利用栽培稻基因组DNA对非洲野生稻进行染色体荧光原位杂交分析

以地高辛标记的栽培稻基因组(基因组为AA)DNA为探针,对非洲野生稻(基因组为BBCC)的体细胞染色体进行荧光原位杂交分析,研究AA染色体组和BBCC染色体组之间的关系,同时对杂交后的染色体进行同源染色体配对。结果表明:栽培稻A基因组和非洲野生稻基因组有较高的同源性,其中高度重复DNA序列在栽培稻和非洲野生稻间具有保守性。     

利用C基因组DNA和C0t-1 DNA对药用野生稻、大颖野生稻基因组的比较分析

采用药用野生稻C基因组DNA及C0t-1 DNA为探针,分别对药用野生稻(CC)自身和大颖野生稻(CCDD)体细胞染色体进行了基因组原位杂交(GISH)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析。利用C基因组DNA探针进行分析显示,药用野生稻24条染色体都被杂交信号覆盖;而在大颖野生稻中可区分为24条CC型染色体(杂交信号较强)和24条DD型染色体(杂交信号较弱)。以C基因组C0t-1 DNA探针进行分析显示,在药用野生稻染色体的端粒、着丝粒、近着丝粒区域有很强的杂交信号,而大颖野生稻中也有24条染色体在这些区域红色杂交信号较强,另24条染色体的杂交信号很弱。表明利用C基因组DNA和C0t-1 DNA为探针的GISH和FISH技术,都能很好地将大颖野生稻C、D染色体组区分开,C和D基因组亲缘关系较远,二者具有不同起源。与药用野生稻C基因组相比,大颖野生稻C基因组出现了一些分化。这些都为研究大颖野生稻C和D染色体组起源,探讨异源四倍体进化机制奠定了基础。     

利用C基因组对高杆野生稻和宽叶野生稻基因组的比较分析

[目的]采用基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术研究稻属2种CCDD基因组型的野生稻宽叶野生稻和高杆野生稻基因组之间的关系。[方法]利用药用野生稻C基因组总DNA为探针,分别对高杆野生稻和宽叶野生稻中期染色体进行基因组原住杂交。[结果]杂交结果显示,在一定的洗脱严谨度下,可以把CCDD染色体组中的C、D基因组染色体分开,并且发现高杆野生稻的CCDD基因组中的某些属于CC基因组的染色体与宽叶野生稻和药用野生稻中的CC基因组染色体存在较大差异,宽叶野生稻的基因组更加原始。[结论]对稻属中有相同基因组型的种进行比较分析,将有助于深入阐明植物基因组进化和物种进化及可能的途径。     

栽培稻、斑点野生稻、药用野生稻基因组比较分析

以栽培稻总DNA为探针,对栽培稻(AA)自身、斑点野生稻(BB)以及药用野生稻(CC)体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH),并以斑点野生稻总DNA为探针,对自身和药用野生稻体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交,以此研究A、B、C 3个基因组型之间的关系.结果显示,A、B、C基因组之间都存在较高的同源性,其中AA与CC之间的信号最强,BB基因组与AA基因组次之,BB基因组与CC基因组的信号最弱.说明A、B、C 3个基因组之间的亲缘关系,A与C最近,B与C最远.     

野生稻DNA片段存在于高世代水稻变异系进一步的分子验证

【目的】小粒野生稻(O. minuta) DNA导入水稻保持系V20B，第1代（D1）获得变异株,经过连续16代繁育，选出了完全稳定遗传的新不育系及其保持系“野威A”/“野威B”。本试验旨在从分子水平上证明野生稻DNA转移整合进栽培稻“野威B”基因组中，并能稳定遗传。【方法】通过RAPD分析、RAPD扩增特异条带测序分析及AFLP分析等方法揭示了远缘资源基因组DNA导入栽培稻的高世代变异系的基因组整合了远缘基因组片段。【结果】对供体（小粒野生稻）、变异系（野威B）和受体（V20B）进行RAPD分析发现，变异系含有供体存在而受体不存在的“特异带”，在此基础上，对“特异带”，DNA片段进行了核苷酸序列分析, 发现RAPD引物OPG-11在变异系与供体中扩增出的1对“特异带”DNA片段的长度均为975 bp, 二者间存在97%的同源性，有29个碱基的差异，碱基突变包括转换、颠换、插入及缺失4种类型；同时，AFLP分析表明：高世代（第16代）变异系“野威B”与受体（V20B）存在大量遗传多态性，并含有供体特异AFLP标记。【结论】证明了野生稻DNA向栽培稻的转移整合。     

野生稻细胞核DNA提取的研究

药用野生稻是中国最具利用价值的野生稻资源之一,具有许多优良的性状和有利基因,是改良栽培稻培育新品种的宝贵基因库,而其CC基因组的优良基因有望以大片段形式通过BIBAC等载体转化到栽培稻中.BIBAC文库不仅能作为大片段基因组文库的载体,而且能通过根癌农杆菌介导将克隆片段导入植物基因组直接进行转化,可用于筛选分离基因等研究.如何获得基因组DNA大片段非常关键,本研究采取 琼脂糖包埋基因组的方法获得大片段DNA,并对其中的一些步骤进行了优化,为构建药用野生稻BIBAC文库打下了很好的基础,值得在其它植物类似研究中参考.     

