H9N2亚型禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Guangdong/21/01株反向基因操作系统的建立

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒自1994年在中国大陆首次分离以来,不仅在家禽中广泛流行,而且也可以感染哺乳动物和人.由于H9N2亚型禽流感病毒是低致病性的,更增加了其感染人并在人群中存在下去的可能性,因此研究其感染哺乳动物的分子机制具有重要的意义.本研究建立了A/Chicken/Guangdong/21/01(简称:CK/GD/21)病毒的8质粒反向基因操作系统,并通过转染293T细胞成功拯救了该病毒R-GD/21.R-GD/21在对SPF鸡和BALB/c小鼠的致病性方面保持了与亲本野毒一致的生物学特性.CK/GD/21反向基因操作系统的成功建立,为今后通过基因替换、定点突变技术确定H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染哺乳动物的分子机制奠定了基础.     

禽流感及其防控措施

流感病毒分为A(甲)、B(乙)、C(丙).目前,从禽分离到的流感病毒均为A型流感病毒,有17种H亚型(H1～H17)和9种N亚型(N1～N9),它们可以组合成153种不同的病毒亚型组合,例如H5N1、H7N2、H7N9、H9N2等.从世界范围内分离的禽流感病毒来看,绝大部分H5亚型禽流感都是对鸡呈高致病性的,H7亚型禽流感病毒对鸡致病性从低到高都有,而H9等其他亚型禽流感病毒基本都是低致病性的.     

2株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的致病性

为了解从我国洞庭湖地区鸡和鸭中分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的生物学特性,本研究选用具有代表性的2株病毒对SPF鸡及BALB/c小鼠进行致病性试验。结果显示:2株毒株均能使鸡感染并排毒,并且使同居鸡感染排毒,但不引起鸡明显的临床症状及死亡;2株毒株感染SPF鸡后能在鸡喉分离到高滴度病毒,明显高于泄殖腔,且排毒期主要集中于第1~7天;从感染鸡脏器中病毒复制情况看,供试的2株病毒均未在脑等组织脏器中复制,而2株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠后,在小鼠脏器中复制情况却不一致,A/CK/HuN/S4591/2011(H9N2)毒株在小鼠鼻甲及肺脏中均能检测到病毒,但是A/DK/HuN/S4111/2011(H9N2)毒株仅在小鼠鼻甲中检测到较高滴度的病毒。     

一株鸭源H4N8亚型禽流感病毒的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

【目的】禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)根据其表面糖蛋白血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)和神经氨酸(neuraminidase,NA)的不同,可分为16种HA和9种NA亚型。根据其致病力的差异可分为高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV)和低致病性禽流感病毒(low pathogenic avian influenza virus,LPAIV)。虽然H4亚型禽流感病毒为低致病性AIV,感染家禽表现为无症状感染,但其对禽类甚至是哺乳动物是一个潜在的威胁,因此必须要加强对H4亚型禽流感病毒的调查监控。【方法】为了探讨H4亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征及遗传演化规律,对2010年在中国华东地区某活禽市场进行流行病学监测时分离到的一株H4N8亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Nanjing/1102/2010(简称DK/NJ/1102)进行了全基因组序列测定及遗传进化分析。通过常规的血清学试验确定其HA亚型,提取病毒总RNA,并通过RT-PCR方法分别扩增出其各基因片段,连接p GEM-Teasy载体上后进行序列测定。利用Gen Bank中的BLAST工具进行核苷酸序列的同源性分析,并与Gene Bank中的H4亚型流感病毒及其它相关序列进行遗传进化分析。【结果】DK/NJ/1102的HA基因与Mongolia分离株A/duck/Mongolia/274/2007(H4N3)的核苷酸同源性最高,为98.9%。推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为"P-E-K-A-S-R-G",符合典型的低致病性禽流感病毒特征;NA基因与华东地区分离的鸭源毒株A/Duck/Eastern China/n91/2009(H3N8)核苷酸同源性最高,达99.4%;PB1、PA和NP基因均与H1亚型禽流感病毒亲缘关系最近;M基因与A/wild duck/Korea/CSM4-12/2009(H5N1)核苷酸同源性最高,高达99.9%;NS基因与韩国2009年分离的H7N7亚型流感病毒遗传距离最近。NS1蛋白的80-84处氨基酸没有发生氨基酸缺失。【结论】该H4N8亚型禽流感病毒基因组构成比较复杂,可能是一株多基因重组病毒。     

