小麦叶枯病病原菌的形态学与多基因系统学鉴定

为明确造成新疆塔城小麦主产区小麦叶枯、斑点现象的原因，确定致病菌，从塔城地区额敏县多地随机采集干枯叶片或带有不规则病斑的感病植株，通过常规组织分离法对病叶进行病原菌分离、纯化；通过针刺接种法进行致病性测定；结合形态学观察与多基因序列分析的方法鉴定病原菌种类。结果表明，经分离纯化得到76个链格孢属（Alternaria）菌株，经致病性测定均为致病菌株。通过形态学鉴定，76个菌株分别属于交链链格孢（A. alternata）、玫瑰链格孢（A. rosae）和侵染链格孢（A. infectoria），其中，交链链格孢为主要致病菌，分离频率为50%。基于EF-1和Alt基因及ITS构建的系统进化树显示，选取的代表菌株YC3、LK19和LK3分别与交链链格孢、玫瑰链格孢、侵染链格孢菌聚为一支，同源性分别为100%、100%和99%，多基因鉴定结果与形态鉴定结果一致。由此表明，新疆塔城地区冬小麦田间出现的小麦叶枯现象为链格孢侵染发生，其病原菌为交链链格孢、玫瑰链格孢、侵染链格孢，以交链链格孢为主。     

商丘地区番茄枯萎病病原菌分离与鉴定

本试验以河南省商丘地区患枯萎病番茄植株为试材，采用组织分离、形态观察及ITS序列分析，对引起番茄枯萎病的病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明，病原菌菌落呈圆形、白色，中心呈淡紫色，分生孢子镰刀状或椭圆状。经PCR扩增番茄病原菌ITS序列后得到长度为582 bp的片段，对该序列在NCBI中进行比对，显示与尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)同源性达99%以上。综合形态特征和序列比对结果，确定该病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌。将该病原菌回接到健康番茄植株上，引起番茄枯萎症状与田间一致。     

墨兰和蝴蝶兰镰刀菌病害的鉴定

对广东栽培墨兰(Cymbidium sinense (Andr.) Willd.)和蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume)的镰刀菌病害进行了鉴定.经症状观察、病原菌分离培养与回接、病原菌形态观察和内部转录间隔区(Internal transcribed space,ITS)、延伸因子-1α(Elongation factor-1α,EF-1α)序列分析,鉴定出墨兰茎腐病、蝴蝶兰茎基腐病和蝴蝶兰花梗腐烂病等3种镰刀菌病害,其病原菌分别为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄镰刀菌(F.solani)和藤仓镰刀菌(F.Fujikuroi).其中,蝴蝶兰花梗腐烂病(F.fujikuroi)为兰花上首次报道.     

野生柑橘炭疽病鉴定

本研究对华中农业大学野生柑橘上的病害进行鉴定。运用形态学及ITS序列分析方法对病样进行系统鉴定。结果表明,从发病的野生柑橘枝稍病样上共分离到24个单孢菌株,这些菌株根据形态学及ITS序列分析方法分为3种真菌:(1)菌落粉红色,长势非常缓慢,孢子镰刀形,ITS序列分析鉴定为砖红镰孢菌Fusarium lateritium;(2)菌落灰黑色,气生菌丝多,孢子砖格状,ITS序列分析为链格孢菌Alternaria alternata;(3)菌落灰白色,气生菌丝较少,常产生橙色胶滴和黑色小粒点,分子孢子短杆状,ITS序列分析为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。利用健康柑橘枝条对此3种真菌进行回接实验时,接种胶孢炭疽菌的枝条出现了跟采样枝条相同的症状,而且从发病的枝条上又分离到同样的炭疽菌;而接种链格孢及砖红镰孢的枝条不发病。该病害鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌C.gloeosporioides感染引起的炭疽病。     

广东西番莲茎基腐病病原的分离及鉴定

【目的】明确引起广东西番莲茎基腐病的病原菌,为有效防治该病害提供理论依据。【方法】采用组织分离法对广东番莲茎基腐病的病原进行分离,利用柯赫氏法则测定病原菌的致病性,光学显微镜观察病原菌分生孢子的形态学特征,测序分析病原菌的rDNA ITS序列。【结果】基于柯赫氏法则的致病性测定,证实从发病西番莲茎基部主干分离获得的病原菌对西番莲具有致病性。BLAST在线比对分析结果显示,病原菌r DNA ITS序列与多个腐皮镰孢菌菌株的相似性在99%以上。结合病原菌形态学特征、致病性测定及rDNA ITS序列分析结果,可确定引起广东西番莲茎基腐病的病原菌为腐皮镰孢菌[Fusarium solani(Mart)Sacc)]。【结论】近年来引起广东西番莲茎基腐病的病原菌为腐皮镰孢菌。防治西番莲茎基腐病需注重早期预防,提早防治;合理规划种植,加强栽培;做好冬季清园,合理疏剪。     