基于水稻线粒体atp6基因的稻属CMS基因起源及DNA条形码的研究

【目的】探讨亚洲栽培稻CMS基因起源及水稻线粒体atp6特异性引物作为稻属DNA条形码标记的应用。【方法】用水稻atp6特异性引物通过PCR检测产于中国的4种水稻,共720个个体,并对111个个体测序。【结果】普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻中均检测到atp6保守序列。药用野生稻中没检测到扩增产物。疣粒野生稻中检测到的5个单倍型间共计17个变异位点。澜沧、普洱、勐海居群共同拥有H1,单倍型H2、H3、H4和H5分别为新平、墨江、保亭和崖城居群特有。云南组和海南组,组内平均遗传距离为0,组间为0.02;组间遗传分化系数Fst为92.08%;变异位点数(S)、单倍型数(h)、核苷酸多样性(Pi)均显示:云南组(4、3、0.002 01)遗传多样性大于海南组(1、2、0.001 31);云南组单倍型多样性Hd为0.6,海南组为1。5个单倍型与水稻atp6保守序列的相似度最高为45.19%。最大似然法ML进化树显示:澜沧、普洱及勐海一带可能是疣粒野生稻的起源地,海南疣粒野生稻可能源自大陆。【结论】水稻atp6特异性引物可作为疣粒野生稻种内条形码标记,该标记也可区分普通野生稻、药用野生稻和疣粒野生稻。从线粒体DNA角度证实亚洲栽培稻CMS基因源自普通野生稻。     

利用水稻BAC克隆对Gm-2和Gm-6在药用野生稻中的FISH定位

 采用栽培稻遗传图第 4连锁群中与抗稻瘿蚊基因 ,Gm- 6和 Gm- 2等位的 RFL P标记 RG2 14和 RZ5 6 9筛选出来的两个 BAC克隆为探针 ,对药用野生稻进行了荧光原位杂交物理定位。两个 BAC克隆的大小分别为 5 0 kb和86 kb,在 Cot- 1DNA封阻的情况下它们均被定位于药用野生稻第 4染色体长臂 ,与着丝粒百分距为 72 .33± 4.40、77.10± 2 .40 ,信号检出率分别为 6 1.2 %和 5 9.5 %。与此同时 ,用 RG2 14和 RZ5 6 9对药用野生稻进行了杂交 ,它们也被定位于药用野生稻第 4染色体长臂 ,与着丝粒百分距分别为 74.18± 2 .6 2和 78.2 3± 2 .31,信号检出率分别为 8.3%和 9.4%。 BAC克隆的 RFL P标记探针杂交位置几乎一致 ,这表明在栽培稻和野生稻中 RFL P标记 RG2 14和RZ5 6 9都在同一 BAC克隆的大插入片段中 ,药用野生稻与抗性基因 Gm- 6和 Gm- 2同源顺序就在第 4染色体信号出现的相应位置。药用野生稻第 4染色体的确定是根据 Jena等 (1994)和本研究的 RFL P的杂交结果进行的。文中讨论了利用栽培稻 BAC克隆对药用野生稻进行原位杂交物理作图的可行性等问题。     

云南3种野生稻中抗病基因同源序列的克隆及序列分析

 根据已报道的NBS LRR类和STK类抗病基因结构中的氨基酸保守区域 ,设计简并引物 ,通过PCR扩增及克隆 ,从普通野生稻 (OryzarufipogonGriff.)、药用野生稻 (OryzaofficinalisWall.)、疣粒野生稻 (Oryzameye rianaBaill.)中共获得 14类NBS LRR类抗病基因同源序列 ,其中普通野生稻中的有 7类 ,药用野生稻中的有 2类 ,疣粒野生稻中的有 6类。药用野生稻中TO12代表序列与普通野生稻中TR19代表序列 ,同属一类 ,且具有 10 0 %的同源性 ,说明不同种野生稻中的同一类 (聚类 )抗病基因同源序列是完全一致的。同时 ,还获得 5类STK类抗病基因同源序列 ,其中普通野生稻中的有 4类 ;药用野生稻中的有 1类。通过氨基酸同源性比较分析 ,发现笔者克隆到的抗病基因同源序列与已克隆的抗病基因L6、N、Bs2、Prf、Pto、Lr10和Xa2 1等的氨基酸同源性都相当低 (均低于 2 5 % ) ,暗示了这些抗病基因同源序列可能是目前尚未报道的抗病基因的同源序列。     