5株野鸭源H6N1亚型禽流感病毒NA基因的克隆和进化分析

根据GenBank已知的H6N1亚型流感病毒的NA基因序列,设计扩增NA基因的特异性引物,通过RTPCR技术扩增5株H6N1亚型禽流感病毒NA基因序列,并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行了测序分析.同时通过生物学软件对5株禽流感病毒NA基因进行了分析研究.结果表明:5株禽流感病毒NA基因全长1 410 bp,编码47...     

河南地区一株鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA基因变异分析

由发病蛋鸡体内分离得到一株禽流感病毒,经PCR、血凝试验和免疫荧光鉴定为H9N2亚型,命名为A/Chicken/henanxy/2010(H9N2),病毒对SPF鸡无致病性,对其HA基因进行克隆测序,HA基因氨基酸裂解位点为PSRSSRGLF,符合低致病性禽流感的分类标准;并将HA基因和自GenBank读取的H9N2病毒的HA基因序列比较,表明河南分离株属于欧亚分支中的Y280-like分支,与A/Chicken/shandongHL/2010(H9N2)氨基酸同源性94.8%,可能是Y280-like个别核苷酸突变的一株。     

湖南洞庭湖区12株H9N2亚型AIV全基因序列的进化分析

【目的】从分子生物学角度了解H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在湖南省洞庭湖区的变异特点和进化规律。【方法】对近年来洞庭湖区分离的12株H9N2亚型禽流感毒株的全基因进行分段克隆测序,应用Mega 5软件包对病毒基因进行多序列比对和进化树的绘制与分析。【结果】12株H9N2亚型禽流感毒株HA裂解位点均没有多个连续的碱性氨基酸插入,属于低致病性病毒。12株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA、NA基因进化比较同步,均处于DK/HK/Y280/97分支,而6个内部基因(M、PB2、PB1、PA、NA、NS)与高致病性禽流感H5亚型毒株呈现不同程度重组现象,且与H7N9亚型毒株基因的核苷酸同源性很高,很有可能为其提供内部基因。【结论】湖南省洞庭湖地区H9亚型禽流感病毒的遗传演化较为复杂,存在广泛的基因重组现象。     

H7N3亚型禽流感病毒分离株的生物学特性研究

为了了解经分离纯化、鉴定保存的1株鸭源H7N3亚型禽流感病毒株的一些生物学特性,参照判定禽流感致病性的标准方法对其进行生物学特性的研究.结果显示其鸡胚半数感染量(EID50)、组织培养半数感染量(TCID50)及最小致死量致死鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)分别为0.5×106.3 Ml-1、0.5×10-2.3 Ml-1及136.8 h;1日龄鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)及6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)均为0;本毒株不引起鸭及BALB/c鼠的发病和死亡,这些都表明本毒株为低致病性禽流感病毒.     

