鱼的隐鞭虫病、车轮虫病、小瓜虫病、指环虫病、三代虫病及中华鱼蚤病六种寄生虫性鳃病的组织病理变化进行比较研究，寄生虫性鳃病均可引起鳃组织发生炎症反应，粘液分泌亢进，嗜酸粒细胞和淋巴细胞浸润；但又因病原体的种类不同，危害鱼的方式、方法不同，因此病理变化又有很大差别，对鱼危害较大的均为变质性炎，如隐鞭虫病；对鱼危害较小的则属增生性炎，如中华鱼蚤病．     

小菜蛾阿维菌素和虫酰肼抗性品系对几种新型药剂的交互抗性研究

以敏感品系为对照,利用室内筛选获得的虫酰肼和阿维菌素高抗品系Teb-R和Aba-R,测定了小菜蛾对几种新型杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果发现:小菜蛾对虫酰肼产生高水平抗性后(抗性倍数185.5倍),对阿维菌素表现出中等水平交互抗性(41.0倍),对茚虫威(11.4倍)和溴虫腈(5.3倍)仅表现出低水平交互抗性,对多杀菌素(1.7倍)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(1.4倍)则没有表现出明显的交互抗性。用阿维菌素筛选Teb-R品系39代后获得阿维菌素高抗品系Aba-R(593.8倍),该品系对茚虫威(12.3倍)表现出中等水平交互抗性,对多杀菌素(7.9倍)表现出低水平交互抗性,对溴虫腈(2.7倍)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(0.9倍)的交互抗性不明显;同时该品系对虫酰肼的抗性也由阿维菌素筛选前的185.5倍下降到筛选后的28.0倍,也没有交互抗性。基于上述研究结果认为,使用虫酰肼防治小菜蛾出现抗性后,可以使用多杀菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺进行替代防治,但不宜用阿维菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈进行替代防治;利用阿维菌素防治小菜蛾产生抗性后,可以用溴虫腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫酰肼进行替代防治,但不宜用多杀菌素和茚虫威。     

Water quality,agriculture and food safety in China:Current situation,trends, interdependencies,and management

Water quality in China is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food safety,and it might also impact health of population via agriculture and food. Thus,it is causing widespread concern. Based on extensive literatures review and data mining,current situation of water pollution in China and its effects on food safety were analyzed. The 2nd National Water Resource Survey in China show that the surface water all over the country was under slight pollution and about 60% of groundwater is polluted. Drinking water quality is basically guaranteed in urban area but it is worrisome in rural areas. In addition,China is the largest consumer of fertilizer and pestici de in the world and the amounts of application still show increasing trends. Fertilizers and pesticides are the most important sources of pollution,which affect human health as persistent organic pollutants and environmental endocrine disruptors. Eutrophication of surface water and nitrate pollution of groundwater are serious threats to drinking water safety. Sewage irrigation is becoming a pollution source to China's water and land because of lacking of effective regulations. Although,with the advance in technology and management level,control of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and reducing water pollution is still a major challenge for China.     

拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的FISH核型分析

【目的】建立拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的FISH核型,分析明确不同来源拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的FISH核型特点,比较不同拟斯卑尔脱山羊草及其与普通小麦的FISH核型差异。【方法】以荧光标记的寡核苷酸Oligo-pTa535和Oligo-pSc119.2为探针,利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术分析pTa535和pSc119.2在不同拟斯卑尔脱山羊草、四倍体小麦和普通小麦染色体上的杂交信号分布特点;以禾本科植物着丝粒专化寡核苷酸Oligo-CCS1为探针,明确拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的着丝粒位置,测量拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体相关参数;通过FISH核型比较明确不同拟斯卑尔脱山羊草及其与小麦核型的多态性差异。【结果】Oligo-pTa535主要分布在小麦的D和A组染色体上,在小麦的B组染色体上仅有零星分布,在5份拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的染色体中未显示Oligo-pTa535杂交信号。Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号主要分布在小麦的B组染色体上,在小麦的A、D组染色体中分布较少,但在5份拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体上均有广泛分布。根据Oligo-pTa535和Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号在小麦染色体上的分布特点,可以将小麦的不同染色体相互区分开来。Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号在不同倍性、不同品种的小麦B组染色体上的分布特点基本相似,而不同来源拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的Oligo-pSc119.2的FISH核型差异较大,甚至在同一细胞内的2条同源染色体上Oligo-pSc119.2杂交信号的分布也具有明显差异。不同来源的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草与小麦B染色体组的FISH核型存在明显差异。PI542238的7对染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,核型公式为2n=14=14m。其余4份拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的4S染色体均为近中着丝粒染色体,其余染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,核型公式皆为2n=14=12m+2sm。【结论】拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体上含有丰富的与pSc119.2高度同源的重复序列,不含有与pTa535高度同源的重复序列。不同来源的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草之间以及同一来源的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的个体间甚至同一个体内的同源染色体间在pSc119.2的分布上均具有遗传多样性。以Oligo-pSc119.2为探针建立的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草染色体FISH核型与小麦B组染色体的核型具有显著差异。利用荧光标记的Oligo-pTa535和Oligo-pSc119.2为探针进行FISH分析,可以准确区分拟斯卑尔脱山羊草的不同染色体,并能将拟斯卑尔脱山羊草与小麦的染色体区分开来。     

