5种有机硅助剂对锐劲特的增效作用研究

以小菜蛾敏感品系为试验靶标，测定了杰效利、丝润、好湿、SPARTAN、KINETIC等5种不同有机硅助剂对锐劲特的室内毒力和增效作用。结果表明，添加有机硅助剂均有明显增效作用，其增效系数在130．22—143．67之间，其中，杰效利的增效系数最高，为143．67。对锐劲特增效大小的有机硅品种依次是杰效利〉SPARTAN〉KINETIC〉丝润〉好湿，但5种有机硅助剂的增效作用相互之间没有显著差异。     

5种有机硅助剂对锐劲特的增效作用研究

以敏感品系小菜蛾为试验靶标,测定了杰效利、丝润、好湿、SPARTAN、KINETIC等5种不同有机硅助剂对锐劲特的室内毒力和增效作用。结果表明,添加有机硅助剂均有明显增效作用,但5种有机硅助剂的增效作用相互之间没有差异,其增效系数在130.22~143.67之间,其中,杰效利的增效系数最高,为143.67。对锐劲特增效大小的有机硅品种依次是杰效利〉SPARTAN〉KINETIC〉丝润〉好湿。     

3种助剂对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用

以甜菜夜蛾、棉铃虫、小菜蛾为供试昆虫,采用浸渍法测定了氮酮、柴油和有机硅表面活性剂杰效利对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用。在一定范围内随着氮酮的比例加大增效作用也在不断增强,高效氯氰菊酯与氮酮的比例为4：1、2：1、和1：1时,对甜菜夜蛾的共毒系数分别为155．07、225．42和258．56;柴油随着添加量的加大也表现增效作用增强的趋势,当高效氯氰菊酯：柴油为1：2时,对甜菜夜蛾的共毒系数最大,达到361．57;杰效利8000倍液和16000倍液对高效氯氰菊酯也表现出明显的增效作用,并且8000倍液的增效效果好于16000倍液。杰效利与氮酮或柴油组合后,能进一步提高对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用。     

新型有机硅助剂对梨、大樱桃、桃和葡萄果实的安全性评价

评价了杰效利、喜施和丝润3种新型有机硅助剂对不同果树品种果实安全性的影响.试验结果表明:3种新型助剂对黄金梨、新高梨、中华寿桃、蛇龙珠葡萄果实未出现药害现象,但对大樱桃红灯品种果实产生药害,药害程度随用量的提高而增加,其中喜施的药害程度最重.大樱桃红灯品种果实药害特征为粉红色或红色晕圈.     

药液在烟草叶片上湿润展布的特性研究

为明确喷洒药液在烟草叶片上的湿润展布特性,揭示一些农药药液不能很好在烟草叶片上湿润展布的原因, 分别测定了烟草叶片的临界表面张力和烟草上常用农药喷雾药液的表面张力,并测定了倍创、杰效利两种表面活 性剂的临界胶束浓度.结果表明,烟草叶片的临界表面张力为29.46mN/m,倍创和杰效利的临界胶束浓度分布为 0.61g/L和0.25g/L.大多数药剂推荐浓度药液的表面张力大于烟草的临界表面张力,这是大多数药剂不能很好 在烟草叶片表面润湿展布的原因所在.提出通过在药液中加入倍创和杰效利等表面活性剂来降低烟草药液的表面 张力,表面活性剂在药液中的浓度应稍大于其临界胶束浓度.     