疣粒野生稻保护、遗传特性及利用研究进展

疣粒野生稻(Oryza meyeriana Baill.)是稻属中保存较多原始性状特征的种类,对病害、虫害及非生物胁迫的抗性良好,尤其是高抗白叶枯病,蕴含大量优良基因,既可作为抗病、抗虫、耐旱和耐盐碱基因发掘及水稻育种的优良抗源材料,也可作为稻作高蛋白、高赖氨酸等改良稻米品质育种的优异种质资源;但疣粒野生稻(GG基因组)与栽培稻(AA基因组)亲缘关系较远,其遗传特性研究和发掘利用远落后于普通野生稻等其他野生稻.文章通过综述疣粒野生稻分类和命名、优异性状、遗传特性及其在水稻种质资源创新与利用等方面的研究进展,并探讨疣粒野生稻研究和利用过程中存在的困难,指出当前疣粒野生稻赖以生存的原生境不断遭到破坏,其生存形势已十分严峻,若现存的居群得不到有效保护,将会造成更多的资源流失;此外,疣粒野生稻基因组的复杂程度限制了其功能基因及基因家族的研究,同时增加了同源基因克隆的难度和准确度,致使疣粒野生稻有利基因的发掘和利用进程缓慢,以疣粒野生稻为亲本的育种研究非常有限.因此,今后要从以下3个方面加强疣粒野生稻研究:(1)重视疣粒野生稻的保护,加强保存、保护措施研究;(2)借助现代生物技术,包括第三代高通量测序技术、蛋白组学分析和代谢组学技术等开展疣粒野生稻优异性状调控机理研究,加强抗病、抗虫、耐旱及耐阴等功能基因的发掘.(3)加强疣粒野生稻杂交障碍和杂交后代不育研究,寻求克服杂交障碍及挽救杂交后代的方法,促进疣粒野生稻在水稻育种中的应用.     

Comparative Analysis of Genomes in Oryza sativa, O.officinalis, and O. meyeriana with C0t-1 DNA and Genomic DNA of Cultivated Rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C0t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from the cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ±0.16, 38.61 ±0.13, 44.38±0.13, and 212.33± 1.21,269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56± 1.68 Mb, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0, 93.6% and 634, 1 123 Mb, respectively, in which 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were from O. sativa genomic DNA, but not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncoverage genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during evolution. The repetitive sequences reduplication may be one of the important causes of the genome enlargement of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana, and O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly when compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were formed by reduplication, rearrangement, and gene selective loss during the evolution process.     

Comparative analysis of genomes in Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana with C 0 t-1 DNA and genomic DNA of cultivated rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosome preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C ₀ t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C ₀ t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ± 0.16, 38.61 ± 0.13, 44.38 ± 0.13 and 212.33 ± 1.21, 269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56 ± 1.68, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of probe signals with genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0%, 93.6% and 634 Mb, 1 123 Mb respectively, in which there were 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana which came from O. sativa genomic DNA not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncovered genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana was 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C ₀ t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during the evolution process. The repetitive sequence reduplication might be one of the important causes of genome enlargement in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana; the O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana formed by reduplication, rearrangement and gene selective loss during the evolution process. Translated from Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(6): 1083–1090 [译自: 中国农业科学]     

Comparative karyotypic analysis of A and C genomes in the genus Oryza with C 0 t-1 DNA and RFLP

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa L. (AA), O. glaberrima (AA), and O. officinalis Wall. (CC) with a labeled probe of C ₀ t-1 DNA. Genomic in situ hybridization to its own chromosomes (self-GISH) was conducted in a control experiment. The homologous chromosomes showed similar signal bands probed by C ₀ t-1 DNA, while karyotypic analysis of chromosomes between A genome in the two cultivated species and C genome in O. officinalis were conducted based on the band patterns. The ideograms with C ₀ t-1 DNA signal bands were also built. The nonuniform distribution of hybridization signals of C ₀ t-1 DNA from O. sativa and that on its own chromosome of O. officinalis were observed. However, the similarity and correspondence between C ₀ t-1 DNA signal patterns and genomic DNA signal patterns indicated that the self-GISH signals actually resulted from the hybridization of genomic repetitive sequences to the chromosomes. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker, R2676, from the chromosome 8 of O. sativa and O. officinalis, was used as a probe to somatic hybrid on chromosomes for comparative karyotypic analysis between O. glaberrima and O. officinalis. The results showed that R2676 was located on the short arm of chromosome 7 in O. officinalis and chromosome 4 in O. glaberrima. The percentage distances from the centromere to hybridization sites were 91.56±5.62 and 86.20±3.17. Our results revealed that the relative length of O. officinalis chromosome 8 does not follow conventional chromosome length in descending order of number. C ₀ t-1 DNA of A genome signals were detected in the end of the short arm of O. officinalis chromosome 8, indicating that the highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences in this region were considerably similar between C and A genomes. However, the fluorescence intensity on the chromosomes of C ₀ t-1 DNA of A genome was less than that of its own C genome from O. officinalis, which would be one of the causes for the fact that highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences were amplified in O. officinalis. No homology signal of C ₀ t-1 DNA from O. sativa was detected in the end of the long arm of O. glaberrima, indicating that repetitive DNA sequences of A genome in two cultivated rice were lost in the evolutional history. In this paper, using comparative karyotypic analysis of RFLP combined C ₀ t-1 DNA signal bands, the evolutionary mechanism of genome in genus Oryza was also discussed.     