广西鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

【目的】明确广西鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的分子遗传变异规律及其对公共卫生安全的影响,为H9亚型禽流感(AI)的防控提供参考依据。【方法】从广西某肉鸡养殖场采集病料,经SPF鸡胚接种进行病毒分离,对初步鉴定为H9亚型AIV分离株的HA、NA、PB2、PB1、PA、NP、M和NS等8个基因片段进行克隆测定及遗传进化分析,同时对分离毒株的生物学特性进行测定。【结果】从广西发病鸡群中分离获得一株H9N2亚型AIV,命名为A/chicken/Guangxi/BT1/2016(H9N2)。分离毒株A/chicken/Guangxi/BT1/2016(H9N2)HA基因的裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GLF,具有典型的低致病性AIV(LPAIV)分子特征,在遗传进化关系上属于4.2.5分支,与国内常用H9N2亚型AIV疫苗株所属的4.2.3分支存在一定差异;其他7个基因也分别来源于不同的AIV亚型。分离毒株A/chicken/Guangxi/BT1/2016(H9N2)同时具备与α-2,3唾液酸和α-2,6唾液酸受体结合的特性,且具有感染人类的潜在风险;其感染鸡群后病毒分布主要集中在气管、肺脏和脾脏,可通过呼吸道和消化道同时排毒,且在攻毒后第1 d即开始排毒,第5 d为排毒高峰。【结论】从广西发病鸡群中分离获得的A/chicken/Guangxi/BT1/2016(H9N2)属于LPAIV,是由不同亚型AIV重组产生的H9N2亚型新毒株,可导致鸡群疫苗免疫失败,且具有感染人类的潜在风险。     

两株鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定和遗传进化分析

为了解湖北鸡源禽流感病毒的遗传进化和氨基酸变异情况,将分离到的2株禽流感病毒进行全基因组测序及遗传进化分析。利用RT-PCR扩增流感病毒基因组片段,PCR扩增流感病毒片段、克隆至pMD18-T载体,并对序列特征进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:分离到的2株病毒高度同源,其HA和NA基因属于Y280谱系,PB1、PA、NP和NS基因属于SHF98-like谱系,PB2和M基因属于G1-like谱系;HA裂解位点均为-RSSR↓GLF-,具有低致病性流感病毒的分子特征;在HA蛋白上比当前流行株Y280多了一个潜在糖基化位点313(NCS);在234位点(对应H3编号中的226)产生了从Q到L的突变;在M2蛋白的31位点均产生了从S到N的突变。该2株H9N2亚型流感病毒为Y280谱系的病毒,这提示湖北地区可能也流行Y280-like分支禽流感病毒,虽然属于低致病性禽流感病毒(Low pathogenic AIV,LPAIV),但具有感染哺乳动物的潜在风险。     

Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.     

禽流感与人类健康

禽流感(avian influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒(avian influenza virus)引起的一种禽类感染征或疾病综合症,高致病性禽流感(highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI)可引起禽类100％的死亡。由于抗原转变和抗原漂移,禽流感病毒是高度可变的。人禽流感是指高致病性禽流感病毒跨越物种界限,引起人类感染的一种新发传染病。目前,全球已发现H5N1、H7N7、H9N2等亚型禽流感病毒可感染人类。但目前还没有发现禽流感病毒具有在人群中相互传播的能力。对禽流感必须采用积极的预防策略。在加强监测的基础上,对家禽采用扑杀和免疫相结合的措施,可以有效地控制禽流感的流行。研制人类流感疫苗,是预防新的流感病毒株的流行的可靠保证。     

共表达禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的重组禽痘病毒在SPF鸡的免疫效力试验

 将禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)毒株的HA和NA2个基因同源重组到禽痘病毒基因组中,获得了能同时高效表达这2种蛋白的重组禽痘病毒(rFPV-HA-NA)。将rFPV-HA-NA经翅膀刺种途径接种8周龄SPF鸡,免疫后4周分别用10LD50的高致病力禽流感病毒(HPAIV)A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)和A/FPV/Rostock/34(H7N1)毒株进行攻击。结果重组禽痘病毒免疫鸡群诱导产生了高水平的抗体,能够完全抵抗H5N1和H7N1亚型病毒的     

Immune Efficacy of a Recombinant Fowlpox Virus Co-Ex-pressing HA and NA Genes of Avian Influenza Virus in SPF Chickens

A recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing Haemagglutinin(HA)and Neuraminidase(NA)named as rFPV-HA-NA was produced by HA and NA gene of A/Goose/Guangdong/3/96(H5N1)isolate of avian influenza virus recombined into the genome of fowlpox virus. In this study,to evaluate its ability of protecting chickens against challenge with a lethal dose of highly pathogenic isolates of avian influenza virus,eight-week-old specificpathogenic-free(SPF)chickens were vaccinated with recombinant virus or the wildtypefowlpox virus by wing-web puncture. After challenge 4 weeks with 10 LD50 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and H7N1 isolate,all chickens vaccinated with recombinant virus were protected,while the chickens vaccinated with the wildtype fowlpox virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 100% mortality respectively following challenge. This complete protection was accompanied by the high levels of specific antibody response to the respectivecomponents of the recombinant virus.     

Emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Democratic People's Republic of Korea

In the past decade, there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in both animals and humans, however, few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) were published. During the period 2013–2014, HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology. The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014. These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds. Therefore, the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority, which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传操作系统的建立

 【目的】建立H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传学操作系统及拯救出能够在动物传代细胞中高水平复制的H1N1亚型猪流感疫苗株。【方法】利用反向遗传操作技术，对猪流感病毒广东分离株进行拯救。【结果】首次成功拯救出全部片段均来自于亲本株的猪流感病毒rH1N1，并且成功拯救出了具有高度细胞适应性毒株re-LM株，研究结果表明二者均具有良好的遗传稳定性。rH1N1经MDCK细胞连续传代培养后，血凝价最高仅为1﹕64;而re-LM的血凝价最高可以稳定在1﹕1 024，表明该毒株具有细胞繁殖高产的特性。用该重组病毒制备油乳剂灭活苗免疫2月龄仔猪，首免2周即可检测出HI抗体，平均效价在1﹕32以上，三免后2周HI抗体平均效价达到1﹕512，说明其有良好的免疫原性。【结论】H1N1亚型猪流感病毒反向遗传操作系统的成功建立为猪流感病毒致病机理、传播机制及病毒基因功能的研究奠定了基础;重组细胞高产型猪流感病毒株的拯救为H1N1亚型猪流感疫苗的研制开辟了新的途径。     

不同类型H5亚型禽流感疫苗的免疫保护效力比较研究

为比较以我国首个H5亚型禽流感病毒分离株A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1)[GS/GD/96]为基础构建的新型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)、禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗(H5亚型)、禽流感、新城疫重组二联活疫苗(rLH5-1株)以及禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型,pH5-GD)的免疫保护效力。分别将四种禽流感疫苗以2.8μg HA/0.3 mL(肌肉注射)、103PFU/100μL(刺种)、106EID50/100μL(滴鼻、点眼)、15μg/200μL(肌肉注射)等不同剂量和方式免疫3周龄SPF鸡,首次免疫3周后再加强免疫一次,加强免疫2周后用106EID50的高致病力禽流感病毒(HPAIV)GS/GD/96鼻腔途径进行攻击,观察发病与死亡情况。分别于攻毒后第3 d、第5 d、第7 d采集喉头及泄殖腔拭子进行病毒分离、滴定检测排毒情况,同时检测免疫及攻毒后血清HI抗体的动态变化。所有疫苗均可对免疫鸡形成100%完全保护(不发病、不致死、不排毒);在病毒攻击前,灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)、禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗(H5亚型)、禽流感、新城疫重组二联活疫苗(rLH5-1株)以及禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型,pH5-GD)所诱导的HI抗体平均水平分别为8.75log2、6.5log2、5.13log2和7.88log2。新型的基因工程疫苗具有良好的免疫保护性,已经或将在H5亚型HPAIV的防治实践中起到有益的补充作用。     

Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds

The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H5N1 subtype in Asia, which has subsequently spread to Russia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, has put increased focus on the role of wild birds in the persistence of influenza viruses. The ecology, epidemiology, genetics, and evolution of pathogens cannot be fully understood without taking into account the ecology of their hosts. Here, we review our current knowledge on global patterns of influenza virus infections in wild birds, discuss these patterns in the context of host ecology and in particular birds' behavior, and identify some important gaps in our current knowledge.     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.