麦田禾本科杂草除草剂应用有机硅助剂试验

通过麦田除草剂应用有机硅助剂试验，研究其对除草剂的增效及节水功效。结果表明：冬季防除硬草，6．9％骠马水乳剂每667m^2降低30ml（即每使用60ml），加用杰效利、丝润、力透有机硅助剂5ml，对硬草防效能达到6．9％骠马水乳剂每667m^290ml防效，有明显的增效作用；同时加用有机硅助剂后，降低用水量并不影响防效，可达到节水省工的效果。     

柴油和杰效利与高效氯氰菊酯混用对三种害虫的毒力及表皮的影响

以甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)]、棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)]、小菜蛾[Plutella xy-lostella (L.)]为供试虫源,在室内用浸渍法测定了柴油及杰效利与高效氯氰菊酯的联合作用。结果表明:柴油与高效氯氰菊酯按2∶1混用,对3种昆虫的增效倍数都大于1.4;用杰效利8 000倍液稀释高效氯氰菊酯,对3种昆虫的增效倍数都大于1.3,均表现出明显的增效作用。扫描电镜发现柴油使棉铃虫表皮的护蜡层消失,对蜡质层也有一定的破坏作用。通过表面张力测定发现杰效利大大降低药液表面张力,近距摄影发现杰效利8 000倍液能瞬间润湿棉铃虫幼虫的体壁而与之充分接触,并扩大了接触的面积。柴油和杰效利与高效氯氰菊酯混用,能进一步提高对棉铃虫的毒力,增效倍数为2.08。     

3种新型助剂与30％多菌灵·戊唑醇悬浮肃混用对苹果枝干轮纹病的防效评价

本文通过田间试验，确定了30％多菌灵·戊唑醇SC与施伴、百渗及百湿露3种新型助剂混用后对苹果枝干轮纹病的田间防治效果。结果表明30％多菌灵·戊唑醇SC 800倍与施伴1500倍、百渗3000倍、百湿露3000倍混用防效分别为78．23％、88．71％、71．77％。不添加助剂的处理30％多菌灵·戊唑醇SC 800倍的防效仅为63．71％。     

新型生物助剂活性物质筛选及对除草剂的增效作用

分析不同酸根、助剂、糖类和微生物代谢产物对氟磺胺草醚的增效作用,明确几种酸根离子、助剂、糖类和微生物代谢产物对25%氟磺胺草醚水剂300 g a.i./hm2具有增效作用,其中硫酸根、碳酸根、有机硅表面活性剂、壳聚糖、生物多糖、青霉发酵液对25%氟磺胺草醚水剂300 g a.i./hm2增效作用最明显,通过混用筛选出增效作用最佳的硫酸根、有机硅、生物多糖和青霉发酵液复配形成新型生物助剂3号。采用室内植物生物测定、田间试验和仪器分析的方法系统探讨了新型生物助剂3号对除草剂的增效机制。     

不同剂型苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯及其原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性评价

为评价不同剂型农药对水生生物的毒性影响,采用半静态试验法,测定了不同剂型苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯及其原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性效应。结果表明,95%苯醚甲环唑原药、3%苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂、400 g·L-1苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂和60%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂对斑马鱼96 h的LC50值与95%置信限(括号内)分别为1.05(0.93~1.13)、1.34(1.26~1.39)、1.44(1.37~1.52)、2.72(2.68~2.76)a.i.mg·L-1;93%嘧菌酯原药、10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂、25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂和50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼96 h的LC50值与95%置信限(括号内)分别为0.67(0.64~0.72)、0.88(0.85~0.92)、1.03(0.98~1.07)、1.60(1.10~1.81)a.i.mg·L-1。依据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,不同剂型苯醚甲环唑及原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性级别均为中毒;25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂和50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性级别为中毒;93%嘧菌酯原药和10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性级别为高毒。上述结果表明,不同剂型苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯及其原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性存在差异,毒性从高到低依次为:原药、悬浮种衣剂、悬浮剂、水分散粒剂。     