金花菜与苜蓿属主要物种基因组SSR分布特征的比较分析

【目的】 分析金花菜基因组SSR序列的分布特征,并与苜蓿属主要物种进行比较,为金花菜SSR分子标记的开发提供理论依据。【方法】 利用MISA软件对金花菜、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿的高质量基因组进行搜索,比较分析搜索到的SSR序列分布特征。【结果】 在金花菜、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿的基因组中,分别筛选到195 753个,242 434个和390 496个完整的SSR序列,相对密度分别为428、564和478个/Mb,SSR序列的总长度分别为3 611 698、3 657 503和6 307 211 bp,占各自基因组序列总长度的0.79%、0.85%和0.77%。在1~6个不同核苷酸重复单元中,金花菜和蒺藜苜蓿的SSR序列均是单核苷酸重复单元最多,依次是二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸,而紫花苜蓿的六核苷酸重复单元多于五核苷酸重复单元。A、T、AT、TA、AG和TC是3种苜蓿共有的常见重复单元类型,金花菜基因组低片段长度的SSR比例高于蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿。【结论】 金花菜基因组SSR的分布密度低于蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿,重复单元类型较丰富,具有较大的多态性标记开发潜力。     

利用C基因组对高杆野生稻和宽叶野生稻基因组的比较分析

1材料与方法1．1植物材料和染色体制片药用野生稻稻株1589由广东省国家野生稻圃提供,宽叶野生稻IRW6和高杆野生稻IRW41由华南农业大学卢永根院士提供,试验材料情况见表1。染色体制片分别参照Yan等和Ren等的方法。     

偃麦草基因组特异重复序列的分离与应用

【目的】偃麦草(Thinopyrum)是小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)的多年生野生近缘植物,具有许多可用于小麦品种改良的优异基因。利用基因组特异重复序列可以研究物种的进化关系、绘制染色体指纹图谱及检测外源染色质。克隆十倍体长穗偃麦草(Th.ponticum(Host)Liu and Wang)基因组特异重复序列,可用于鉴定和追踪导入到小麦背景中的偃麦草遗传物质。【方法】通过构建十倍体长穗偃麦草小片段质粒文库,并对文库进行高密度点杂交(Dot-blot hybridization)筛选,结合荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,获得偃麦草基因组特异的重复序列,分析其在不同基因组及染色体上的分布特点。利用Repeat Masker在小麦族重复序列数据库(Triticeae repeat sequence database,TREP)及NCBI Gen Bank对特异重复序列进行比对分析,并设计偃麦草基因组特异重复序列的PCR引物。通过FISH分析和特异PCR引物扩增,对小麦-偃麦草衍生后代进行鉴定和选择。【结果】获得7条偃麦草基因组特异的重复序列。FISH分析表明,其在十倍体长穗偃麦草和六倍体中间偃麦草所有染色体两臂上均呈弥散型分布,且在不加小麦封阻DNA的情况下,能明确区分八倍体小偃麦中的偃麦草和小麦染色体。将其应用到小麦-偃麦草代换系和易位系的分子细胞学检测中,特异重复序列同样可以在不加封阻的情况下分辨出偃麦草染色体及染色体片段,而且信号相比基因组原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)更加特异和清晰。基于偃麦草基因组特异重复序列开发了90对引物,通过在中国春、十倍体长穗偃麦草和八倍体小偃麦中的扩增产物比较分析,筛选出36对(40%)偃麦草基因组特异PCR标记;利用这些特异引物对109份小麦-偃麦草衍生材料进行扫描,发现10对扩增效果较好的特异引物,其检测效率为73.3%—95%。【结论】获得偃麦草基因组特异的重复序列,开发了特异PCR扩增引物,可应用于小麦背景下偃麦草遗传物质的高效检测和跟踪。