冷藏期内红阳猕猴桃软腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为明确导致贮藏期红阳猕猴桃果实软腐的病原菌种类，本研究以冷藏期红阳猕猴桃病果为试材，采用组织块分离法分离软腐病病原菌，按照科赫法则确定分离病株的致病性，同时采用形态学结合分子鉴定技术对病原菌种类进行鉴定。结果表明，共有4种软腐病病原菌被鉴定，分别是拟茎点霉菌（Phomopsis sp.）、间座壳菌（Diaporthe sp.）、互隔链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）和细极链格孢菌（A. tenuissima）。上述4种病原菌是新鉴定的冷藏期红阳猕猴桃果实软腐病的病原菌，其中细极链格孢菌作为猕猴桃果实软腐病病原菌被首次报道。     

墨兰和蝴蝶兰镰刀菌病害的鉴定

对广东栽培墨兰（Cymbidium sinense （Andr.） Willd.）和蝴蝶兰（Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume）的镰刀菌病害进行了鉴定.经症状观察、病原菌分离培养与回接、病原菌形态观察和内部转录间隔区（Internal transcribed space,ITS）、延伸因子-1α（Elongation factor-1α,EF-1α）序列分析,鉴定出墨兰茎腐病、蝴蝶兰茎基腐病和蝴蝶兰花梗腐烂病等3种镰刀菌病害,其病原菌分别为尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）、茄镰刀菌（F.solani）和藤仓镰刀菌（F.Fujikuroi）.其中,蝴蝶兰花梗腐烂病（F.fujikuroi）为兰花上首次报道.     

豫南茶树叶部真菌病害及病原鉴定

对豫南茶园茶树叶部主要真菌病害进行了调查,对病原菌进行了初步鉴定。研究表明,豫南茶树常见叶部真菌病害有8种。其中,茶云纹叶枯病、茶芽枯病、茶树轮斑病、茶炭疽病等病害发生普遍,对茶树危害较重,是当地茶树叶部主要病害。茶赤叶斑病、茶双毛壳孢叶斑病、茶链格孢叶斑病为河南省茶园新发现病害。对病原菌进行鉴定,结果表明,刺盘孢菌(Collectotrichum camelliae)、拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis theae,P.versicolor)、双毛壳孢菌(Discosia theae)、盘长孢菌(Gloeosporium theae-sinensis)、叶点霉菌(Phyllosticta gemmiphliae,P.theicola,P.theae folia)、链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuis)、黑腐菌(Guignardia camelliae)等为豫南茶树叶部病害的主要病原菌。     

夹竹桃内生真菌J14次生代谢产物的分离和抑菌活性

为进一步开发、利用和保护夹竹桃植物资源,对从秦岭山区夹竹桃茎中分离得到活性较高的内生真菌J14进行鉴定,并对其次生代谢产物的化学成分进行研究。采用形态学特征和ITS序列分析对菌株J14进行鉴定,利用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、重结晶等方法对该菌株的发酵产物进行分离、纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和1 H-NMR、13C-NMR数据鉴定其结构,利用金黄色葡萄球菌、乳酸链球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌以及小麦赤霉病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、烟草枯萎病菌、白菜黑斑病菌对所得化合物进行抑菌活性测试。结果表明:经形态学特征和ITS序列分析,鉴定菌株J14为链格孢霉(Alternariasp.SPS-04)。从其发酵产物中分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为交链孢甲醚(1)、交链孢酚(2)、malformin A1(3)、胸腺嘧啶(4)、尿嘧啶(5)、黄嘌呤(6)、赤藓醇(7)和甘露醇(8)。化合物3、4、5、6、7首次从链格孢属真菌发酵产物中得到。化合物1对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为1.95μg/mL,对番茄灰霉病菌的最小抑菌浓度为3.91μg/mL。     

重庆地区蚕豆叶部链格孢菌的鉴定及其生物学特性研究

[目的]对重庆地区危害蚕豆叶部的链格孢菌进行鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行研究。[方法]从重庆市分离得到蚕豆叶部链格孢属真菌16株,对其中代表性的2株进行形态学观察、分子鉴定和致病性测定,并对该病原菌的生物学特性进行研究。[结果]根据ITS和EF 2个基因序列的比对,明确2株菌分别属于链格孢(Alternaria alternata)和细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)。2株病原菌菌丝在PDA培养基上生长最适温度为28℃,最适p H为7。[结论]该研究为重庆蚕豆链格孢病害研究提供参考。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。