后稷教稼园规划设计

以杨凌示范区“教稼园”主题性公园规划为例,探讨了按照“人地共生”模式、遵循乡土化、人性化、景观化与高效化理念为出发点的景观规划理论与方法。     

葡萄离体培养及快速繁殖

取“无核白鸡心”“美人指”“甬优一号”等3个葡萄品种0．5cm长的单芽嫩茎作为外植体，接种于不同配方的培养基上。结果表明“无核白鸡心”“美人指”接种于GS分别附加6－BA1．0mg.L^-1和2．0mg.L^-1的培养基，“甬优一号”接种MS附加6－BA1．0mg.L^-1培养基诱导芽，芽的诱导率分别达100％，100％和86％。当芽伸长至1．0－1．5cm时，3个品种种均转接于MS‘附加IAA0．05mg.L^-1，6－BA1．0mg.L^-1和GA32．0mg.L^-1的分化培养基，芽的分化最佳，分化率达80％－865，增殖4．2倍左右，苗生长健壮。将“无核白鸡心”转入1／2MS附加IBA1．0mg.L^-1，“美人指”“甬优一号”转入1／2MS附加IBA2．0mg.L^-1的培养基，生根率达84％－96％，平均根数在5－7之间，根生长良好，表6参10     

庆大霉素废水对斑马鱼的急性毒性效应

[目的]探讨庆大霉素废水对斑马鱼的急性毒性效应。[方法]采用静水式直接接触致毒法,研究庆大霉素废水对斑马鱼的急性毒性效应。根据斑马鱼在各时间段的死亡率求出半致死浓度(LC_(50)),根据LC_(50)判断庆大霉素废水的毒性等级。[结果]预试验结果表明,斑马鱼暴露于庆大霉素体积百分比为30%的废水中24 h 100%死亡(24 h LC100)和体积百分比为10%的废水96 h零死亡(96 h LC_0)。急性毒性试验结果表明,在(22±1)℃下,庆大霉素废水4、8、12、24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别为23.975%、21.210%、19.050%、18.395%、16.779%、16.779%、16.779%。庆大霉素废水不同时段的LC_(50)为10%~50%,Tua值为2~10,毒性等级为中等毒性。[结论]研究结果可以为庆大霉素废水对水生生物的亚急性毒性研究提供相关数据。     

3种三唑类杀菌剂对斑马鱼的毒性研究

探究戊唑醇、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑3种三唑类杀菌剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性、两两等毒性和等浓度配比时对斑马鱼的联合毒性。同时,通过6 d胚胎发育试验,研究3种三唑类杀菌剂对斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性。研究显示,戊唑醇、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑3种三唑类杀菌剂对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼的急性毒性为中毒,苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑在等毒性和等浓度配比下对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼阶段为协同作用,其余组合对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼阶段为拮抗作用。发育毒性试验结果表示,3种三唑类杀菌剂对早期生命阶段毒性更强,可诱导斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼出现一系列不良症状,包括孵化率下降、心率异常、生长抑制等。     

The labor of terroir and the terroir of labor: Geographical Indication and Darjeeling tea plantations

In 1999, Darjeeling tea became India’s first Geographical Indication (GI). GI has proliferated worldwide as a legal protection for foods with terroir, or “taste of place,” a concept most often associated with artisan foods produced by small farmers in specific regions of the Global North. GI gives market protection to terroir in an increasingly homogenous food system. This article asks how Darjeeling tea, grown in an industrial plantation system rooted in British colonialism, has become convincingly associated with artisan GIs such as Champagne, Cognac, and Roquefort. The answer lies in a conceptual dyad that frames how British colonial officials, the Indian state, and international consumers have understood Darjeeling and its signature commodity. Since the colonial era, these actors have conceived Darjeeling as both an idyllic “garden” space and an industrial “plantation” space. As I show through an analysis of GI marketing materials and interviews with planters, pluckers, and consumers, this dyad maps in surprising ways onto labor relations. While planters’ and marketers’ discourses tend to emphasize the “garden,” laborers’ investment in GI lies primarily in an active—if also ambivalent—embrace of the plantation, encapsulated in the Nepali word “kamān.”     