断根与打顶对番茄嫁接愈合的抑制作用

【目的】断根嫁接苗和打顶双干或多干嫁接苗日益广泛用于番茄栽培,丰产作用显著。了解断根与打顶对番茄嫁接愈合的作用机制,可为番茄嫁接生产提供理论依据。【方法】以‘硬粉8号’为接穗品种,‘砧爱1号’为砧木品种,观测断根和打顶后番茄嫁接愈合进程、成活率和木质部连通性等,同时测定嫁接接合部生长素和细胞分裂素的含量及愈合相关基因的表达。【结果】断根和打顶抑制了嫁接接合部上方木质部分化基因VND7的表达,并显著延迟了木质部的重构。断根显著降低了嫁接后12和72 h接合部玉米素核苷（tZR）和反式玉米素（tZ）的含量,以及嫁接后12 h接合部吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）,吲哚-3-乙酸甲酯（ME-IAA）和吲哚-3-甲醛（ICAld）的含量;打顶嫁接后12 h接合部IAA和ME-IAA含量显著低于对照和断根处理,下调了嫁接后3和12 h接合部上方和下方韧皮部分化相关基因NEN4表达水平。断根或打顶均下调了嫁接后3—48 h接合部上方细胞分裂相关基因Histone H4和SlcycB1-4的表达水平;断根和打顶同时处理使嫁接接合部IAA和ME-IAA含量显著低于断根处理,使tZR和tZ的含量及木质部连通性显著低于打顶处理。打顶和断根后分别在嫁接接合部施用10 mmol∙L^-1 IAA和10 mmol∙L^-1 6-BA可显著促进嫁接苗木质部的重构。【结论】断根和打顶分别降低接合部细胞分裂素和生长素积累,下调愈合相关基因表达,降低木质部输导能力,进而延缓番茄嫁接愈合进程。     

芦荟多糖抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒作用试验

在安全浓度的基础上,将芦荟多糖稀释成不同浓度,作用于猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒,当病毒对照CPE达到70%～80%后,在酶联免疫检测仪上测定A490nm值,A490nm值越大,表明细胞生长越旺盛,抗感染效果越好。在先加芦荟多糖后接种病毒时,多糖对PRRSV感染有阻断作用,且作用显著;在加芦荟多糖之前先接种病毒,则芦荟多糖对PRRSV的抑制作用不明显;高浓度芦荟多糖对PRRSV具有直接杀灭作用。     

氮素用量对结球甘蓝生长及产量和品质的影响

研究了氮素用量对结球甘蓝生长及产量、品质的影响.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,结球甘蓝生长势增加,产量增加,但氮素用量过多会导致产量下降.本试验条件下,施氮量为0.6 t/hm2时结球甘蓝产量较高,达85.9 t/hm2,而施氮量为1.05 t/hm2时结球甘蓝产量仅为70.3 t/hm2,前者比后者增产22%,但二者分别比CK增产174.9%、125%.此外,增施氮素可降低结球甘蓝干物质、纤维素、有机酸及可溶性糖含量,还显著提高了硝酸盐含量.