Get real: an analysis of student preference for real food

The Real Food Challenge is a national student movement in the United States (U.S.) that aims to shift $1 billion—roughly 20%—of college and university food budgets across the country towards local, ecologically sound, fair, and humane food sources—what they call “real” food—by 2020. The University of Vermont (UVM) was the fifth university in the U.S. to sign the Real Food Campus Commitment, pledging to shift at least 20% of its own food budget towards “real” food by 2020. In order to examine student preference for “real” food on the UVM campus, we analyzed a survey of 904 undergraduate students that used contingent valuation to evaluate students’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the “real” attribute. We found that a majority of students are willing to pay a positive premium for “real” food. Furthermore, we found that student characteristics and attitudes significantly influence WTP. Specifically, gender, residency, college, and attitudes about price and origin of food are significant predictors of WTP.     

山西农民增收影响因素的实证分析

农民问题是“三农”问题的核心,促进农民增收又是解决农民问题的关键。本文选取影 响山西农民收入的9 项指标,运用主成分回归分析法进行了实证分析。研究表明,农用化肥折纯 量、地区生产总值、城镇化率、农民受教育时间对山西农民收入增长的贡献较大。基于此,提出 了促进山西农民增收的建议。     

Effects of Boscalid on the Antioxidant Enzyme System of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the ecotoxicity of boscalid to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).[Method] The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),peroxidase (POD),glutathione peroxidase (GPx),as well as a non-enzymatic antioxidant malondialdehyde (MDA),in the liver were measured 3,7,14 and 21 d post exposure (dpe) to 0.02 (1/100 of acute toxicity),0.036 (monitored concentration),0.08 (1/20 of acute toxicity),0.16 (1/10 of acute toxicity) and 0.32 mg/L (1/5 of acute toxicity) boscalid using a semi-static method.[Result] SOD,CAT,POD,GPx and MDA activity in the liver of zebrafish varied with boscalid concentration and exposure time.Boscalid significantly enhanced MDA content at 21 dpe.A significant upregulation of the activity of SOD,CAT,POD and GPx at 7 dpe was observed,suggesting that boscalid resulted in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.[Conclusion] These results show that these biomarkers are all appropriate for monitoring oxidative stress and the lipid peroxidation status of fish after exposure to boscalid.     

亚洲玉米螟颗粒体病毒利用研究

从亚洲玉米螟幼虫体内分离出一株“OFGV—01”病毒,该病毒颗粒体卵圆形,大小为295～356nm×250～305nm,平均为325.5nm×277.5nm。病毒粒子杆状,两端钝不弯曲或稍弯曲,大小为200～256nm×185～196nm,平均为228nm×190.5nm。该病毒对亚洲玉米螟幼虫致病力较强,在温度24～26℃,相对湿度73%～78%条件下,对3日龄、6日龄幼虫感病4～6天死亡率分别达100%和98.3%,9日龄、10日龄幼虫第8～9天死亡率分别为85.5%和83.5%。利用该病毒于山西省太谷县、祁县、榆次市田间防治亚洲玉米螟幼虫,防治效果一般为80%～85%.高的可达90%。该病毒对天敌无杀伤作用,对小白鼠(昆明种)、大白鼠(Wismr 种)、家免和豚鼠无致病性。     

Effects of Boscalid on the Antioxidant Enzyme System of Adult Zebrafish(Danio rerio)

[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the ecotoxicity of boscalid to adult zebrafish(Danio rerio). [Method]The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), peroxidase(POD), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), as well as a non-enzymatic antioxidant malondialdehyde(MDA), in the liver were measured 3, 7, 14 and 21 d post exposure(dpe) to 0.02(1/100 of acute toxicity), 0.036(monitored concentration), 0.08(1/20 of acute toxicity), 0.16(1/10 of acute toxicity) and 0.32 mg/L(1/5 of acute toxicity) boscalid using a semi-static method. [Result] SOD, CAT, POD, GPx and MDA activity in the liver of zebrafish varied with boscalid concentration and exposure time. Boscalid significantly enhanced MDA content at 21 dpe. A significant upregulation of the activity of SOD, CAT, POD and GPx at 7 dpe was observed, suggesting that boscalid resulted in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. [Conclusion] These results show that these biomarkers are all appropriate for monitoring oxidative stress and the lipid peroxidation status of fish after exposure to boscalid.